Figure 4:

Promising future approaches to precision medicine along the spectrum of the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease.

A. Pathogenetic conceptual basis for response to therapy and natural history of IBD: A complex interplay of environmental factors, genetic factors and a dysregulated inflammatory response including immune and non-immune cells. B. Potential markers for short term response to therapy. C. Potential markers for long term response to therapy/avoidance of complications of chronic inflammation and fibrogenesis. Abbreviations: ECM: Extracellular matrix; OSM: Oncostatin M; TREM: Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1; IL13RA2: Interleukin 13 receptor alpha 2; NOD: Nucleotide oligonerization domain; MHC: Major histocompatibility complex