Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Study ID | Country | Study design | Population | Type of drugs | Dosage (daily) | Sample size |
Age (year) * |
Male (%) |
Diabetes mellitus (%) |
Hypertension (%) |
COPD-Chronic pulmonary disease (%) |
Cardiovascular disease (%) |
Outcomes | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | E | C | |||||||
| Abdelwahab et al., 2021 a | Egypt | RS | C+ | Aspirin | 81–162 mg | 31 | 36 | 56.0 ± 16.1 | 44.0 ± 16.5 | 51.6 | 33.3 | 38.7 | 11.1 | 48.4 | 13.9 | NR | NR | 25.8 | 0 | ④ |
| Abdelwahab et al., 2021 b | Egypt | RS | C+ | Aspirin | 81–162 mg | 35 | 123 | 61.0 ± 14.3 | 58.0 ± 14.7 | 48.6 | 46.3 | 48.6 | 43.1 | 62.9 | 45.5 | NR | NR | 22.9 | 3.3 | ④ |
| Abu Esba et al., 2020 | Saudi Arabia | PS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 146 | 357 | 47.5(33.0–63.0) | 36.0 (27.0–49.0) | 52.1 | 59.4 | 41.1 | 14.8 | 34.9 | 14.6 | NR | NR | 12.3 | 2.5 | ①⑤⑦ |
| Aghajani et al., 2021 | Iran | RS | C+ | Aspirin | NR | 336 | 655 | 65.8 ± 14.3 | 58.5 ± 17.4 | 56.0 | 54.0 | 47.6 | 21.8 | 62.5 | 30.0 | NR | NR | 40.8 | 8.7 | ① ④ |
| Alamdari et al., 2020 | Iran | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 37 | 422 | 61.8 ± 11.9 | 69.7 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① | ||
| Argenziano et al., 2020 | USA | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 250 | 750 | 63.0 (50.0–75.0) | 59.6 | 37.2 | 60.1 | 6.6 | NR | NR | ③⑦ | |||||
| Blanch-Rubió et al., 2020 | Spain | RS | C± | Unspecified | NR | 318 | 1784 | 66.4 (13.3) | 19.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② | ||
| Bruce et al., 2020 | UK | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 54 | 1168 | NR | NR | 46.3 | 56.9 | 20.4 | 27.3 | 31.5 | 51.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① |
| Chandan et al., 2021 | UK | RS& | Osteoarthritis | Unspecified | NR | 8595 | 8595 | 68.4 ± 10.4 | 68.1 ± 10.5 | 34.8 | 34.2 | 17.0 | 15.9 | NR | NR | 8.1 | 7.1 | 13.7 | 9.7 | ①② |
| Chow et al., 2021 | USA | RS | C+ | Aspirin | 81 mg | 98 | 314 | 61.0 (55.0–72.0) | 52.0 (37.0–65.0) | 62.2 | 58.3 | 55.1 | 29.0 | 78.6 | 52.5 | NR | NR | 34.7 | 5.7 | ①③④ |
| Costantino et al., 2020 | France | RS | Rheumatic diseases | Unspecified | NR | 318 | 337 | 51.0 ± 13.4 | 38.2 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② | ||
| Drake et al., 2021 | UK | PS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 4211 | 67,968 | 70.1 ± 18.7 | 70.2 ± 18.4 | 46.4 | 46.4 | 21.1 | 21.5 | NR | NR | 18.7 | 16.5 | 35.1 | 30.3 | ①③④⑤ |
| Gianfrancesco et al., 2020 | Australia | RS | RA | Unspecified | NR | 111 | 420 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ⑦ |
| Gupta et al., 2020 | USA | PS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 191 | 2024 | 60.5 (14.5) | 64.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① | ||
| Hong et al., 2020 | China | PS | C+ | COX-2 inhibitor | 200–400 mg | 36 | 7 | 49.3 ± 14.8 | 49.5 ± 18.3 | 47.2 | 57.1 | 8.3 | 14.2 | 8.3 | 14.2 | NR | NR | 5.6 | 14.2 | ① |
| Huh et al., 2021 | South Korea | RS | C± | Unspecified | NR | 7080 | 36,966 | NR | NR | 59.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② | |
| Hwang et al., 2020 | South Korea | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 5 | 98 | 67.6 ± 15.3 | 50.5 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① | ||
| Imam et al., 2020 | USA | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 466 | 839 | 61.0 ± 16.3 | 53.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① | ||
| Jehi et al., 2020 | USA | RS | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 892 | 3644 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ⑦ |
| Jeong et al., 2020 | South Korea | RS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 354 | 1470 | 54.1 ± 17.6 | 47.8 ± 19.1 | 41.5 | 41.0 | 17.0 | 11.0 | 28.0 | 19.0 | 20.0 | 15.0 | NR | NR | ①③④⑥ |
| Karruli et al., 2021 | Italy | RS | C+ | Aspirin | Low dose | 5 | 27 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① |
| Kim et al., 2021 a | South Korea | RS& | C± | Aspirin | NR | 136 | 136 | NR | NR | 63.2 | 61.8 | 67.6 | 72.1 | 79.4 | 82.4 | 9.6 | 8.1 | 48.5 | 49.3 | ①②③④⑤⑥ |
| Kim et al., 2021 b | South Korea | RS& | C± | Aspirin | NR | 526 | 526 | NR | NR | 58.0 | 56.8 | 50.8 | 49.8 | 75.5 | 76.2 | 9.7 | 7.2 | 36.3 | 35.0 | ①②③④⑤⑥ |
| Kragholm et al., 2020 | Denmark | RS | C+ | Ibuprofen | NR | 264 | 3738 | 58.0(46–68.0) | 57.0(45.0–73.0) | 44.7 | 47.4 | 13.3 | 11.1 | 24.2 | 21.8 | 6.4 | 5.3 | 2.7 | 2.5 | ⑥ |
| Liu et al., 2021 | China | RS& | C+ | Aspirin | 81 mg | 28 | 204 | 69.5 (61.0–77.0) | 54.0 (42.0–65.0) | 64.3 | 53.4 | 17.9 | 11.3 | 71.4 | 19.6 | 3.6 | 2.5 | NR | NR | ① |
| Lodigiani et al., 2021 | Italy | RS | C+ | Aspirin | NR | 93 | 286 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ①③ |
| Lund et al., 2020 | Denmark | RS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 224 | 896 | 54.0(43.0–64.0) | 54.0(41.0–66.0) | 40.2 | 41.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 4.0 | 3.9 | 10.3 | 10.2 | ①③④⑦ |
| Mancia et al., 2020 | Italy | RS | C± | Unspecified | NR | 5615 | 31,416 | 68.0 ± 13.0 | 63.0 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② | ||
| Martínez-Botía et al., 2021 | Spain | RS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 366 | 1669 | 66.4 ± 15.8 | 67.3 ± 16.2 | 61.2 | 59.8 | 13.1 | 12.9 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ①③ |
| Meizlish et al., 2021 | USA | RS& | C+ | Aspirin | 81 mg | 964 | 1821 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ① |
| Merzon et al., 2021 | Israel | RS | C± | Aspirin | Low dose | 1621 | 8856 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ①②⑦ |
| Ong et al., 2020 | Singapore | RS | C+ | COX-2 inhibitor | 60–90 mg | 22 | 146 | 56.0 (53.8–61.0) | 62.0 (55.8–68.3) | 50.0 | 56.2 | 18.2 | 31.5 | 31.8 | 50.7 | 0 | 2.7 | 4.5 | 9.6 | ①③④⑤⑥ |
| Osborne et al., 2021 | USA | RS& | C+ | Aspirin | NR | 6300 | 6300 | 67.4 ± 10.8 | 67.3 ± 11.2 | 95.2 | 96.6 | 62.5 | 41.3 | 89.4 | 72.6 | 43.8 | 37.9 | NR | NR | ① |
| Park et al., 2021 | South Korea | RS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 397 | 397 | NR | NR | 41.8 | 36.8 | 16.6 | 15.9 | 28.7 | 27.7 | 2.5 | 0.8 | NR | NR | ①④ |
| Reilev et al., 2020 | Denmark | RS | C± | Unspecified | NR | 47,503 | 374,316 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ①②③⑦ |
| Rinott et al., 2020 | Israel | RS | C+ | Ibuprofen | NR | 87 | 316 | 40.0(24.5–64.0) | 46.0(25.0–61.0) | 52.9 | 55.1 | 11.4 | 8.8 | NR | NR | NR | NR | 13.7 | 12.6 | ①③④⑤ |
| Sahai et al., 2021 a | USA | RS& | C+ | Unspecified | NR | 444 | 444 | 58.1 ± 17.0 | 58.2 ± 18.1 | 51.1 | 48.6 | 35.7 | 35.9 | 62.7 | 66.1 | 10.9 | 12.1 | NR | NR | ① |
| Sahai et al., 2021 b | USA | RS& | C+ | Aspirin | 81 mg | 248 | 248 | 68.5 ± 13.6 | 69.5 ± 14.1 | 56.5 | 59.5 | 50.4 | 50 | 84.9 | 85 | 18.7 | 13.6 | NR | NR | ① |
| Son et al., 2021 | South Korea | RS | C± | Aspirin | NR | 844 | 10,631 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② |
| Vahedian-Azimi et al., 2021 | Iran | RS | C+ | Aspirin | NR | 237 | 350 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ①③ |
| Vila-Corcoles et al., 2020 | Spain | RS | C± | Unspecified | NR | 1650 | 33,286 | NR | NR | 48.1 | 28.1 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ② | ||
| Wong et al., 2021 a | UK | RS | General population | Unspecified | NR | 536,423 | 1,927,284 | 53.0 (42.0–64.0) | 49.0 (36.0–60.0) | 40.8 | 43.3 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 23.9 | 18.4 | 2.9 | 2.2 | NR | NR | ① |
| Wong et al., 2021 b | UK | RS | Rheumatoid arthritis | Unspecified | NR | 175,495 | 1,533,286 | 63.0 (55.0–71.0) | 68.0 (58.0–76.0) | 37.0 | 37.9 | 14.7 | 15.4 | 37.7 | 40.8 | 4.8 | 5.6 | NR | NR | ① |
| Yuan et al., 2021 | China | RS | C+ | Aspirin | 75–150 mg | 52 | 131 | 69.7 ± 1.1 | 71.8 ± 0.9 | 59.6 | 51.9 | 25.0 | 20.6 | 61.5 | 53.4 | 1.9 | 5.3 | NR | NR | |
① Mortality; ② Risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; ③ ICU admission; ④ Mechanical ventilation; ⑤ Supplemental oxygen; ⑥ Composite adverse outcome; ⑦ Hospital admission; C+: Patients positive to SARS-CoV-2 tests; C±: Partial or none patients positive to SARS-CoV-2 tests; E: Exposure group; C: Control group; NR: Not report; RS: Retrospective study; PS: Prospective study; *: Data are reported as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range); &: Propensity score–matched cohort study.