Skip to main content
NCBI home page
AMB Express logoLink to AMB Express
. 2022 Apr 2;12:40. doi: 10.1186/s13568-022-01379-w

Metabolites and novel compounds with anti-microbial or antiaging activities from Cordyceps fumosorosea

Jie Wei 1, Xue Zhou 1, Mei Dong 1, Lufan Yang 1, Cheng Zhao 1, Ruili Lu 1,✉, Guanhu Bao 2, Fenglin Hu 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8976864  PMID: 35366116

Abstract

High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis revealed that there are 20 main components in spores and mycelia extract of Cordyceps fumosorosea strain RCEF 6672 including mannitol (1), uridine (2), adenine (3). N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (4). N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate)-adenosine (5), fumosoroseanoside A (6) and B (7), ovalicin-4α-alcohol (8), 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (9) and its isomer (10), fumosoroseain A (11) and its isomer (12), 5 non-ribosomal peptides (13 to 17) and 3 fatty acids (18 to 20). The compounds 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11 were prepared with preparative and semi-preparative HPLC and identified with 1D and 2D NMR. Compounds 4 and 5 were the first time identified from C. fumosorosea. Compounds 6, 7 and 11 are novel compounds. Compounds 6 and 7 showed antibacterial and antifungal activities, and 11 showed antiaging activity. All the secondary metabolites (4 to 8 and 11 to 17) have strong bioactivities indicating that the metabolites have pharmaceutical development potentiality.

Graphical Abstract

graphic file with name 13568_2022_1379_Figa_HTML.jpg

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13568-022-01379-w.

Keywords: Cordyceps fumosorosea, Fumosoroseanosides, Fumosoroseain, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiaging

Keypoints

Clarified small molecular metabolites of C. fumosorosea for the first time.

Identified three novel compounds with antimicrobial or antiaging activities.

The fungus has development potentiality for rich in bioactive metabolites.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13568-022-01379-w.

Introduction

Cordyceps are highly valued traditional medicines or healthy foods in Asian countries for a long history (Xiao et al. 2009; Liu et al. 2015, 2020; Lou et al. 2020). Some fungi of Cordyceps are also widely used in agriculture for pest biocontrol (Zhang et al. 2019; Kumar et al. 2021). Because long term coevolution with insects, the fungi of Cordyceps can synthesize a variety of bioactive metabolites such as cordycepin, militarinone, myriocin, cyclosporin, destruxins and enniatins etc. (Mularczyk et al. 2020; Hu and Li 2007; Isaka et al. 2000; Schmidt et al. 2002; Bagli et al. 1973; Wartburg and Traber 1988;Meca et al. 2010; Lu et al. 2013; Lu et al. 2014). As a well-known entomopathogenic fungi, C. fumosorosea can not only kill many kinds of pests but also synthesize more than 10 bioactive compounds, such as beauvericins, beauverolides, cepharosporolides, trichocaranes and fumosorinone A etc. (Hu and Li 2007; Hugo et al. 1983; Masahiko et al. 2005; Chen et al. 2018; Buchter et al. 2020). However, there is no metabolites reported from spores of the fungus yet. Meanwhile, our primary gene prediction based on the genome sequences (GCA-003025305.1) (Shang et al. 2016) with antiSMASH revealed that there were 40 secondary metabolic gene clusters in C. fumosorosea, including 28 non-ribosomal peptides (NRPs), 3 poly-ketone, 3 terpene, 1 siderophore, 5 NRPs or poly-ketone gene clusters. Our primary HPLC-HRMS analysis showed that C. fumosorosea had complicated metabolites including several possible unknown compounds. To make clear the structure and bioactivity of the unknown metabolites will be able to not only reveal the utilization value of the fungus, but also help us to evaluate chemical ecological safety of the fungal pesticide. Therefore, we launched a systematic analysis and identification of the metabolites of C. fumosorosea. In this study we will focus on the unknown metabolites. Through HPLC-HRMS guided isolation we can prepare the unknown compounds directly without the disturbance of the known metabolites. Because that Cordyceps do not rot easily in the soil and are usually used as tonic medicine or food, they are presumed to contain antibiotics and antiaging compounds (Ji et al. 2008; Schmidt et al. 2003; Olatunji et al. 2018; He et al. 2018), therefore, the isolated novel compounds of this study will be submitted to antimicrobial and antiaging tests. In this study Escherichia coli and Candida albicans will be used to test the antimicrobial activities, and Caenorhabditis elegans will be used for the antiaging assays. Nematode is widely used to study the biological effects of aging and human diseases because that its genome contains more than 18, 000 genes, of which 60 to 80% are homologous to human genes, meanwhile, it has highly conserved metabolic pathways and easy-to-maintain (Moliner et al. 2018; Calvo et al. 2016; Gruber et al. 2009).

Materials and methods

Chemicals

All solvents used for extraction were of analytical grade (Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China). HPLC grade methanol and formic acid were from Tedia Company of China (Shanghai, China). Deuterated NMR solvents were purchased from Cambridge Isotope Laboratory (Andover, MA, USA).

Instrumentation

Preparative HPLC was performed using Agilent modules consisting of an autosampler PS410, two pumps M400, a UV detector 1260VWD and an automatic fraction collector 440FC. Semi-preparative HPLC was performed using Shimadzu modules consisting of an autosampler SIL-20A, two pumps LC-20AD and a PDA detector SPD-M20A. ESI-HR-MS data were obtained using an Agilent 1100 HPLC tandem 6510QTOF MS spectrometer. NMR experiments were recorded using a Bruker Advance 600 MHz spectrometer. Chemical shifts were referenced to the residual (CD3)2SO signal (δH 2.50, 3.33, δC 40.80) or CD3OD signal (δH 4.87, 3.31, δC 49.15) as internal standards for 1D NMR and 2D NMR.

Fungal material

The fungal strain was isolated from C. fumosorosea infected lepidopterous larva collected in Anhui Province (China) and grown at 25 °C on PDA plates. The isolated strain was identified by morphology and sequence analysis of the ITS region of the rDNA. It has been catalogued RCEF 6672 and deposited in the Research Center for Entomogenous Fungi (RCEF, WDCM1031), Anhui Agricultural University.

Fermentation, extraction and isolation

After 7 days cultivation on PDA plate, the spores of the fungus were harvested with a 0.05% Tween 80 solution to make a spore suspension (6.8 × 106). 300 μL of the suspension was inoculated on a 150 mm PDA plate, and 2000 of the plates were inoculated for mass cultivation. After 10 days cultivation the spores and surface mycelia were scraped off the plates and freeze dried. The dried spores and mycelia were extracted with methanol and ethyl acetate mixture (1:1) under 40 kHz ultrasonication for three times in 30 min, and the total solid–liquid ratio is 1: 4 (w/v). The extract was evaporated under reduced pressure, and 10.5 g pasty crude extract was obtained. With the assistance of 40 kHz ultrasonication, 8 g of crude extract was redissolved in 10 ml of methanol. The turbid liquid was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min, and the supernatant was separated by preparative HPLC with an Agilent Prep-C18 (21.2 mm × 250 mm, 10 μm) column for primary isolation, and semi-preparative HPLC with an Agilent SB-C18 (9.4 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) column for final purification. The conditions for preparative HPLC are as follows: injection volume 150 μL; flow rate 15 mL/min; elution gradient: 0–15 min, 30% to 100% methanol, 15–20 min, 100% methanol, 20—22 min, 100% to 30%. The effluents were collected every one minute for one tube and tested by HPLC-HRMS. The tube contained unknown compounds was condensed under reduced pressure and submitted to semi-preparative HPLC. The conditions for semi-preparative HPLC are as follows: injection volume 30 μL; flow rate 3 mL/min; elution gradient: 0–1 min, 40% methanol, 1–15 min, 40% to 100% methanol, 15–18 min, 100% methanol, 18–22 min, 100% to 40% methanol, 22–25 min, 40% methanol. The effluents of the unknown compounds were collected according to the m/z of the unknown compounds detected by HRMS through a 10:1 splitter.

HPLC-HRMS analysis

The crude extract and prepared pure compounds were analyzed with an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 (2.7 μm, 3.0 × 100 mm) column, and the LC parameters were set as follows: injection volume, 5 μL; column temperature, 25 °C; and flow rate, 0.4 mL/min. The mobile phase was composed of (A) 0.1% formic acid in water and (B) 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile, and a gradient elution was carried out: 0–40 min, 5–100% B, 40–45 min, 100% B, 45–55 min, 100–5% B. The eluates were monitored with a PDA performing a full wavelength scan from 200 to 600 nm, and a TOF MS with following parameter settings: gas temperature, 350 °C; drying gas, 10 L/min; nebulizer pressure, 45 psi; capillary voltage, 4000 V in positive mode and 3500 V in negative mode; fragmentor voltage, 215 V in positive mode and 170 V in negative mode; skimmer voltage, 60 V. Data acquisition was performed in the m/z range of 50–1700 Da. The effluents of the preparative HPLC were detected by HPLC-HRMS without chromatographic column.

Metabolite identification

The molecular formulas of the metabolites were calculated by Mass Hunter based on accurate mass and isotopic pattern recognition. Compounds were putatively identified by searching the molecular formulas against the in-house entomopathogenic fungi database and the Dictionary of Natural Products (http://dnp.chemnetbase.com/). The known compounds were confirmed by UV/visible spectra whenever possible, and verified by their elution order (polarity) and structure characteristics. Some common metabolites of entomopathogenic fungi such as mannitol, adenosine and beauvericin A were confirmed with standards. Molecular formulas without corresponding compounds in the database were labeled as unknown compounds and submitted to identification with 1D and 2D NMR.

Antimicrobial activity

The antimicrobial activities of the metabolites were evaluated by the disc diffusion assay according to the method reported by Wu et al. (Wu et al. 2018). Streptomycin was used as positive control for antibacterial tests against E. coli (ATCC 25922). Amphotericin B was used as positive control for the antifungal bioassays against C. albicans strain CMCC98001 (from China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center). All samples were prepared to a final concentration of 1, 2 and 3 mg/mL in 1.5% DMSO, and 10 μL were loaded on the paper discs (6.0 diameters). The width of the transparent antimicrobial zone was measured with a vernier caliper. Each experiment was repeated three times.

Determination of Antiaging activity

Antiaging activity tests included lifespan test, reproduction assay, locomotion assay and thermotolerance assay. C. elegans (bought from Caenorhabditis Genetics Center, University of Minnesota) was fed with E. coli strain OP50 according to the method reported by Onken and Driscoll (2010). The nematodes were treated with a solution of sodium hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide to make the nematode eggs hatching and growing synchronously according to the reported method (Rathor et al. 2017).

Lifespan was measured according to the method of Liu et al. (2016). The synchronized L4 larvae (3 days old, 50 per plate) were cultivated on NGM plate (containing E. coli strain OP50) at 20 °C with different content of compounds (100, 200, 400 μM) or 0.1% DMSO as control. The nematodes were transferred to new plates every two days to ensure adequate food, and the number of dead worms were recoded simultaneously.

Reproduction assay was carried out according to the method reported by Chen et al. (2014). Each plate contained only one L4 larva which was transferred to fresh plate every 24 h until the nematode no longer laid eggs. The number of offspring produced by each nematode in the whole breeding period were calculated and summed to obtain the total number of offspring.

Locomotion assay was performed according to the method of Wilson et al. (2006). 50 C. elegans were cultivated and treated with compounds as described in lifespan assays. On the 5th, 8th, 12th and 16th day of adulthood the nematodes were counted and classified into three classes: motion A nematodes moved constantly, motion B nematodes only moved when prodded and motion C nematodes sway only head or tail if prodded.

Thermotolerance assay was performed according to the Wilson’s method (Wilson et al. 2006). 50 nematodes were cultivated and treated with compounds as described in lifespan assays. After four days of culture, the nematodes were exposed to 35 °C, and the dead nematodes were monitored every 1 h until all the nematodes died.

Results

Primary analysis of the main metabolites of C. fumosorosea

HPLC-HRMS analysis showed that there are 20 main metabolites in the extract from mycelia and spores of C. fumosorosea (Fig. 1). Database query according to the high-resolution (HR) mass and UV spectra (Fig. 1) and standards comparison found there were 13 known compounds (Abraham et al. 2015; Daniela et al. 2020; Manrico et al. 1975), and 7 possible unknown compounds, which were not found in the Dictionary of Natural Products database (Table 1).

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1

Open in a new tab

HPLC-HRMS analysis of the extract form spores and mycelia of Cordyceps fumosorosea. A is the base peak chromatogram of the crude extract in positive model; B is the base peak chromatogram of the crude extract in negative model; number 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11 are the five possible unknown metabolites, and ‘ + ’, ‘ − ’, ‘U’ and ‘ECD’ mean cation, anion, ultraviolet spectrum and circular dichroism of the metabolites respectively

Table 1.

Main metabolites of extract form spores and mycelia of Cordyceps fumosorosea

Retention time (min) (Number) Mass (m/z) and erro (mDa) Uvλmax (nm) Molecular formula Name
1.66 (1) [M−H]−181.0729, 1.1 200 C6H14O6 Mannitola
4.83 (2)

[M−H]− 243.0625, 0.2; [2 M−H]− 487.1321, 0.3

[M + H]+ 245.0763, 0.5; [M-C5H7O4]+113.0349, 0.3

 206, 261 C9H12N2O6 Uridinea
9.74 (3)

[M-H]− 266.0899, 0.4; [M-C5H9O4]− 134.0476, 0.4

[M + H]+ 268.1045, 0.5; [M-C5H7O4]+136.0822, 0.6

 205, 258 C10H13N5O4 Adeninea
14.13 (4)

[M−H]− 310.1155, 0.2; [M-C5H9O4]− 178.0731, 0.3

[M + H]+ 312.1305, 0.3; [M-C5H7O4]+180.0876, 0.4

 209, 265 C12H17N5O5 N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-Adenosinea
16.41 (5)

[M−H]− 352.1266, 0.3; [M-C5H9O4]− 220.0839, 0.1

[M + H]+ 354.1410, 0.2; [M-C5H7O4]+ 222.0979, 0.7

 209, 265 C14H19N5O6 Unknown
22.24 (6) [M−H]− 491.1565, 0.6; [M + H]+ 493.1699, 0.5 262, 361 C24H28O11 Unknown
22.43 (7) [M−H]− 507.1513, 0.5; [M + H]+ 509.1658, 0.4 262, 361 C24H28O12 Unknown
28.85 (8)

[M−H]− 297.1718, 1.1;

[M + H]+ 299.1859, 0.6; [M + Na]+ 321.1680, 0.8

 200 C16H26O5 Ovalicin-4α-alcohol

32.41 (9)

32.88 (10)

[M−H]− 476.2785, 0.2;

[M + H]+ 478.2928, 0; [M + Na]+ 500.2744, 0.4

 200 C23H44NO7P Unknown

34.28 (11)

34.83 (12)

[M + COOH]− 542.3695, 0.3;

[M + H]+ 498.3791, 0.2; [M-C18H29O]+ 236.1495, 0.3

 200 C28H51NO6 Unknown
35.94 (13) [M−H]− 486.2863, 0.5; [M + H]+ 488.3010, 0.7 215 C27H41N3O5 Beauveriolide Ib
38.36 (14) [M−H]− 734.4031, 0.9; [M + H]+ 736.4173, 0.5; [M + NH4]+ 753.4438, 0.5; [M + Na]+ 758.3985, 0.2 210 C41H57N3O9 Beauveriolide E
39.06 (15) [M-H]− 782.4039, 0.7; [M + H]+ 784.4171, 0.3; [M + NH4]+ 801.4439, 0.6; [M + Na]+ 806.3991, 0.4 255 C45H57N3O9 Beauvericinb
39.45 (16) [M-H]− 804.3469, 0.8; [M + H]+ 806.3612, 0.5 225, 280 C41H51N5O12 Conoideocrellide D
39.92 (17) [M−H]− 796.4185, 0.6; [M + H]+ 798.4331, 0.7; [M + NH4]+ 815.465, 0.6; [M + Na]+ 820.4138, 0.8 260 C46H59N3O9 Beauvericin Aa
41.69 (18) [M−H]− 279.2332, 0.2; [M + H]+ 281.2469, 0.6 200 C18H32O2 Linoleic acid
43.21 (19) [M−H]− 255.2334, 0.4; [M + H]+ 257.2473, 0.2 200 C16H32O2 Palmitic acid
43.54 (20) [M−H]− 281.2481, 0.5; [M + H]+ 283.2629, 0.3 200 C18H34O2 Oleic acid
Open in a new tab

aConfirmed with standards

bHave been reported from Cordyceps fumosorosea, Isaria fumosorosea or Paecilomyces fumosoroseus 33–35

Among the 7 possible unknown compounds the 9 and 10, 11 and 12 have the same mass and ultraviolet spectrum respectively, indicating that they are two pairs of stereoisomers. Five of the unknown compounds were prepared by HRMS guided isolation with preparative HPLC and semi-preparative HPLC according to the above-mentioned methods. We obtained 11.3 mg compound 5, 17.6 mg compound 6, 5.3 mg compound 7, 9.5 mg compound 9 and 16.9 mg compound 11. Compound 5 is white powder. Compounds 6 and 7 are light-yellow amorphous powder, and the compound 9 and 11 are colorless oil. The purity and molecular formulas of the prepared compounds was confirmed by HPLC-HRMS (Fig. 1) and submitted to NMR analysis.

Structure elucidation of the isolated compounds

Compound 5: The molecular formula was calculated as C14H19N5O6 based on its ESI-HRMS (Fig. 1). The characteristic UV absorptions (λmax) are at 209 and 265 nm (Fig. 1). The 1H- and 13C NMR spectra of 5 (Additional file 1: Fig. S1) showed characteristic signals for adenosine, a major constituent of Cordyceps (Hu and Li 2007). There are two methylene signals at δH 3.84 (2H, m) and 4.27 (2H, t, J = 5.4 Hz) and δc 39.1 and 62.7, which were very similar to those of N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine (Furuya et al. 1983). However, additional signals for an acetyl moiety were observed at δH 2.05 (3H, s), δC 19.4 and 171.5 in the HMBC spectrum, which suggested 5 as an acetylated form of N6 -(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine. The position of an acetyl moiety was determined from the HMBC correlation between δC 171.5 and δH 4.27 (H-2ʹ). Taken together, the structure of 5 was determined as N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate) adenosine (Fig. 2). The NMR signals assignment was list in Table 2. Literature inquiry showed that N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate) adenosine is the known compound cordyrrole B which can significantly inhibit adipocyte differentiation and pancreatic lipase (Kim et al. 2014).

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Open in a new tab

Structures of compounds 5, 6, 7, 9 and 11, and HMBC and 1H-1H COSY correlations of the compounds 6, 7 and 11

Table 2.

1D and 2D NMR spectral data (δ in ppm) of compound 5

Position 13C
(δ)		 DEPT, HMQC δH, mult (J in Hz) 1H,1H-COSY
(δ)		 HMBC
(δ)
2 152.1 CH 8.19, br
4 148.0 C
5 120.2 C
6 155.0 C
8 140.3 CH 8.23, s
1′ 39.1 CH2 3.84, m 4.27
2′ 62.7 CH2 4.27, t (5.4)
3′ 171.5 C
4′ 19.4 CH3 2.00, s 171.5
1″ 89.9 CH 5.93, d (6.4) 4.71 74.1, 140.3, 148.0
2″ 74.1 CH 4.71, dd (6.4, 5.1) 4.30, 5.93 89.9
3″ 71.3 CH 4.30, dd (5.1, 2.7) 4.71, 4.14 62.2, 89.9
4″ 86.9 CH 4.14, q (2.6) 3.71, 3.85, 4.30 71.3
5″ 62.2 CH2

3.71, dd (12.5, 2.7);

3.85 dd (12.5, 2.7)

3.85, 4.14;

3.71, 4.14

 71.3, 86.9
Open in a new tab

Compound 6: The molecular formula was calculated as C24H28O11 based on its ESI-HRMS (Fig. 1). The characteristic UV absorptions (λmax) are at 260, 310, and 360 nm (Fig. 1). 13C and DEPT135 (Additional file 1: Fig. S2) showed that compound 6 has 24 carbon atoms including 9 quaternary carbons, 9 tertiary carbons, 3 secondary carbons and 3 primary carbons which connected 24 hydrogen atoms. The other 4 hydrogens in the molecule are probably active hydrogens. The chemical shifts of 1H and 13C and coupling of C–H obtained by 1D and 2D NMR (Fig. 2; Additional file 1: Fig S1) spectra are shown in Table 3. The carbons at δ101.2, δ79.4, δ76.5, δ76.2, δ74.0, δ60.6 and δ60.0, and coupling relationships between the hydrogens connected to the carbons (Fig. 2) according well with a 4′-methoxyl-glucose moiety which existed commonly in metabolites of entomopathogenic fungus (Hu et al. 2002, 2009). The chemical shifts and coupling relationships between aromatic carbons and hydrogens (Fig. 2) showed that the aglycone is a derivative of 1H-naphtho[2,3-c] pyran-1-ones which is consistent with the report (Ayer et al. 1991). The chemical shift at 205.5 indicated the existence of ketone. The long-range coupling between the hydrogens of the two methoxy groups and carbons at δ 79.4 and 161.6 (Fig. 2) confirmed that the methoxy groups are at the position of Glu-C4' and the position 9 respectively. The terminal hydrogen at δ 4.99 has a double peak on the 1H spectrum with 7.2 Hz coupling constant, indicating that the glucosyl group is β configuration. The ECD spectrum (Fig. 1) showed the compound is a R configuration. Based on above analysis the structure of the new compound (6) was depicted in Fig. 2 and named as fumosoroseanoside A.

Table 3.

1D and 2D NMR spectral data (δ in ppm) of compound 6, and 1H and 13C NMR spectral data of compound 7

Compound 6 Compound 7
Position 13C
(δ)		 DEPT135, HMQC δH, mult (J in Hz) 1H,1H-COSY
(δ)		 HMBC
(δ)		 13C
(δ)		 δH, mult (J in Hz)
1 170.4 C 170.5
3 75.3 CH 4.97, m 2.96, 3.04; 2.91, 2.98 75.1 4.86, m
4 32.6 CH2 2.96, m; 3.04, m 2.96, 3.04, 4.97 134.7 33.1 3.00, m; 3.03, m
4a 134.7 C 134.6
5 115.6 CH 6.97, s 100.9, 110.3, 32.6, 140.9 115.5 6.88, s
5a 140.9 C 140.9
6 100.9 CH 6.84, d (2.3) 6.74 110.3, 115.6, 102.0, 161.6 100.9 6.82, d (2.3)
7 158.1 C 158.1
8 102 CH 6.74, d(2.2) 6.84 110.3, 161.6, 158.1, 101.2 102 6.72, d (2.2)
9 161.6 C 161.6
9a 110.3 C 110.3
10 163.4 C 163.4
10a 101.3 C 101.3
11 47.7 CH2 2.91, dd(17.1, 5.2); 2.98, dd (17.2, 7.3) 2.91, 2.98, 4.97 205.5, 75.3 40.6 2.79, dd (16.1, 8.1), 2.88, dd (16.1, 4.3)
12 205.5 C 170.4
13(R) 30.6 CH3 2.14, s 205.5, 47.7 52.2 3.63, s
14 56.0 CH3 3.83, s 56.1 3.80, s
1′ 101.2 CH 4.99, d (7.2) 3.38 158.1 101.2 4.99, d (7.2)
2′ 74 CH 3.38, m 4.99, 5.23, 3.42 101.2 74 3.38, m
3′ 76.2 CH 3.42, m 3.02, 3.38 76.2 3.42, m
4′ 79.4 CH 3.02, m 3.41, 3.42 76.2, 76.5 79.4 3.02, m
5′ 76.5 CH 3.41, m 3.02 76.5 3.41, m
6′ 60.6 CH2

3.48, m;

3.62, m

 3.48, 3.62, 3.42, 4.71 60.6 3.48, m; 3.62, m
7′ 60.0 CH3 3.43, s 79.4 60.0 3.43, s
OH 3.3
OH 4.71 3.48, 3.62
OH 5.23 3.38
OH 8.35
Open in a new tab

Compound 7: The molecular formula was assigned as C24H28O12 based on its ESI-HRMS (Fig. 1). Compound 7 has just one more oxygen atom than compound 6, and they have the same UV absorptions (Additional file 1: Fig. S2). Obviously, compound 7 is possibly an oxo-derivate of fumosoroseanoside A, and the extra oxygen atom is not in the conjugated system of the molecule. The 1H and 13C NMR spectra (Additional file 1: Fig. S2) of compound 7 are shown in Table 3. By comparing the 1H and 13C NMR between compound 7 and compound 6, the methyl signals of compound 7 (δH 2.14, δC 30.6) were disappeared, while one more methoxy group (δH 3.63, δC 52.0) appeared. Meanwhile, the keto carbon at δC 205.5 shifted to a higher field δC 170.5. Obviously, the methyl group in compound 6 which combined to the carbonyl carbon of the ketone group was oxidized and formed a methyl ester group. Based on above analysis the structure of the new compound (7) was shown in Fig. 2 and named as fumosoroseanoside B.

Compound 9: The molecular formula was calculated as C23H44NO7P based on its ESI-HRMS (Fig. 1). 31P-NMR confirmed the existence of phosphorus atom. 13C and DEPT (Additional file 1: Fig. S4) showed a typical linoleic acid group with a carbonyl carbon (δC 173.7), 4 unsaturated carbons (δC 129.07, 129.13, 130. 90, 130.97), 12 methylene carbon (δC 23 to 34) and a methyl carbon (δC 14.4). The chemical shifts of the other 5 carbons including 4 methylenes (δC 63.2, 66.2, 67.8, 41.8) and 1 methine carbons (δC 69.9) suggested the existence of a glycerol and an ethanolamine group. Carbons δC 69.9, 67.8, 63.2 and 41.8 were split with J = 7.5, 5.7, 6.6 and 5.2 Hz respectively suggesting that they had two or three bonds coupling with the phosphorus atom of phosphate group. The coupling constants between the phosphorus atom and the second carbon (J = 7.5) and the third carbon (J = 5.7) of the glycerol moiety suggested that the esterification position is the third carbon of the glycerol group. Therefore, compound 9 is 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (Fig. 2). The structure was confirmed with 1H, COSY, HMQC and HMBC (Additional file 1: Fig. S4) and the signals assignment was list in Table 4. Despite that this compound has been reported several times (He et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2013) it is the first time identified with one- and two-dimension NMR from microorganism.

Table 4.

1D and 2D NMR spectral data (δ in ppm) of compound 9

Position 13C
(δ)		 DEPT, HMQC δH, mult (J in Hz) COSY
(δ)		 HMBC
(δ)
1 66.23 CH2 4.13, dd (11.3, 6.1); 4.20; 4.00 175.41, 69.9
4.20, dd (11.3, 4.6) 4.13; 4.00
2 69.90 (d, J = 7.5) CH 4.00, quint (5.3) 3.92 67.80, 66.23
3 67.80 (d, J = 5.7) CH2 3.92, m 4.0 68.54
1′ 175.41 C
2′ 34.93 CH2 2.38, t (7.5) 1.65 26.0
3′ 26.0 CH2 1.65, m 2.38; 1.36 34.93
4′ 30.23 CH2 1.34–1.37 1.65 26.0–30.48
5′ 30.24 CH2
6′ 30.32 CH2
7′ 30.48 CH2
8′ 28.17 CH2 2.09, dd (13.17, 6.37) 1.39; 5.39 130.87
9′ 130.87 CH 5.39, m 2.09 28.17
10′ 129.13 CH 5.33, m 2.80 26.56
11′ 26.56 CH2 2.80, t (6.3) 5.33 129.07, 129.13
12′ 129.07 CH 5.33, m 2.76 25.56
13′ 130.96 CH 5.39, m 2.09 27.17
14′ 28.17 CH2 2.09, dd (13.17, 6.37) 1.39; 5.39 130.96
15′ 30.74 CH2 1.34–1.37
16′ 32.64 CH2
17′ 23.60 CH2 1.33, m 0.93 14.45
18′ 14.45 CH3 0.93, t (6.7) 1.33 23.60
1″ 63.23 (d, J = 5.2) CH2 4.08, dt (7.4, 5.0) 3.17 41.78
2″ 41.78 (d, J = 6.6) CH2 3.17, t (5.0) 4.08 63.23
Open in a new tab

Compound 11: The molecular formula was assigned as C28H52NO6 based on its ESI-HRMS (Fig. 1). The UV absorptions (λmax) are at 231 nm (Fig. 1). 13C, DEPT90 and DEPT135 (Additional file 1: Fig. S5) showed a typical linoleic acid group with a carbonyl carbon (δC 174.1), 4 unsaturated carbons (δC 129.96, 129.87, 128.13, 128.06), 12 methylene carbon (δC 25 to 34) and a methyl carbon (δC 13.48). The three methyl groups with the same chemical shift values (δC 51.41, δH 3.20) are consistent with the characteristics of trimethylamine. Long-range coupling between the hydrogen (δH 3.75) of the trimethylamine connected methine and the carbonyl carbon (δC 170.75) and an ethanol group (Fig. 2) suggested the existence of a 2-trimethylamino-4-hydroxybutyrate moieties. Long-range coupling between the glycerol hydrogen and δC 174.10, δC 170.75 revealed that the linoleic acid and 2-trimethylamino-4-hydroxybutyrate moieties were connected to C1 and C2 of the glycerol moiety, respectively. Therefore, compound 11 is 1-linoleoyl-sn-glycero-2-(2-trimethylamino-4-hydroxybutyric ester). Its structure and hydrocarbon attributes are shown in Fig. 2 and Table 5. This compound was found to be a new compound by database and literatures enquiry and named as fumosoroseain A.

Table 5.

1D and 2D NMR spectral data (δ in ppm) of compound 11

Position 13C
(δ)		 DEPT, HMQC δH, mult (J in Hz) COSY
(δ)		 HMBC
(δ)
1 65.52 CH2 4.06, dd (11.5, 6.0); 4.15; 3.94 68.54; 174.31
4.15, dd (11.5, 4.7) 4.06; 3.94
2 68.54 CH 3.94, quint (5.4) 3.46; 3.51 65.52; 170.75
3 72.35 CH2 3.46, dd (10.5, 4.6) 3.51; 3.94 68.54
3.51, dd (10.5, 5.6) 3.46; 3.94
1′ 174.31 C
2′ 33.94 CH2 2.34, t (7.5) 1.61 25.0; 174.31
3′ 25.0 CH2 1.61, m 2.34; 1.32 33.94; 29.70
4′ 29.16 CH2 1.30–1.35 1.35–1.29; 1.61; 2.05 25.0–29.70
5′ 29.19 CH2
6′ 29.29 CH2
7′ 29.7 CH2
8′ 27.17 CH2 2.05, m 1.35; 5.35 129.87/129.96; 29.16/29.19
9′ 129.96 CH 5.35, m 2.05 27.17
10′ 128.13 CH 5.31, m 2.76 25.56
11′ 25.56 CH2 2.76, t (6.6) 5.31 128.06/128.13
12′ 128.06 CH 5.31, m 2.76 25.56
13′ 129.87 CH 5.35, m 2.05 27.17
14′ 27.17 CH2 2.05, m 1.35; 5.35 129.87/129.96; 29.16/29.19
15′ 29.46 CH2 1.30–1.35 1.35–1.29; 1.61; 2.05 25.0–29.70
16′ 31.64 CH2
17′ 22.6 CH2 1.31, m 0.9 13.48
18′ 13.48 CH3 0.90, t (6.5) 1.31 22.60; 31.64
1″ 170.75 C
2″ 76.67 CH 3.75, dd (11.2, 2.6) 2.07 170.75; 28.03; 51.04
3″ 28.03 CH2 2.07, m; 2.23; 3.75 76.67; 67.55
2.23, m 2.07; 3.55; 3.65
4″ 67.55 CH2 3.55, m; 3.65; 2.23; 2.07 76.67
3.65, m 3.55; 2.23; 2.07
5–7″ 51.41 3CH3 3.20, s 76.67
Open in a new tab

Bioactivities determination

Bioactivities of N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate) adenosine and linoleoyl-glycero-phosphocholine have been reported already (Kim et al. 2014; Harrison et al. 2020; Papandreou et al. 2021; Azarcoya-Barrera et al. 2021), therefore we just submitted the 3 novel compounds for bioactivity studies. Because Cordyceps are presumed to contain antibiotics and antiaging compounds (Ji et al. 2008; Schmidt et al. 2003; Olatunji et al. 2018; He et al. 2018), the isolated novel compounds were submitted to antimicrobial and antiaging tests.

Antimicrobial activity

Compound 6 and 7 showed significant (P ˂ 0.05) antibacterial and antifungal activities compared with the negative control (the solvent) at the experimental doses from 10 to 30 μg per paper disk (Fig. 3). Compound 6 had slightly stronger inhibition ability on microbial than compound 7, while compound 11 did not show detectable inhibitory effect against bacteria or fungi at the experimental doses.

Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Open in a new tab

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of compounds 6 and 7. The mean diameter of inhibition zones resulting from the antimicrobial activities of compounds 6 and 7. a1 Results of compound 6 against C. albicans. b1 Results of compound 6 against E. coli. a2 Results of compound 7 against C. albicans. b2 Results of compound 7 against E. coli

Antiaging activity

Because compound 6 and 7 can inhibit E. coli and make nematodes starve to death, only compound 11 was submitted to nematodes antiaging model.

Lifespan was the main antiaging indicator of C. elegans. As shown in Fig. 4, compound 11 could extend the lifespan of the nematodes at the concentration from 100 μM to 400 μM, and at 200 μM the compound has the most significant activity (P < 0.05), and the average lifespan was extended by 11.3% at 200 μM (Fig. 4a). Results of the reproduction tests (Fig. 4b) showed that the number of eggs per day of 100 μg and 200 μg treatment group were 368 ± 35 and 450.61 ± 52.21, which is significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05). But the 400 μM treatment group had no significant effect on promoting reproduction (P > 0.05). Results of the locomotion tests (Fig. 4c) showed that with the aging of the nematodes, the constantly moved nematodes (Motion A) gradually decreased, but the addition of compound 11 could significantly delay the decline of the nematode's motion ability (P < 0.05). In the heat shock experiment (Fig. 4d), the survival rate of nematodes treated with compound 11 was increased, especially after 5 h treatment, the survival rate of the treated group significantly higher than that of the control group (P < 0.05).

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Open in a new tab

Antiaging activities of compound 11. a Effect of compound 11 on lifespan of C. elegans (Control, equal volume solvent). b Effect of compound 11 on reproduction of C. elegans (Control, equal volume solvent). c Effect of compound 11 on locomotion (Control, equal volume solvent). d Effect of compound 11 on heat stress tolerance of C. elegans (Control, equal volume solvent)

Results of above tests showed that compound 11 can significantly prolong lifespan, increase fertility and enhance stress tolerance. This indicated that compound 11 had significant antiaging activity at the tested concentrations. Compound 11 (fumosoroseain A) is a kind of lecithin derivative which usually possess many bioactivities including anti-aging bioactivity at a suitable concentration (Papandreou et al. 2021; Azarcoya-Barrera et al. 2021; Derbyshire and Obeid 2020; Zhang et al. 2021), but how the compound 11 plays anti-aging bioactivity needs to be further studied.

Discussions

Above analysis showed that there are 20 main small molecular metabolites in mycelia and spores extract of C. fumosorosea including 8 primary metabolites and 12 secondary metabolites. The primary metabolites included 1 nucleobase (2), 1 nucleoside (3), 3 fatty acids (18 to 20) and 2 phospholipids (9 and 10). Among them adenosine (3) is one of the main healthy constituents of Cordyceps (Hu and Li 2007; He et al. 2018; Luo et al. 2013, and phospholipids (9 and 10) are nutrients with many bioactivities (Azarcoya-Barrera et al. 2021; Derbyshire and Obeid 2020; Zhang et al. 2021). Mannitol (1) is a common secondary metabolite of Cordyceps with heathy functions, and related to fungal sporulation and environmental adaption (Hu and Li 2007; He et al. 2018; Velez et al. 2007). Among the other 11 secondary metabolites there are 5 NRPs (13 to 17), 2 glycosides (6 and 7), 2 alkaloids (11 and 12), 2 nucleosides (4 and 5) and 1 terpene derivate (8).

NRPs (compound 13 to 17) are existed in most cordyceps. Among them the beauveriolides (13 and 14) have anti-aging, beta-amyloid lowering and anti-atherogenic activities, while beauvericins (15 and 17) have insecticidal, induction of cell apoptosis and ionophoric property, but they have also cytotoxicity (Chen et al. 2020). N6-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-adenosine (4) was the first time detected from C. fumosorosea. It exists in several other cordyceps and has Ca2+ antagonists, anti-cancer, inotropic and renal protection activities, but it also induces oxidative stress (Kim et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2020). The known compound N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate) (5) adenosine is an analogue of N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine and was identified from C. fumosorosea for the first time. Ovalicin-4α-alcohol (8) which was originally reported from Metarhizium anisopliae is a arterialisation inhibitor, a vascularisation inhibitor and an antipsoriatic agent (Yamaguchi and Hayashi 2010).

The compounds 6, 7 and 11 are novel compounds and identified as fumosoroseanoside A (6), B (7) and fumosoroseain A (11). Bioactivity tests showed that fumosoroseanoside A and B had antibacterial and antifungal activities which may contribute to the niche competition of C. fumosorosea against other bacteria and fungi which would live on the killed pests. Fumosoroseain A (11) shows anti-aging activity, suggesting that this compound has potential to be developed as antiaging agent (Adrien et al. 2017; Gems and Partridge 2008; Vayndorf et al. 2013). Apart from the new compounds, the known secondary metabolites N6-(2-hydroxyethyl)-adenosine, N6-(2-hydroxyethylacetate)-adenosine, ovalicin-4α-alcohol, beauveriolide I, and E have also healthy or medicinal bioactivities (Hu and Li 2007; Furuya et al. 1983; Kim et al. 2014). Obviously, the metabolites of C. fumosorosea have pharmaceutical potentiality. This study established metabolic development basis for C. fumosorosea.

Supplementary Information

13568_2022_1379_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (4.4MB, pdf)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 5 in CD3OD. Figure S2. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 6 in (CD3)2SO. Figure S3. 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry of Compound 7 in (CD3)2SO. Figure S4. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 9 in CD3OD. Figure S5. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 11 in CD3OD.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are dure to Prof. Dr. H. Zhou, Naval Postgraduate School, United States, for grammatical modification of the manuscript.

Abbreviations

RCEF

Research Center on Entomogenous Fungi

μM

Micro mole per liter

1D

One dimension

2D

Two dimensions

NMR

Nuclear magnetic resonance

ESI

Electric spray ionization

HR

High resolution

MS

Mass spectrum

HPLC

High performance liquid chromatography

DMSO

Dimethyl sulfoxide

TOF

Time of flight

DEPT

Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer

HMQC

Heteronuclear multiple quantum coherence

HMBC

Heteronuclear multiple-bond correlation

COSY

1H-1H correlation spectroscopy

DNP

Dictionary of Natural Products

Authors' contributions

JW and XZ contribute equally to the paper. FH and RL conceived and designed the research. JW and XZ conducted experiments, analyzed data and wrote the manuscript. MD, LY and CZ helped in the experiments and data analysis. GB revised the manuscript. All the authors have read and approved the final manuscript.

Funding

This work was funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31570024) and the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Provincial Department of Education (KJ2015ZD21).

Availability of data and materials

The Supporting Information can be found with this article. It includes 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 5 (Additional file 1: Fig. S1), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 6 (Additional file 1: Fig. S2), 1H and 13C NMR spectra of Compound 7 (Additional file 1: Fig. S3), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 9 (Additional file 1: Fig. S4), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 11 (Additional file 1: Fig. S5).

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Consent for publication

All the authors listed have approved the publication of this manuscript.

Competing interests

All the authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Footnotes

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Contributor Information

Ruili Lu, Email: luruili@ahau.edu.cn.

Fenglin Hu, Email: hufenglin@ahau.edu.cn.

References

  1. Abraham MM, Martin GA, Conchita T, Hortensia NB, Rachel M. Potent anti-calmodulin activity of cyclotetradepsipeptides isolated from Isaria fumosorosea using a newly designed piosensor. Nat Prod Commun. 2015;10:113–116. doi: 10.1177/1934578X1501000128. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Adrien M, Geoffroy B, Vincent F, Andy M, Juliana AJ, Philippe N, Bronikowski AM, Morgan TJ, Theodore G, Carter PA. Age-Related Changes in Locomotor Performance Reveal a Similar Pattern for Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus, and Homo sapiens. J Gerontol A Biol Med. 2017;72:455–463. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glw136. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Ayer W, Craw P, Nozawa K. Two 1 H-naphtho [2,3-c] pyran-1-one metabolites from the fungus Paecilomyces variotii. Can J Chem. 1991;69:189–191. doi: 10.1002/chin.199127272. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. Azarcoya-Barrera J, Field CJ, Goruk S, Makarowski A, Curtis JM, Pouliot Y, Jacobs RL, Richard C. Buttermilk: an important source of lipid soluble forms of choline that influences the immune system development in Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. Eur J Nutr. 2021;60:2807–2818. doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02462-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Bagli J, KluepfelSt.-Jacques DM. Elucidation of structure and stereochemistry of myriocin. A novel antifungal antibiotic. J Org Chem. 1973;38:1253–1260. doi: 10.1021/jo00947a001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Buchter C, Koch K, Freyer M, Baier S, Saier C, Honnen S, Watjen W. The mycotoxin beauvericin impairs development, fertility and life span in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans accompanied by increased germ cell apoptosis and lipofuscin accumulation. Toxicol Lett. 2020;334:102–109. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.016. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Calvo DR, Martorell P, Genovés S, Gosálbez L. Development of novel functional ingredients: need for testing systems and solutions with Caenorhabditis elegans. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2016;54:197–203. doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2016.05.006. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  8. Chen Y, Onken B, Chen H, Xiao S, Liu X, Driscoll M, Cao Y, Huang Q. Mechanism of longevity extension of caenorhabditis elegans induced by pentagalloyl glucose isolated from eucalyptus leaves. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62:3422–3431. doi: 10.1021/jf500210p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Chen C, Xue T, Fan P, Meng L, Wei J, Luo D. Cytotoxic activity of Shp2 inhibitor fumosorinone in human cancer cells. Oncol Lett. 2018;15:10055–10062. doi: 10.3892/ol.2018.8593. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Chen B, Sun Y, Luo F, Wang C. Bioactive metabolites and potential mycotoxins produced by Cordyceps fungi: a review of safety. Toxins. 2020;12:410. doi: 10.3390/toxins12060410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Daniela Š, Petr T, Alexandr J, Petr H. Rapid methods for the separation of natural mixtures of beauverolides, cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitors, isolated from the fungus Isaria fumosorosea. J Sep Sci. 2020;43:962–969. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201901084. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Derbyshire E, Obeid R. Choline, neurological development and brain function: a systematic review focusing on the first 1000 days. Nutrients. 2020;12:1731. doi: 10.3390/nu12061731. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Furuya T, Mirotani M, Masuzawa M. N6-(2-hydroxyethyl) adenosine a biologically active compound from cultured mycelia of Cordyceps and Isaria species. Phytochemisrry. 1983;22:2509–2512. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(83)80150-2. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  14. Gems D, Partridge L. Stress-response hormesis and aging: "that which does not kill us makes us stronger". Cell Metab. 2008;7:200–203. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.01.001. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Gruber J, Ng LF, Poovathingal SK, Halliwell B. Deceptively simple but simply deceptive—Caenorhabditiselegans lifespan studies: considerations for aging and antioxidant effects. FEBS Lett. 2009;21:3377–3387. doi: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.09.051. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Harrison K, Foster-Brown C, Kelaiditis C, Mavrommatis Y, Pilic L. The associations between phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene, dietary choline intake and anxiety and depression in healthy UK adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 2020;79:E784. doi: 10.1017/S0029665120007703. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. He YQ, Zhang WC, Peng F, Lu RL, Zhou H, Bao GH, Wang B, Huang B, Li ZZ, Hu FL. Metabolomic variation in wild and cultured Cordyceps and mycelia of Isaria cicadae. Biomed Chromatogr. 2018;33:1–13. doi: 10.1002/bmc.4478. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hu FL, Schmidt K, Stoyanova S, Li ZZ, Grafe U, Hamburger M. Radical scavengers from the entomogenous deuteromycete Beauveria amorpha. Planta Med. 2002;68:64–65. doi: 10.1055/s-2002-19868. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Hu FL, He YQ, Huang B, Li C, Fan M, Li ZZ. Secondary metabolites in a soybean fermentation broth of Paecilomyces militaris. Food Chem. 2009;116:198–201. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.055. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  20. Hugo P, Rainer Z, Norbert M, Horst K. Incorporation of radioactive precursors into beauvericin produced by Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Pergamon. 1983;22:1719–1720. doi: 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)80257-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  21. HuLI FLZZ. Secondary metabolites and their bioactivities of Cordyceps and its related fungi. Mycosystema. 2007;26:607–632. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-6472.2007.04.021. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  22. Isaka M, Tanticharoen M, Thebtaranonth Y. ChemInform abstract: cordyanhydrides a and b. two unique anhydrides from the insect pathogenic fungus Cordyceps pseudomilitaris BCC 1620. J Cheminform. 2000;41:1657–1660. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)00008-3. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  23. Ji DB, Jia Y, Li CL, Wang YH, Cai SQ. Antiaging effect of Cordyceps sinensis extract. Phytother Res. 2008;23:116–122. doi: 10.1002/ptr.2576. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Kim SB, Ahn B, Kim M, Ji HJ, Shin SK, Hong IP, Kim CY, Hwang BY, Lee MK. Effect of Cordyceps militaris extract and active constituents on metabolic parameters of obesity induced by high-fat diet in C58BL/6J mice. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151:478–484. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.10.064. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Kumar C, Jacob TK, Devasahayam S, Geethu C, Hariharan V. Characterization and biocontrol potential of a naturally occurring isolate of Metarhizium pingshaense infecting Conogethes punctiferalis. Microbiol Res. 2021;243:126645. doi: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126645. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Liu Y, Wang J, Wang W, Zhang H, Zhang X, Han C. The chemical constituents and pharmacological actions of Cordyceps sinensis. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2015;2015:575063. doi: 10.1155/2015/575063. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Liu X, Luo Q, Rakariyatham K, Cao Y, Goulette T, Liu X, Xiao H. Antioxidation and anti-ageing activities of different stereoisomeric astaxanthin in vitro and in vivo. J Funct Foods. 2016;25:50–61. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.05.009. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  28. Liu YN, Liu BY, Ma YC, Yang HL, Liu GQ. Analysis of reference genes stability and histidine kinase expression under cold stress in Cordyceps militaris. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0236898. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236898. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Lou H, Zhao W, Chen BX, Yu YH, Guo LQ. Cmfhp gene mediates fruiting body development and carotenoid production in Cordyceps militaris. Biomolecules. 2020;10:410. doi: 10.3390/biom10030410. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Lu R, Luo F, Hu FL, Huang B, Li C, Bao G. Identification and production of a novel natural pigment, cordycepoid A, from Cordyceps bifusispora. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2013;97(14):6241–6249. doi: 10.1007/s00253-013-4966-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Lu R, Liu X, Gao S. New tyrosinase inhibitors from Paecilomyces gunnii. J Agric Food Chem. 2014;62:11917–11923. doi: 10.1021/jf504128c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Luo FF, Lu RL, Zhou H, Hu FL, Bao GH, Huang B, Li ZZ. Metabolic effect of an exogenous gene on transgenic Beauveria bassiana using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. J Agric Food Chem. 2013;61:7008–7017. doi: 10.1021/jf401703b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Manrico B, Aristide C, Giovanni P, Beniamino S. Isolation of beauvericin from Paecilomyces fumosoroseus. Phytochemistry. 1975;14:1865–1866. doi: 10.1016/0031-9422(75)85311-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  34. Masahiko I, Prasat K, Kanyawim K, Nigel LH-J, Yodhathai T. Bioactive substances from insect pathogenic fungi. Acc Chem Res. 2005;38:813–823. doi: 10.1002/chin.200607264. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Meca G, Soriano JM, Gaspari A, Ritieni A, Moretti A, ManEs J. Antifungal effects of the bioactive compounds enniatins A, A(1), B, B(1) Toxicon. 2010;56:480–485. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.04.013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. Moliner C, Barros L, Dias MI, López V, Langa E. Edible flowers of tagetes erecta l. as functional ingredients: phenolic composition, antioxidant and protective effects on Caenorhabditis elegans. Nutrients. 2018;10:2002. doi: 10.3390/nu10122002. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mularczyk M, Michalak I, Marycz K. Astaxanthin and other nutrients from Haematococcus pluvialis-multifunctional applications. Mar Drugs. 2020;18:459. doi: 10.3390/md18090459. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Olatunji OJ, Tang J, Tola A, Auberon F, Oluwaniyi O, Ouyang Z. The genus Cordyceps: an extensive review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Fitoterapia. 2018;129:293–316. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2018.05.010. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Onken B, Driscoll M. Metformin induces a dietary restriction–like state and the oxidative stress response to extend C. elegans Healthspan via AMPK, LKB1, and SKN-1. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008758. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Papandreou C, Bulló M, Hernández-Alonso P, Ruiz-Canela M, Li J, Guasch-Ferré M, Toledo E, Clish C, Corella D, Estruch R. Choline metabolism and risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in the PREDIMED Study. Clin Chem. 2021;67:288–297. doi: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa224. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Rathor L, Pant A, Awasthi H, Mani D, Pandey R. An antidiabetic polyherbal phytomedicine confers stress resistance and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans. Biogerontology. 2017;18:131–147. doi: 10.1007/s10522-016-9668-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Schmidt K, Stoyanova S, Schubert B, Li Z, Hamburger M. Militarinone A, a neurotrophic pyridone alkaloid from Paecilomyces militaris. Org Lett. 2002;4:197–199. doi: 10.1021/ol016920j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Schmidt K, Li ZZ, Schubert B, Huang B, Stoyanova S, Hamburger M. Screening of entomopathogenic deuteromycetes for activities on targets involved in degenerative diseases of the central nervous system. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003;89:251–260. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2003.08.009. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Shang Y, Xiao G, Zheng P, Cen K, Zhan S, Wang C. Divergent and convergent evolution of fungal pathogenicity. Genome Biol Evol. 2016;8:1374–1387. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evw082. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Vayndorf EM, Lee SS, Liu RH. Whole apple extracts increase lifespan, healthspan and resistance to stress in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Funct Foods. 2013;5:1235–1243. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.04.006. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Velez H, Glassbrook NJ, Daub ME. Mannitol metabolism in the phytopathogenic fungus Alternariaalternata. Fungal Genet Biol. 2007;44:258–268. doi: 10.1016/j.fgb.2006.09.008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Wartburg AV, Traber R. Cyclosporins, fungal metabolites with immunosuppressive activities. Prog Med Chem. 1988;25:1–33. doi: 10.1016/S0079-6468(08)70276-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Wilson MA, Shukitt-Hale B, Kalt W, Ingram DK, Joseph JA, Wolko CA. Blueberry polyphenols increase lifespan and thermotolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. Aging Cell. 2006;5:59–68. doi: 10.1111/j.1474-9726.2006.00192.x. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Wu YZ, Zhang HW, Sun ZH, Dai JG, Lin S. Bysspectin A, an unusual octaketide dimer and the precursor derivatives from the endophytic fungus Byssochlamys spectabilis IMM0002 and their biological activities. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;145:717–725. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.01.030. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Xiao JH, Xiao DM, Sun ZH, Xiong Q, Zhong JJ. Chemical compositions and antimicrobial property of three edible and medicinal Cordyceps species. J Food Agric Environ. 2009;7:91–100. doi: 10.3168/jds.2009-92-7-3543. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  51. Yamaguchi J, Hayashi Y. Syntheses of fumagillin and ovalicin. Chem Eur J. 2010;16:3884–3901. doi: 10.1002/chem.200902433. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Zhang J, Liu SS, Yuan WY, Wei JJ, Zhao YX, Luo DQ. Carotane-type sesquiterpenes from cultures of the insect pathogenic fungus Isaria fumosorosea. J Asian Nat Prod Res. 2019;21:234–240. doi: 10.1080/10286020.2017.1410143. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Zhang K, Lyu W, Gao Y, Zhang X, Sun Y, Huang B. Choline-Mediated lipid reprogramming as a dominant salt tolerance mechanism in grass species lacking glycine betaine. Plant Cell Physiol. 2021;61:2018–2030. doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa116. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

13568_2022_1379_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (4.4MB, pdf)

Additional file 1: Figure S1. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 5 in CD3OD. Figure S2. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 6 in (CD3)2SO. Figure S3. 1H and 13C NMR spectrometry of Compound 7 in (CD3)2SO. Figure S4. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 9 in CD3OD. Figure S5. 1D NMR and 2D NMR spectrometry of Compound 11 in CD3OD.

Data Availability Statement

The Supporting Information can be found with this article. It includes 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 5 (Additional file 1: Fig. S1), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 6 (Additional file 1: Fig. S2), 1H and 13C NMR spectra of Compound 7 (Additional file 1: Fig. S3), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 9 (Additional file 1: Fig. S4), 1D and 2D NMR spectra of Compound 11 (Additional file 1: Fig. S5).

Articles from AMB Express are provided here courtesy of Springer-Verlag

RESOURCES