Genetic Testing and Immunotherapy for Intracranial Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: A Case Report

Abstract

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare mesenchymal tumor that can develop in numerous organs, most commonly in the lungs and rarely in the brain. Here, we reported a 55-year-old patient with nasopharyngeal IMT and the recurrence in the skull base, slope and pterygoid sinus who underwent cranial base and slope tumor resection. Postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) showed tumor recurrence and metastasis to the intracalvarium. While genetic testing revealed no significant related gene mutations, tertiary mutations in NSD1 and SOX9 genes were identified in the tumor tissues. The patient achieved partial remission after receiving 7 cycles of immunotherapy (toripalimab 240 mg for 1 cycle followed by 6 cycles of sintilimab 200 mg), and MRI examination indicated an almost complete remission of intracranial IMT after 16 cycles of immunotherapy. In summary, the novel class of immune-targeted agents may be effective in clinical management of rare intracranial IMT.

Introduction

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT), also known as inflammatory pseudotumor and plasmacytoid granuloma, is a tumor commonly occurring in the lungs, abdomen, skin, soft tissues, genital system, and mediastinum.^1,2 Its origin, etiology and behavior remain a matter of debate. While metastases have been reported in up to 5% of IMT cases, potential kinase mutations, most commonly involving anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), have been identified in these tumors.^3,4 Recurrent metastasis of IMT may be associated with incomplete resection of the lesion, involvement of infiltrating adjacent vital organs, and TP53 expression in tumor cells.

Herein, we reported a rare case with intracranial IMT who achieved complete remission (CR) after receiving immunotherapy. This report provided important guiding significance to clinical treatment of the disease.

Case Presentation

A 55-year-old female was admitted to our hospital with recurrent IMT and invasion of skull base, slope and sphenoid sinus after tumor resection. On January 13th, 2019, the patient had a sudden onset of slurred speech without obvious incentive and her condition improved spontaneously after 30 seconds. She was treated with mannitol and vasodilator in Weifang Yidu Central Hospital, but the symptoms were not significantly alleviated. The patient was then referred to Shandong Provincial Hospital and underwent cranial base and slope tumor resection through nasal endoscopy on March 12th, 2019. Postoperative pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of IMT. She was discharged with a good postoperative recovery and did not receive any further treatment after surgery.

On April 9th, 2019, the patient was admitted to Shandong Institute of Medical Imaging. Craniocerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (April 15th) showed abnormal thickening of the middle cranial fossa region, skull base and right temporal meninges (Figure 1), suggestive of tumor recurrence and metastasis following surgery. Hematoxylin and eosin staining suggested inflammatory myofibroblastoma, with abundant cells and active growth (Figure 2A). Meanwhile, multiplex immunohistochemistry (mIHC) revealed a relatively high infiltration of CD8+/CD68+ lymphocytes as well as a high expression of PD-L1 (SP142) in the tumor tissues (Figure 2B). Moreover, quantitative analysis of tumor cells, macrophages and other subsets of immune cells found that the proportion of CD8+, pD-L1+, CD68+, CD8+PD-1+, CD8+PD-1-, and CD68+PD-L1+ cells in the tumor region was 47.3%, 98.9%, 49.8%, 13.2%, 33.9% and 49.7%, respectively, while the stromal region harbored the different percentage of CD8+ (43.2%), pD-L1+ (98.7%), CD68+ (33.5%), CD8+PD-1+ (8.7%), CD8+PD-1- (34.4%), and CD68+PD-L1+ cells (33.4%) (Figure 2C).

Figure 1.

Representative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. MRI images taken during radiotherapy, at the end of radiotherapy, after 2 cycles of immunotherapy, after 7 cycles of immunotherapy, after 12 cycles of immunotherapy, after 16 cycles of immunotherapy, and during follow-up were shown respectively.

Figure 2.

(A) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the recurrent lesions. (B) The expression of CD8, PD-1, PD-L1, and CD68 in resected tumor tissues was detected by multiple immunohistochemistry (mIHC). Nuclei (blue) were counter-stained by DAPI. Magnification ×200. (C) Quantification analysis of data in B. (D) The frequencies of two shared pathogenic mutations in the recurrent lesions.

After consultation in the radiotherapy department of our hospital, the patient received radiotherapy with a total dose of 54 Gy in 27 fractions between April 17th and May 23rd, 2019. This trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from the patient. During radiotherapy, next generation sequencing (NGS) of her blood cells and paraffin-embedded tissues was carried out using a 543 cancer-related gene panel (Genecast, Wuxi, China) to identify the possible gene mutations suitable for immunotherapy. As shown in Figure 2D, the frequency of NSD1 c.3286C>A p.H1096N and SOX9 c.1309C>T p.R437C in the tissues was found to be 3.2% and 2.73%, respectively. MRI (May 23rd, 2019) revealed that at the end of radiotherapy, IMT invaded the skull base and brain with right dural metastasis after surgery (Figure 1).

The patient was then treated with immunotherapy for further suppressing IMT. After excluding the immune contraindications, she was first given intravenous drip of Toripalimab (240 mg) for 1 cycle, and no obvious side effects were observed. Thereafter, she was administered with Sintilimab (200 mg) for another cycle, and a subsequent craniocerebral MRI examination (August 2nd, 2019) showed that the tumor was shrinking. Following another 7 cycles of immunotherapy (Sintilimab, 200 mg), most of the lesions were in remission (March 2nd, 2020). On July 27th, 2020, craniocerebral MRI demonstrated that the lesions had a near-CR rate of 98% after 12 cycles of Sintilimab 200 mg (Figure 1). Since then, the patient visited our hospital monthly for receiving Sintilimab 200 mg. After 16 cycles of Sintilimab 200 mg, the curative effects of the patient almost reached CR with no significant changes in the tumor (January 4th, 2021). In this case, the immunotherapy was well tolerated with no significant toxic and side effects. And no other therapy was given after the end of the treatment with Sintilimab. On April 12th, 2021, craniocerebral MRI demonstrated an improvement in postoperative nasopharyngeal IMT with invasion of the skull base, brain and right dural metastasis (Figure 1). The clinical and disease course of the patient is illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3.

Timeline of clinical events of the patient.

Abbreviations: SD, stable disease; PR, partial response; CR, complete response.

Discussion

IMT is a relatively rare tumor of mesenchymal origin that is common in children and adolescents. It can develop in various organs, with the lung and liver being commonly affected and the skull being less involved.^5,6 Surgical resection is the most common treatment for IMT.⁴ In this case, while the patient was first diagnosed with nasopharyngeal IMT, the tumor recurred and metastasized to the brain after tumor resection. Genetic testing failed to identify representative gene mutations in IMT. However, the patient was found to harbor tertiary mutations in NSD1 and SOX9 genes as well as a high expression of PD-L1 in the tumor tissue. SOX9 acts as a key determinant of cancer cell plasticity. NSD1 is a histone methyltransferase containing the catalytic domain of SET, and its abnormal expression could be closely associated with Sotos syndrome. It has been reported that NSD1 affects chondrocyte differentiation by regulating the expression of Sox9.⁷ To date, the significance of mutations in NSD1 and SOX9 genes in IMT has yet to be defined.

Identification of underlying kinase mutations, including those in ALK, has provided a potential targeted therapy option for patients with unresectable and/or advanced IMT. It has been shown that not all IMT patients harbor actionable mutations. In the past 10 years, a total of 18 cases with metastatic IMT have been reported;^8–25 most of them received surgical resection for primary IMT, while undergoing radiotherapy, chemotherapy and/or targeted therapy for metastatic tumors (Table 1). In one study, Carcamo et al showed that PD-L1 was expressed in 50% of the tumor cells in a 16-year-old male patient who failed to respond to PD-L1 inhibitor Nivolumab.⁹ In this case, we found that treatment with Sintilimab can block the binding of PD-1 with PD-L1 and alleviate tumor cell suppression via immune T cells. Sixteen cycles of immunotherapy led to a significant inhibition in the tumor cells of the patient. Sintilimab is PD-1 monoclonal antibody that has recently been approved for cancer treatment.²⁶ In China, Phase I/II/III clinical trials of Sintilimab for the treatment of various solid tumors are being conducted.^27–29 Wang et al have reported that Sintilimab possesses stronger anti-tumor activity with an acceptable safety profile in vivo as compared to certain monoclonal antibodies,³⁰ while it obviously has some inevitable side effects and causes potential damage to patients, including pneumonia, diarrhea, colitis, hepatitis, and nephritis. At present, there is no report on research of the effects of Sintilimab and Toripalimab on IMT. Surgery remains predominant in clinical management of intracranial IMT due to the lack of definitive treatment and its unknown pathogenesis. In addition to radiotherapy, long-term treatment with clarithromycin can be administered when ALK1 and immunoglobulin deficiency are diagnosed, or when chronic inflammation worsens the patient’s condition.³¹ This study provides the first demonstration that Sintilimab exerts a good therapeutic effect on a patient with recurred IMT and intracranial metastasis.

Table 1.

A Summary of 18 Cases Reported Metastatic Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumors in Recent 10 Years

Age (Years)/Sex	Presentation	Tumor Primary Site	IHC	Gene Mutation	Recurrence	Tumor Metastasis Site	Treatment	Follow-up and Prognosis	Reference
55/F	A sudden slurred speech	Nasopharynx	Highly expressed PD-L1	Tertiary mutations in NSD1 and SOX9 genes	1 month	Skull base, slope and pterygoid sinus	Surgery, radiotherapy and immunotherapy (PD-L1 inhibitor Sintilimab)	Better than before to date	This case
19/M	Macroscopic hematuria and progressive anemia	Bladder	ALK pos	NA	7 months	Lung and left iliac bone and	Surgery and targeted therapy	Complete remission	Bonvini et al, 20218
16/M	NR	Right chest wall with pleural involvement	ALK neg, highly expressed PD-L1	TFG-ROS1 fusion, an acquired G2032R mutation in the TKD of ROS1 and MAPK1 amplification	Continuing progression	Brain, right triceps	Antiinflammatory therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and immunotherapy (PD-L1 inhibitor Nivolumab)	Died of respiratory complications	Carcamo et al, 20219
40/M	Dyspnoea and productive cough	Upper lobe of right lung	ALK pos	TPM4-ALK fusion	Transient improvement and continuing progression	Hilar lymph nodes, right trapezius muscle, left frontal lobe, left adrenal, left gluteal	Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy	Dead	Wong et al, 202010
57/F	Tightening sensation around the retrosternal region	Anterior mediastinum with left pleural invasion	ALK neg	6 germline mutations (PARP1 p.V69I, ATR p.S1007N, GRM8 p.T97A, MLLT10 p.G409R, TCF7L2 p.N185S, SMARCA4 p.A321T) and 1 somatic mutation (TSHR p.Q720H)	Recurring at the left anterior mediastinum after nine months post first surgery, and at the left anterior mediastinum and right anterior pleural space at the age of 65	Left anterior mediastinum and right anterior pleural space	Surgery and radiotherapy	NR	Hou et al, 202011
59/M	Consistent fatigue	Medium lobe of right lung	ALK neg	NA	Continuing progression	Bone and abdominal cavity	Targeted therapy	Stable condition on follow-up 9 months	Liu et al, 201912
81/M	Anal pain	The posterior rectal wall	ALK neg	NA	2 months after surgery	Liver	Surgery	Dead	Shimodaira et al, 202013
76/M	Upper back pain and motor weakness	Upper lobe of right lung	ALK neg	NA	NA	Right renal hilum	Hormonotherapy and radiotherapy	Improvement in symptoms on follow-up 1 month	Na et al, 201814
55/M	Left pneumonia	Lower lobe of left lung	NA	NA	3 months after first surgery	Lingula, lung and liver	Surgery and radiotherapy	The patient was referred to another oncological center.	Rodrigues et al, 201715
37/F	Cough and stridor	Upper lobe of left lung	ALK pos	NA	1 year after first surgery	Uterine	Surgery	Dead 1 year after second surgery	Zhang et al, 201816
18/F	Headaches	Lung	ALK pos	ALK-1 gene rearranged	Continuing progression	Brain	Targeted therapy	Alive and well on follow-up 2.5 years since primary diagnosis	Yuan et al, 201717
43/F	Heart failure symptoms	Small intestinal	ALK neg	NA	1 year	Left ventricle, stomach, liver, vertebra, and pelvic bones	Surgery and chemotherapy	Dead 9 months after surgery	Zorinas et al, 201718
16/F	A localized left shoulder mass around the subacromial region	Left shoulder	ALK pos	EML4-ALK translocation	45 months	Left clavicle, the arm, and the anterior chest wall soft tissues	Surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapy	Remains in complete remission on follow-up 3 years	Gaudichon et al, 201619
49/F	Cough	Lower lobe of left lung	ALK pos	ALK-gene rearrangement	4 months	Right anterior-end of third-rib and right adrenal gland	Surgery and targeted therapy	NR	Sethi et al, 201520
28/F	Post-prandial abdominal pain	Abdominal extensive solid masses involving multiple viscera	ALK neg	NA	Continuing progression	Vertebral body, liver and peritoneum	Surgery and chemotherapy	Dead	Kim et al, 201521
27/F	A painless palpable mass in the upper outer quadrant of the right breast	Right breast	ALK neg	NA	2 years	The upper inner quadrant of the right breast and right cervical area	Surgery	NR	Choi et al, 201522
36/M	Hematochezia, tenesmus, and constipation	Rectum	ALK pos	NA	18 months	The pelvic floor muscles, sacrococcyx, pre-sacral fascia	Surgery and chemotherapy	Follow-up every 6 months and disease-free	Sun et al, 201423
26/M	Chronic nonproductive cough	Mediastinum	ALK neg	NA	Continuing progression	Lymph nodes and the thoracic vertebra	Hormonotherapy and chemotherapy	No radiological evidence of tumor progression or recurrence for 7 months	Kubo et al, 201224
52/M	Dyspnea and cough	Upper lobes of bilateral lung	NA	NA	No	Left adrenal gland	Surgery	Alive and well, without recurrence on follow-up 1 year	Carillo et al, 201125

Abbreviations: ALK, anaplastic lymphoma kinase; F, female; M, male; NA, not available; neg, negative; NR, not reported; pos, positive.

Conclusion

The presence of tertiary mutations in NSD1 and SOX9 genes could potentially serve as an indicator for the diagnosis of IMT. Meanwhile, Sintilimab may be a good choice for immunotherapy against the recurrence and metastasis of IMT.

Ethics and Informed Consent Statements

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shandong Cancer Hospital. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and any accompanying images.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed to data analysis, drafting or revising the article, have agreed on the journal to which the article will be submitted, gave final approval of the version to be published, and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work.

Disclosure

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.