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. 2022 Apr 4;12(17):10379–10385. doi: 10.1039/d1ra09255c

Synthesis of BINOL–xylose-conjugates as “Turn-off” fluorescent receptors for Fe3+ and secondary recognition of cysteine by their complexes†

Huizhen Wang 1, Yang Liu 1, Yafeng Zhang 1, Xiaoxia Sun 1,✉
PMCID: PMC8977995  PMID: 35424990

Abstract

A novel chiral fluorescence “turn-off” sensor was synthesised using the click reaction. The sensor was a BINOL–xylose derivative, modified at the 2-position and linked by 1,2,3-triazole. It was structurally characterized by 1HNMR, 13CNMR, ESI-MS and IR analysis. The selectivity of R-β-d-2 in methanol solution has been studied. Among the 19 transition metal ions, alkaline metal ions and alkaline earth metal ions studied, R-β-d-2 had a selective fluorescence quenching reaction for Fe3+. The detection limit of R-β-d-2 for Fe3+ was 0.91 μmol L−1. Complexation between R-β-d-2 and Fe3+ was investigated by ESI-MS and 1HNMR. The stoichiometric ratio of R-β-d-2 was 1 : 1. In addition, the R-β-d-2–Fe3+ complex was titrated with 20 naturally occurring amino acids and Hcy with GSH. It was found that the complex R-β-d-2–Fe3+ had a secondary recognition effect on Cys by switching to fluorescence.

A fluorescence sensor of BINOL–xylose derivative was synthesized, which could only detect Fe3+ by 1 + 1 complex with high selectivity and sensitivity. The complex of the derivative with Fe3+ was found to perform secondary recognition of cysteine.graphic file with name d1ra09255c-ga.jpg

Introduction

Selective recognition of Fe3+ and amino acids is an important research area in chemistry, biology and the environment.1 Fe3+ plays a vital role in cell metabolism, haemoglobin oxygen transport and other vital activities as an indispensable ion in organisms. The imbalance in Fe3+ content will destroy cell stability and result in various diseases such as anemia, cancer and liver diseases.2–6 However, in recent years, because of the rapid development of industry, industrial wastewater that has not been treated in accordance with standard practice has seriously affected the environment and public health, especially heavy metal ions that exceed the standard.7,8 Amongst them, heavy metal ions are not biodegradable and will accumulate indefinitely in the bodies of organisms, so they have a deadly impact on human life and health.9,10 Amino acids, an essential part of life,11 play a vital role in organisms. Thiolic amino acids, such as cysteine (Cys), homocysteine (Hcy) and glutathione (GSH), are not only crucial to many physiological processes but also widely used in agriculture and food industry.12–16 In the agricultural and food industry, a large quantity of cysteine is consumed in animal feed and food additives.17,18 To date, absorption spectroscopy,19 chemical precipitation,20 ion exchange21 and other methods have been used for the detection of Fe3+ and other heavy metal ions. But these methods require complex and long-standing instrumentation, a large number of chemical reagents and may cause secondary pollution.22 As a result, they are not suitable for the detection of heavy metal ions. Recognition of cysteine is still under study, but the techniques used in the research are unstable, expensive equipment, bulky samples and other shortcomings.23–28 Therefore, the design of sensors for the detection of ions and biological molecules has attracted extensive attention.29

It has been reported that rhodamine,30,31 BODIPY,32 calixarene,33,34 cyclodextrin35 and their derivatives can effectively identify metal ions, but it has not been found that they can perform secondary recognition for amino acids. It is well known that triazole compounds are used as corrosion inhibitors of organic copper, among which 1,2,4-triazole compounds are the most prominent.36,37 However, 1,2,3-triazole has a good metal affinity with metal surfaces and are more vulnerable to attack by corresponding chemical entities than 1,2,4-triazoles.33,38,39 Therefore, in this study, a novel triazole fluorescence sensor is reported and characterized. It is found that it can be used as a primary sensor to recognize Fe3+, and its iron ion complex can also be used as a secondary sensor to recognize cysteine (Cys).

Experimental

Reagents and instruments

All analytical solvents were distilled prior to use. The drugs used were provided by reagent suppliers or synthesized through our lab via known routes and used without deep purification. Reagents used for chiral synthesis were optically pure unless otherwise specified. All kinds of metal ions (0.1 M) were prepared for corresponding metal nitrate in deionized water, while K+, Hg2+, Mn2+ and Ba2+ were prepared with chloride solution. Unless otherwise stated, FeCl3 was used as the Fe3+ source. 1HNMR and 13CNMR were measured by Bruker AM-400WB spectrometer with TMS as internal standard and chloroform-D, acetone-D6 or MeCN-D3 as solvent. Infrared spectrum was determined by L1600301 binary Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. Fluorescence emission spectra were determined by Hitachi F-4500 and Hitachi F-4700 fluorescence spectrometers unless otherwise noted. ESI-MS spectral data were determined by Bruker Amazon SL Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer.

Synthesis of R-β-d-1 probe

R-1 (0.16 g, 0.43 mmol) and 1-azide-2,3,4-triacetoxy-β-d-xylose (0.27 g, 0.90 mmol) was added to a 100 mL eggplant flask. The system was sealed and vacuumed several times and protected by argon gas. 3 mL tetrahydrofuran was added eggplant flask at 2 to 8 degrees Celsius, and the system was fully stirred to completely dissolve it. Then sodium ascorbate (0.13 g, 0.64 mmol) and copper sulfate anhydrate (0.068 g, 0.43 mmol) was dissolved in 5 mL deionized water, and the color changed to yellow after full mixing. When the mixed solution was added to the system, the color of the system was yellow at the beginning, and the color of the solution changed to bright yellow at about 1 h, and then to grass green. The reaction at room temperature was 11 h, and the raw material point disappeared through TLC monitoring. Ice deionized water was added to the system to quench the reaction, then the crude product required was extracted with EA (ethyl acetate) for three times, and washed with saturated salt for one time, and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 for 30 min. Using a circulating water pump to remove sodium sulfate, 200–300 mesh silica was added to the filtrate, and the solvent was dried through a rotary evaporator. Using petroleum ether and ethyl acetate as the eluent (v (petroleum ether) : v (ethyl acetate) = 4 : 1) for column chromatography, 0.39 g white solid was obtained with a yield of 90.6%. 1HNMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) δ 8.01 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.94 (d, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), 7.51 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 2H), 7.40 (t, J = 7.3 Hz, 2H), 7.29–7.21 (m, 3H), 7.16 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (s, 2H), 5.61 (d, J = 9.1 Hz, 2H), 5.36 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 2H), 5.19 (s, 6H), 4.22 (dd, J = 11.6, 5.6 Hz, 2H), 4.12 (q, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (t, J = 11.0 Hz, 2H), 2.09 (d, J = 10.7 Hz, 12H), 1.75 (s, 6H). 13CNMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 169.9, 168.7, 153.6, 134.1, 129.7, 128.1, 126.8, 125.6, 124.2, 120.6, 115.7, 86.2, 72.2, 70.8, 68.5, 65.4, 63.6, 20.8, 20.1 (ppm). MS (ESI−): calcd for [C48H48N6O16–H]− 965.32; found 964.31.

Synthesis of R-β-d-2 probe

The synthesis process of R-β-d-2 was similar to that of R-β-d-1, so it will not be described much (details are in ESI†). The obtained R-β-d-2 was a white solid with a yield of 92%. 1HNMR (400 MHz, MeOH-D4) δ 7.99 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.90 (s, 1H), 7.87 (d, J = 9.2 Hz, 2H), 7.54 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (s, 1H), 7.35–7.31 (m, 1H), 7.31–7.27 (m, 1H), 7.27–7.24 (m, 1H), 7.22 (d, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 7.15 (t, J = 8.3 Hz, 2H), 6.90 (d, J = 8.5 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.43 (t, J = 9.4 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (t, J = 9.2 Hz, 1H), 5.17 (s, 3H), 4.59 (s, 1H), 4.19 (dd, J = 11.4, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 3.69 (t, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.65 (s, 3H). 13CNMR (101 MHz, CDCl3) δ 170.0, 169.9, 169.0, 153.9, 151.8, 134.5, 134.2, 130.5, 130.0, 129.8, 129.3, 128.3, 128.1, 127.3, 126.7, 125.2, 125.0, 124.5, 123.5, 121.6, 118.2, 117.5, 115.5, 115.3, 86.6, 71.9, 70.7, 68.7, 65.9, 62.4, 20.8 (ppm). MS (ESI−): calcd for [C34H31N3O9–Na]− 648.19; found 625.20.

Results and discussion

As shown in Scheme 1, 2,2′-position and 2-position modified BINOL–xylose derivatives R-β-d-1 and R-β-d-2 were synthesized by the easily procurable (R)-2,2′-bis (O-propargyloxymethyl)-1,1′-binaphthol (R-1) and (R)-2-(O-propargyloxymethyl)-1,1′-binaphthol (R-2). According to previous literature, NaH and K2CO3 were used as hydrogen pulling reagents of (R)-BINOL, then 3-bromo-1-propyne and (R)-BINOL after hydrogen pulling were used as reactants to obtain (R)-2,2′-bis (O-propargyloxymethyl)-1,1′-binaphthol (R-1) and (R)-2-(O-propargyloxymethyl)-1,1′-binaphthol with yields of 76% and 77%. Under the catalysis of anhydrous cupric sulfate and sodium ascorbate, the clicking reactions of 1-azide-2,3,4-triacetoxy-β-d-xylose and R-1 and R-2 were carried out in THF. The target sensors R-β-d-1 and R-β-d-2 with high yield were obtained. The structure of the target product was confirmed by IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR and ESI-MS.

Scheme 1. Synthetic route for compounds R-β-d-1 and R-β-d-2.

Scheme 1

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Fluorescence study

The fluorescence responses of R-β-d-1 (20 μM) and R-β-d-2 (20 μM) in methanol solvent under UV/visible light irradiation had been studied by fluorescence spectrometry. The absolute fluorescence quantum yield of R-β-d-2 was valued to be 0.079. As was shown in Fig. 1a, R-β-d-1 showed medium fluorescence at 385 nm (λex = 300 nm). Different metal ions (including Fe2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, K+, Sr2+, Co3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions) in methanol solution were recorded by the same fluorescence spectrometer. It was found that R-β-d-1 could simultaneously detect Fe3+, Ag+, and Hg2+, and could not identify only one ion. However, as displayed in Fig. 1b, R-β-d-2 also had a moderate intensity of fluorescence at 390 nm (λex = 318 nm) in methanol solution. It was found that R-β-d-2 had an obvious fluorescence quenching phenomenon for Fe3+ in the fluorescence response of different ions by fluorescence spectrometer. Except for Fe3+, no other metal ions revealed significant quenching fluorescence emission intensity under 318 nm excitation, which proved that R-β-d-2 could specifically recognize Fe3+. At the same time, after the addition of Fe3+, the color of the detection solution changed from colorless to yellow, and its characteristic color change indicated that the naked eye detection of Fe3+ was feasible. These results indicated that R-β-d-2 could be used as Fe3+ fluorescence probe in methanol solution and had a high selectivity and sensitivity. The fluorescence quenching of Fe3+ after addition of R-β-d-2 might be due to the intramolecular proton transfer of the excited phenolic hydroxyl group to the adjacent OCH2 group through the transition state, and the metal ion chelation might be due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET effect). The results showed that the nitrogen atoms of the 1,2,3-triazole unit and the oxygen atoms of BINOL provided binding sites for metal ions on R-β-d-2.

Fig. 1. Fluorescence spectra of (a) (R-β-d-1) and (b) (R-β-d-2) (20 μM in CH3OH) in presence of various ions such as Fe2+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, K+, Sr2+, Co3+, Al3+, Cr3+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ag+, Hg2+, Fe3+, Pb2+, Sn2+, Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ ions ((a) 1 + 5 equiv. ions, (b) 2 + 10 equiv. ions).

Fig. 1

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Metal ion competition studies

For purpose of farther verify the high selectivity of fluorescence probe R-β-d-2 for Fe3+, the competitive experiment was carried through as indicated in Fig. 2. The fluorescence emission intensity was detected at 390 nm via mixing other different metal ions (10.0 equiv.) with Fe3+ ions of the same equivalent. The results indicated that other coordination metal ions had little interference on the fluorescence intensity of R-β-d-2–Fe3+. This signified that R-β-d-2 could be used as a specific sensor in the presence of background competing ions.

Fig. 2. Fluorescence quenching degrees IF/I0 of 1 (20 μM) valued at 390 nm in the presence of both Fe3+ (10.0 equiv.) and competing metal ions (10.0 equiv.). Black bars delegate the addition of 10 equiv. of a variety of metal ions to the solution of R-β-d-2 (20 μM in CH3OH); red bars delegate the addition of the competing metal ions added to the existence of Fe3+. I0 states the fluorescence intensity of only R-β-d-2 and IF states the fluorescence intensity with the addition of the commixture of competitive metal ions and Fe3+.

Fig. 2

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The investigation of mechanism

The fluorescence response of R-β-d-2 to different concentrations of Fe3+ was also measured at room temperature, as indicated in Fig. 3. On the basis of the titration, when the concentration of Fe3+ increased from 0 to 18.0 equiv., the fluorescence intensity at 390 nm gradually decreased, and when the concentration of Fe3+ was 18.0 equiv., the fluorescence intensity dropped to the lowest point. There was a satisfactory linear relationship between the highest fluorescence intensity and the concentration of Fe3+.

Fig. 3. (A) Fluorescence responses of R-β-d-2 (20 μM in CH3OH, λex = 318 nm) in the presence of increasing amount 0–18 equiv. Fe3+ (0.01 M). (B) The change of fluorescence intensity at 390 nm upon various equiv. Fe3+.

Fig. 3

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For the purpose of determining the adhesion between R-β-d-2 and Fe3+, graph of Job's plot was plotted in MeOH by the methods that had been reported. The overall concentration of R-β-d-2 and Fe3+ was 2.0 × 10−5 M. As shown in Fig. 4(A), the molar fraction of [Fe3+] reached its maximum value when the molar fraction of [Fe3+]/([R-β-d-2] + [Fe3+]) was about 0.5, indicating that BINOL–xylose compound was bonded to Fe3+ in the form of 1 + 1 complex. The result of this work (Fig. 4(B)) directly demonstrated that 1 : 1 was the stoichiometric ratio of the newly formed complex. According to the relation diagram of I0/(I0 − I) and 1/[Fe3+], the association constant (Ka) of R-β-d-2 and Fe3+ was calculated by Hildebrand–Benesi equation as 4.73 × 104 M−1 (R = 0.998). Based on “LOD = 3σ/s”, the detection limit of a new type of sensor R-β-d-2 towards Fe3+ was calculated to be 9.074 × 10−7 M by fluorescence titration experiment with varying Fe3+ concentration (Fig. 4(C)). Compared with the known reports, this probe still had high sensitivity.40

Fig. 4. (A) The job plot of a 1 : 1 complex of R-β-d-2 with Fe3+. X was the molar fraction of Fe3+. (B) Hildebrand–Benesi plot of I0/(I0 − I) versus 1/[Fe3+] based on the 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry. The binding constant Ka was calculated to be 4.73 × 104 M−1. (C) LOD = 9.074 × 10−7 mol L−1.

Fig. 4

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Another evidence for 1 : 1 stoichiometric formation of complexes was determined from ESI-MS spectral data (Fig. 5). A significant free R-β-d-2 molecular ion peak was obtained at m/z = 648.1944 provided by [R-β-d-2 + Na+]+. A new peak was observed at m/z = 685.4375 due to the fact that the complex R-β-d-2–Fe3+ lost a H3O+ and seized a Na+ ([(R-β-d-2–Fe3+) + Na+–H3O+], m/z = 685.11). This result was in favor of our assumption that the formed R-β-d-2–Fe3+ complex had a strong adhesion with iron(iii) ions. The binding mechanism of R-β-d-2 and Fe3+ was shown in Scheme 2.

Fig. 5. ESI-MS spectral changes of R-β-d-2 and R-β-d-2–Fe3+.

Fig. 5

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Scheme 2. Fluorescence-switching behaviors of R-β-d-2 induced by Fe3+/Cys.

Scheme 2

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In order to further research the complexation mechanism, 1HNMR titration experiment was carried out in CD3CN, as depicted in Fig. 6, to chase down more specific combination information between Fe3+ and R-β-d-2. According to Fe3+ equivalent (from 0 to 0.24), the chemical displacement of Fe3+ was obviously moved to the high field region. When Fe3+ was added into the sensor solution, the Ha of 6.64 ppm phenolic hydroxyl group disappeared completely, indicating that the oxygen atoms and Fe3+ in the phenolic hydroxyl group were related to the coordination of R-β-d-2. However, the proton Hb on the 1,2,3-triazole ring showed a significant upward shift, Δδ = 0.13 ppm, from 7.48 ppm to 7.35 ppm, revealing that iron(iii) ion combined with nitrogen-atoms on the triazole ring. The NMR peak Hc, –OCH2–, which connected the 1,2,3-triazolium groups, revealed a weak front-field shift from 5.19 ppm to 5.14 ppm. The results proved that Fe3+ was selectively coordinated with –OCH2– and triazole ring. The results of mass spectrometry, fluorescence titration and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy proved that BINOL–xylose derivative formed a 1 : 1 binding mode with Fe3+.

Fig. 6. 1HNMR spectra of (1) R-β-d-2; (2) addition of 0.06 equiv. of Fe3+; (3) addition of 0.12 equiv. of Fe3+; (4) addition of 0.18 equiv. of Fe3+; (5) addition of 0.24 equiv. of Fe3+.

Fig. 6

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Fluorescence and absorption titrations of [Fe3+–(R-β-d-2)] by amino acids

After the fluorescence detection of R-β-d-2, the complex R-β-d-2–Fe3+ (20 μM in CH3OH, 10 equiv. Fe3+) was used as a novel sensor for the secondary recognition of amino acids. As shown in Fig. 7(A), fluorescence of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ was enhanced at 393 nm in the presence of cysteine (Cys). And other amino acids (including GSH, Trp, His, Ile, Phe, Lys, Ser, Met, Ala, Arg, Leu, Val, Gly, Asn, Gln, Pro, Asp, Thr, Glu, Tyr, Hcy and Cys) did not show fluorescence enhancement, which proved that R-β-d-2–Fe3+ could specifically recognize Cys. In order to further validate the high selectivity of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ for Cys, as revealed in Fig. 7(B), a competitive experiment was carried out. Fluorescence emission intensity was measured at 393 nm by mixing other different amino acids of 10.0 equiv. with equivalent Cys. The results showed that other amino acids had little interference with the fluorescence intensity of R-β-d-2–Fe3+–Cys. This meant that the sensor R-β-d-2–Fe3+ could be used as a specific sensor to detect background competitive amino acids. Meanwhile, as directed in Fig. 8, the color of the detected solution changed from yellow to colorless after the addition of Cys. Fluorescence enhancement was observed at 393 nm during the titration of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ by Cys, which was the opposite of what occurs when R-β-d-2 was titrated by Fe3+, suggesting that Cys removed Fe3+ and thus released free R-β-d-2.

Fig. 7. (A) Fluorescence spectra of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ (20 μM in CH3OH, 10 equiv. Fe3+) in the presence of various amino acids such as GSH, Trp, His, Ile, Phe, Lys, Ser, Met, Ala, Arg, Leu, Val, Gly, Asn, Gln, Pro, Asp, Thr, Glu, Tyr, Hcy and Cys (10 equiv. amino acids). (B) Fluorescence enhancing degrees IF/I0 of 1 (20 μM) valued at 393 nm in the presence of both Cys (10.0 equiv.) and competing amino acids (10.0 equiv.). Red bars represent the addition of 10 equiv. of various amino acids to the solution of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ (20 μM in CH3OH, 10 equiv. Fe3+); black bars represent the addition of the competing amino acids added to the existence of Cys. I0 states the fluorescence intensity of only R-β-d-2–Fe3+ and IF states the fluorescence intensity with the addition of the mixture of competing amino acids and Cys.

Fig. 7

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Fig. 8. Fluorescence responses of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ (20 μM in CH3OH, 20 equiv. Fe3+, λex = 318 nm) in the presence of increasing amount 0–35 equiv. Cys (0.01 M).

Fig. 8

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In order to further determine the release of R-β-d-2 and the complexation of Fe3+ by Cys, R-β-d-2–Fe3+ and cysteine were detected by mass spectrometry, as shown in Fig. 9. ESI-MS showed that the main peak was free [R-β-d-2 + Na+]+ (m/z = 648.1980), which clearly demonstrated that Cys removed Fe3+ and thus released R-β-d-2.

Fig. 9. ESI-MS spectral changes of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ and Cys.

Fig. 9

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According to the above characteristics, a logical cycle was carried out for R-β-d-2, Fe3+ and Cys, as shown in Fig. 10. The figure indicated the reversibility of sensor R-β-d-2 in the presence of different concentrations of Fe3+ and cysteine. After four cycles, the sensor still worked well, indicating that R-β-d-2 was a highly reversible probe for sensing Fe3+ and cysteine.

Fig. 10. The fluorescence reversibility of R-β-d-2 (0.04 μM) in CH3OH solution between Fe3+ (20–38–55–75 equiv.) and cysteine (50–95–145–155 equiv.) at 390 nm.

Fig. 10

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Conclusions

A BINOL-based xylose derivative of 1,2,3-triazole was designed and synthesized via the click reaction of 1-azide-2,3,4-triacetoxy-β-d-xylose with (R)-BINOL chromophore, and its characterization was further carried out. The metal ions recognition performance of xylose derivatives at 2,2′-position and 2-position was extensively explored by spectroscopic techniques. Among the 19 different metal ions studied, the derivative R-β-d-1 could not specifically recognize a single metal ion in methanol solution. On the contrary, the derivative R-β-d-2 showed a selective fluorescence shutdown response to Fe3+.

Through the fluorescence recognition response of R-β-d-1 and R-β-d-2 to different metal ions and the competitive experiment and fluorescence titration of R-β-d-2 to Fe3+, the high sensitivity and selectivity of R-β-d-2 in Fe3+ sensing and almost free from the interference of coordination metal ions were confirmed. The formation, stoichiometry and binding modes of the complex were determined by fluorescence emission spectrophotometry, ESI-MS and 1HNMR studies, and the formation of the complex was determined to be 1 : 1. The fluorescence quenching induced by Fe3+ was attributed to intramolecular proton transfer of the excited phenolic hydroxyl group to the adjacent OCH2 group through a transition state form and metal ion chelation of photoinduced electron transfer (PET effect). Moreover, according to the results of this paper, nitrogen atoms of 1,2,3-triazole unit and oxygen atoms of BINOL provided binding sites for metal ions on R-β-d-2.

The secondary detection amino acids of R-β-d-2–Fe3+ complexes were further explored. Through the interaction of –SH side chain functional groups, selective fluorescence on reaction for Cys was produced in 20 naturally occurring amino acids and Hcy and GSH, thus making R-β-d-2 and its Fe3+ complex system interesting. Titration of Cys by R-β-d-2–Fe3+ and ESI-MS results showed that Fe3+ was displaced from the binding site of R-β-d-2 complex after adding Cys. Based on these results, the enhanced logic gate was constructed and it was found that the sensor R-β-d-2 still worked well after many cycles, indicating that R-β-d-2 was a highly reversible probe for sensing Fe3+ and cysteine.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Supplementary Material

RA-012-D1RA09255C-s001

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21462018), the Science Fund of the Technology Office of Jiangxi, China (20192BAB203003) and Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Program for Graduate Innovation Fund (YC2020-X21).

†

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/d1ra09255c

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