Abstract
Background
COVID-19 created unprecedented challenges in surgical training especially in specialties with high elective case volume. We hypothesized that case volume during total joint arthroplasty fellowship training would decrease by 25% given widespread economic shutdowns encountered during the fourth quarter of the 2019-2020 academic year.
Methods
Case logs from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education were obtained for accredited total joint arthroplasty fellowships (2017-2018 to 2020-2021). Case volumes were extracted and summarized as means ± SD. Student’s t tests were used for inter-year comparisons.
Results
One hundred and eighty three arthroplasty fellows from 24 accredited fellowships were included. There was a 14% year-over-year decrease in total case volume during the 2019-2020 academic year (390 ± 108 vs 453 ± 128, P < .001). Case volume rebounded during the 2020-2021 academic year to 465 ± 93 (19% increase, P < .001). Case categories with the most significant percentage declines in 2019-2020 were primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA, −23%), revision total hip arthroplasty (THA, −19%), revision TKA (rTKA, −11%), and primary THA (−10%).
Conclusion
There was a 14% overall decrease in arthroplasty case volume during the 2019-2020 academic year, which correlated with the widespread economic shutdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic. Certain elective case categories like primary TKA experienced the greatest negative impact. Results from this study may inform prospective trainees and faculty during future national emergencies.
Keywords: arthroplasty, reconstructive, orthopedics, surgery, fellowship, COVID-19
In December 2019, the first patients with viral pneumonia caused by SARS-CoV-2 were reported in Wuhan, China [[1], [2], [3]]. The disease caused by this virus resulted in fever, dry cough, and shortness of breath, and was subsequently called COVID-19. By March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared COVID-19 a global pandemic. In short order, state and local governments responded with proposed lockdowns to contain the spread of the virus. Correspondingly, professional societies like the American College of Surgeons responded with specific guidelines regarding the discontinuation of non-essential surgical procedures in accordance with federal mandates [1].
The COVID-19 pandemic led to unprecedented cancellations of elective surgeries, which created financial strains on health care systems as well as challenges in post graduate medical education in the United States [[1], [2], [3]]. The impact of COVID-19 on orthopedic resident and fellow training has been previously documented primarily through surveys, perspectives, and other qualitative insights [[4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]]. Given the elective nature of total hip and knee arthroplasty, adult reconstructive orthopedics fellowship training has been particularly affected. COVID-19 has also catalyzed several paradigm shifts in the education of orthopedic surgeons including the widespread adoption of virtual platforms for didactics, grand rounds, and conferences [[11], [12], [13], [14], [15]].
Currently, objective data on the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on total joint arthroplasty fellowship training is lacking. Previous reports have been limited to qualitative insights from surveys, which have generated concerns on the adequate exposure to cases during fellowship training. Given the ongoing nature of COVID-19 and its variants, it is important to understand the impact of widespread economic shutdowns on total joint arthroplasty fellowship training for future generations of trainees. Furthermore, given the relationship between case volume and clinical outcomes in total joint arthroplasty [[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]], the stakes are especially high for total joint arthroplasty fellows who must refine operative skills for complex cases encountered during autonomous practice.
Given the high percentage of elective cases in adult reconstructive orthopedics, we hypothesized that total joint arthroplasty fellows would report significantly less cases during the 2019 - 2020 academic year during the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. We provide objective data on the impact of widespread shutdowns resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic to inform surgical educators and the orthopedic community on the potential impact of future national emergencies like viral pandemics and their associated economic implications.
Materials and Methods
Surgical case logs were obtained from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) for the academic years of 2017-2018 to 2020-2021. With minimal variability, an academic year is defined as July 1 of the preceding year to June 30 of the subsequent year. Thus, the 2019 academic year would correspond from July 1, 2019 to June 30, 2020. As case logs span a single academic year, we designed a retrospective cohort study of total joint arthroplasty fellows to explore the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on reported case volume, which corresponded to the last quarter of the 2019-2020 academic year.
ACGME case logs represent the collective surgical experience at the end of fellowship training. Case volumes are self-reported and audited by fellowship programs and the ACGME during accreditation processes. Importantly, ACGME case logs summarize reported case volumes for accredited fellowships only and thus exclude non-accredited fellowships. In 2014, ACGME accredited programs accounted for approximately 40% of total joint arthroplasty fellowship programs [24].
The ACGME defines case categories for total joint arthroplasty fellowships (Supplemental Table 1). For the 2017 academic year, case categories were refined from generic case categories used for orthopedic residency to more granular case categories for total joint arthroplasty fellowships. As such, temporal analyses were limited from 2017-2018 to 2020-2021 to facilitate multi-year comparisons.
The independent variable was academic year and the dependent variable was reported case volume. We hypothesized that the 2019-2020 academic year would experience an approximate 25% reduction in reported case volume corresponding to the widespread economic shutdowns beginning in mid-March of 2020 and lasting to the end of fellowship. This period approximated four months out of the twelve required months of fellowship training.
Case volume data were analyzed using D’Agostino-Pearson omnibus normality tests and presented as means and standard deviations (SDs). Student t tests were utilized to compare reported case volumes by year. Compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) were calculated to understand changes in reported case volumes over the study period. P values of <.05 were considered significant.
Results
One hundred and thirty two total joint arthroplasty fellows were included in this study (Table 1 ). 45 fellows in the 2019-2020 graduating class were in the primary cohort of interest (25% of total). The number of accredited fellowships increased from 20 to 24 over the study period. The annual number of fellows increased from 40 to 51 over the study period.
Table 1.
Number of Fellows and Programs in ACGME Accredited Total Joint Arthroplasty Fellowship Training.
| Academic Year | Total Joint Arthroplasty Fellowship |
|
|---|---|---|
| Number of Programs | Number of Fellows | |
| 2017-2018 | 20 | 40 |
| 2018-2019 | 23 | 47 |
| 2019-2020 | 22 | 45 |
| 2020-2021 | 24 | 51 |
| Total | -- | 183 |
There was a 14% decrease in total annual reported case volume during the 2019-2020 academic year, which corresponded to the widespread lockdowns instituted at the start of the COVID-19 outbreak in March of 2020 (Fig. 1 , P < .001). Reported case volume increased by 19% during the 2020-2021 academic year (P < .001).
Fig. 1.
Total case volume reported during total joint arthroplasty fellowship training. ∗ANOVA tests demonstrate significant decrease in reported case volume during the 2019-2020 academic year (P < .05); red bubbles indicate decreases in reported case volume in 2019-2020 and blue bubbles indicate increases in reported case volume over the same period.
Case categories with the most significant percentage declines in 2019-2020 were primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA, −23%), revision total hip arthroplasty (rTHA, −19%), revision TKA (rTKA, −11%), and primary THA (−10%). Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (UKA) increased by 29% (Fig. 2).
Fig. 2.
Case volumes reported during total joint arthroplasty fellowship training. ∗Annual case volumes reported from 2018-2019 to 2020-2021; TKA, total knee arthroplasty; UKA, unicompartmental knee arthroplasty; THA, total hip arthroplasty; Other represents a mixture of non-hip and knee arthroplasty cases of which primary shoulder arthroplasty and rotator cuff open and arthroscopic cases formed the majority (Supplemental Table 1); red bubbles indicate decreases in reported case volume in 2019-2020 and blue bubbles indicate increases in reported case volume over the same period.
Table 2 demonstrates the growth in reported case volume over the study period. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, by the 2020-2021 academic year, reported case volumes increased for all case categories except for other.
Table 2.
Average Number of Cases Reported During ACGME Accredited Total Joint Arthroplasty Fellowship Training.
| Case Categories | Average Number of Reported Cases ± SD |
CAGR% | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2017-2018 | 2018-2019 | 2019-2020 | 2020-2021 | ||
| Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty | 169 ± 80 | 178 ± 86 | 136 ± 66 | 175 ± 75 | 0.8% |
| Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty | 35 ± 18 | 37 ± 19 | 32 ± 17 | 37 ± 19 | 1.3% |
| Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty | 3 ± 5 | 4 ± 7 | 5 ± 9 | 6 ± 9 | 18.9% |
| Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty | 149 ± 82 | 146 ± 79 | 134 ± 71 | 158 ± 71 | 1.6% |
| Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty | 33 ± 19 | 35 ± 21 | 31 ± 17 | 34 ± 19 | 0.1% |
| Other | 59 ± 25 | 53 ± 23 | 53 ± 22 | 56 ± 24 | −1.3% |
| Total Key Procedures | 448 ± 120 | 453 ± 128 | 390 ± 108 | 465 ± 93 | 0.9% |
Discussion
Elective surgeries were widely discontinued during the initial outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, thus negatively impacting operative training for orthopedic surgery residents and fellows [[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]]. This study demonstrated that total joint arthroplasty fellows reported an approximate 14% reduction in case volume during the 2019-2020 academic year, which was less than the anticipated 25% reduction. The greatest negative change was observed for primary TKA (−23%). These findings confirm the negative secondary effects on arthroplasty cases logged during widespread lockdowns from March through June 2020. Importantly, this study did not assess the clinical significance of fewer logged cases on surgical competency. Given the importance of surgical case volume on outcomes in total joint arthroplasty [[16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23]], these results may help inform trainees and faculty during future national emergencies like viral pandemics.
Achieving operative competency is one of the primary objectives of fellowship training. During the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, orthopedic trainees were largely excluded from operative room experiences, with the exception of trauma cases [[5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10]]. In particularly affected metropolitan cities like New York City, orthopedic trainees were re-assigned to screening facilities, critical care units, and emergency rooms where the need for medical staff in understaffed hospitals was the greatest [5,7]. Results from this national study demonstrate that case volume decreased by 14% during the 2019-2020 academic year, which corresponded with the widespread lockdowns from March to June of that year. Similarly, in a national study of Irish orthopedic trainees, case volumes for elective orthopedic procedures decreased by over 50% [25]. The authors concluded that in future pandemics, reassignment of orthopedic trainees to high-volume institutions might be an appropriate mitigation method. Ultimately, the most significant reduction in our study was 23% for primary TKA, which while significant, did not reach our expected reduction of 25%.
The COVID-19 pandemic created opportunities to improve surgical education largely via widespread adoption of electronic platforms for didactics and telemedicine for consultations [[11], [12], [13], [14], [15]]. Virtual attendance to didactics and national meetings can increase access to more learning opportunities for adult reconstructive orthopedics fellows. Emerging technologies like augmented reality platforms may create additional adjuncts to surgical education. If future national emergencies emerge like viral pandemics, then further restrictions and surgical suspensions can be expected. It is therefore necessary and imperative to understand the impact of COVID-19 on reported case volume during total joint arthroplasty fellowship training and propose methods to address these challenges.
The issue of procedure volume is total joint arthroplasty is a critical one facing orthopedic fellows, faculty, and the general public. In a multi-institutional study, higher surgeon volume was associated with a lower risk of complications including lower readmission rates, shorter lengths of stay, and higher chances of being discharged home after primary total joint arthroplasty surgery [16]. Low volume joint arthroplasty surgeons and centers have higher mortality rates [23]. A large European registry study found that the risk for adverse events decreases by 10% if annual primary THA volume increases by ten [17]. In high volume centers, both institutional and surgeon factors are implicated in favorable outcomes after total joint arthroplasty surgery [21,22]. Ultimately, the completion of total joint arthroplasty fellowship has become a pre-requisite for credentialing privileges in many hospital systems, as many have pledged to eliminate low volume surgeons and centers [26,27].
The SD for total reported case volume in our study ranged between 93 and 128 total cases or about 20% of the average reported case volume. More research is needed to understand the clinical implications of variability in reported surgical volume during fellowship. A recent systematic review investigating the learning curve associated with the direct anterior approach for THA found decreasing mean operative times after the first (156.6 minutes), 30th (93.2 minutes), and 100th (80.5 minutes) case [28]. Furthermore, there was a decrease in mean complication rate from 20.8% to 7.6% between the early and late groups. Similarly, a recent systematic review of robot assisted TKA found up to 20 and 36 cases needed to supersede learning curves for robot assisted TKA and UKA, respectively [29]. In light of these studies, the volume of reported cases during total joint arthroplasty fellowship should be scrutinized. Even during COVID, total joint arthroplasty fellows reported an average of 134 primary THAs, although the breakdown of surgical approaches to the hip were not available.
There were several limitations to this study. First and foremost, only ACGME accredited fellowships were included in this study. There are many non-accredited fellowships, but overall orthopedic subspecialty fellowship training has been trending toward ACGME accreditation [24]. Second, data are summarized by academic year, which typically begins the first week of July. More granular weekly or monthly data are not released by the ACGME. However, we were interested in understanding the impact of COVID-19 on total annual case volume during joint arthroplasty fellowship training. Third, ACGME case logs are self-reported and susceptible to bias and mis-reporting [30,31]. However, given the increasing importance of accuracy for these case logs in accreditation and job placement after fellowship, there is high scrutiny on this data. Fourth, while the number of ACGME accredited programs remains largely stable from year-to-year, small changes occur as programs gain and lose accreditation. In our sample, this amounted to a one program difference between the 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 academic years. Lastly, while case volume has been correlated with surgical outcomes, the clinical impact of a ∼25% reduction in case volume during fellowship is unknown. Presumably, the impact is negative, but future studies are needed to validate this impact, preferably in the context of arthroplasty volume needed to achieve clinical competency for independent practice.
In summary, COVID-19 had a negative impact on reported case volume during total joint arthroplasty fellowship training. Certain case categories like primary TKA experienced the greatest declines, which was expected given its elective nature. Ultimately, more research is needed to understand the impact of case volume on surgical training in total joint arthroplasty.
Footnotes
No author associated with this paper has disclosed any potential or pertinent conflicts which may be perceived to have impending conflict with this work. For full disclosure statements refer to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2022.03.083.
Conflict of Interest Statement: The authors have no conflicts of interest to report.
Statement of Funding: The authors have no sources of funding to report.
Statement of Human and Animal Rights: This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
Statement of Informed Consent: This study received exemption status from the IRB authors due to the publicly available nature of all data.
Appendix A. Supplementary Data
Appendix
Supplemental Table 1.
Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) Codes for ACGME Accredited Total Joint Arthroplasty Fellowship Training.
| Case Category | CPT Code | CPT Code Description |
|---|---|---|
| Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty | 27445 | Arthroplasty, knee, hinge prosthesis |
| 27446 | TKA Arthroplasty, knee, condyle and plateau; medial OR lateral compartment | |
| 27447 | TKA Arthroplasty, knee, condyle and plateau; medial AND lateral compartments with or without patella resurfacing (total knee arthroplasty) | |
| Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty | 27486 | Revision of total knee arthroplasty, with or without allograft; 1 component |
| 27487 | TKA Revision of total knee arthroplasty, with or without allograft; femoral and entire tibial component | |
| Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty | 27437 | Arthroplasty, patella; without prosthesis |
| 27438 | Arthroplasty, patella; with prosthesis | |
| 27440 | Arthroplasty, knee, tibial plateau | |
| 27441 | Arthroplasty, knee, tibial plateau; with debridement and partial synovectomy | |
| 27442 | Arthroplasty, femoral condyles or tibial plateau(s), knee | |
| 27443 | Arthroplasty, femoral condyles or tibial plateau(s), knee; with debridement and partial synovectomy | |
| Removal of Prosthesis for Infection (Hip or Knee) | 27030 | Arthrotomy, hip, with drainage (eg, infection) |
| 27090 | Removal of hip prosthesis (separate procedure) | |
| 27091 | Removal of hip prosthesis; complicated, including total hip prosthesis, methylmethacrylate with or without insertion of spacer (eg, prostalac) | |
| 27310 | Arthrotomy, knee, with exploration, drainage, or removal of foreign body (eg, infection) | |
| 27488 | Removal of prosthesis, including total knee prosthesis, methylmethacrylate with or without insertion of spacer, knee | |
| Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty | 27125 | Hemiarthroplasty, hip, partial (eg, femoral stem prosthesis, bipolar arthroplasty) |
| 27130 | THA Arthroplasty, acetabular and proximal femoral prosthetic replacement (total hip arthroplasty), with or without autograft or allograft | |
| 27236 | Hemiarthroplasty for fracture | |
| Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty | 27132 | THA Conversion of previous hip surgery to total hip arthroplasty, with or without autograft or allograft |
| 27134 | THA Revision of total hip arthroplasty; both components, with or without autograft or allograft | |
| 27137 | THA Revision of total hip arthroplasty; acetabular component only, with or without autograft or allograft | |
| 27138 | THA Revision of total hip arthroplasty; femoral component only, with or without allograft | |
| Osteotomy Knee | 27448 | Osteotomy, femur, shaft or supracondylar; without fixation |
| 27450 | Osteotomy, femur, shaft or supracondylar; with fixation | |
| 27457 | Osteotomy, proximal tibia, including fibular excision or osteotomy; after epiphyseal closure | |
| Osteotomy Hip | 27120 | Hip acetabuloplasty |
| 27122 | Acetabuloplasty; resection, femoral head (eg, Girdlestone procedure) | |
| 27146 | Repair, Revision, and/or Reconstruction Procedures on the Pelvis and Hip Joint, Surgery | |
| Primary Shoulder Arthroplasty | 23470 | Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; hemiarthroplasty |
| 23472 | Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; total shoulder [glenoid and proximal humeral replacement (eg, total shoulder)] | |
| 23472 | Reverse Shoulder Arthroplasty | |
| Revision Shoulder Arthroplasty | 23333 | Removal of foreign body, shoulder; deep (subfascial or intramuscular) |
| 23334 | Removal of prosthesis, includes debridement and synovectomy when performed; humeral or glenoid component | |
| 23335 | Removal of prosthesis, includes debridement and synovectomy when performed; humeral and glenoid component (eg, total shoulder) | |
| 23470 | Arthroplasty, glenohumeral joint; hemiarthroplasty | |
| 23473 | Revision of total shoulder arthroplasty, including allograft when performed, humeral or glenoid component | |
| 23474 | Revision of total shoulder arthroplasty, including allograft when performed, humeral and glenoid component | |
| Rotator Cuff Open and Arthroscopic | 23395 | Muscle transfer shoulder or upper arm; single |
| 23397 | Muscle transfer shoulder or upper arm; multiple | |
| 23410 | Repair of ruptured musculotendinous cuff (eg, rotator cuff) open; acute | |
| 23412 | Repair of ruptured musculotendinous cuff (eg, rotator cuff) open; chronic | |
| 23420 | Reconstruction of complete shoulder (rotator) cuff avulsion, chronic (includes acromioplasty) | |
| 29827 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; with rotator cuff repair | |
| 29828 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; biceps tenodesis | |
| Bony Procedures for Shoulder Instability | 23460 | Capsulorrhaphy, anterior, any type; with bone block |
| 23462 | Capsulorrhaphy, anterior, any type; with coracoid process transfer | |
| 23465 | Capsulorrhaphy, glenohumeral joint, posterior, with or without bone block | |
| Soft Tissue Procedures for Shoulder Instability | 23455 | Capsulorrhaphy, anterior, with labral repair (eg, Bankart procedure) |
| 23466 | Capsulorrhaphy, glenohumeral joint, any type multi-directional instability | |
| 29806 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; capsulorrhaphy | |
| Open Acromioplasty | 23130 | Acromioplasty or acromionectomy, partial, with or without coracoacromial ligament release |
| Other Upper Limb Arthroscopic Procedures | 29807 | Arthroscopy with repair of slap lesion |
| 29824 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; distal claviculectomy, including distal articular surface (Mumford procedure) | |
| 29826 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; decompression of subacromial space with partial acromioplasty, with coracoacromial ligament (ie, arch) release, when performed (list separately in addition to code for primary procedure) | |
| 29828 | Arthroscopy, shoulder, surgical; biceps tenodesis | |
| 29830 | Arthroscopy, elbow, diagnostic, with or without synovial biopsy (separate procedure) | |
| 29834 | Arthroscopy, elbow, surgical, with removal of loose body or foreign body | |
| 29835 | Arthroscopy, elbow, surgical; synovectomy, partial | |
| 29836 | Arthroscopy, elbow, surgical; synovectomy, complete | |
| 29837 | Arthroscopy, elbow, surgical; debridement, limited | |
| 29838 | Arthroscopy, elbow, surgical; debridement, extensive | |
| 29840 | Arthroscopy, wrist, diagnostic, with or without synovial biopsy (separate procedure) | |
| 29843 | Arthroscopy, wrist, surgical; for infection, lavage and drainage | |
| 29844 | Arthroscopy, wrist, surgical; synovectomy, partial | |
| 29845 | Arthroscopy, wrist, surgical; synovectomy, complete | |
| 29846 | Arthroscopy, wrist, surgical; excision and/or repair of triangular fibrocartilage and/or joint debridement | |
| 29847 | Arthroscopy, wrist, surgical; internal fixation for fracture or instability | |
| 29848 | Endoscopy, wrist, surgical, with release of transverse carpal ligament | |
| Arthrodesis Shoulder | 23800 | Arthrodesis glenohumeral joint |
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