Abstract
The use of topical olive oil (OO) for skin health is common among Saudis and worldwide. Therefore, this cross-sectional study is aimed at assessing the use of topical OO for skin health among Saudis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was administered to Saudis at four different malls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A total of 401 participants were enrolled in the study. The results showed that the average knowledge score of the participants was 3.4±0.3 (out of 5) and 87% had fair knowledge. The top source of knowledge among the participants was friends/relatives. In the attitude section, the average score was 4.1±0.5 (out of 5). Females had a higher attitude score 4.2±0.5 as compared to males 4±0.5 (P=0.03). The most common reason for using topical OO among the participants was skin moisturizing (73%). Female gender was the only significant factor associated with the use of topical OO (P<0.001). The use of topical OO for skin health is highly prevalent in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Therefore, more awareness of the benefits and adverse effects of topical OO use is required especially from health educational organizations. The preliminary results of this study suggest further research with a larger sample in an academic setting across the nation.
Key words: Olive oil, Complementary and alternative medicine, Skin, Dermatology
Introduction
The skin is one of the most important sites of manifestation of diseases. The consequences of poor skin health are not only limited to the physiological health, but it also extends to the psychological wellbeing. Although conventional medicine is the main treatment nowadays, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is becoming a popular option for the treatment of skin diseases. Olive oil (OO) is widely used among people worldwide for skin health. It is composed mainly of fatty acids and other minor components.1 The fatty acids are mainly subdivided into unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids) and saturated types (palmitic and stearic acids). The other minor components include α-tocopherol, phenol compounds.1 Olive oil phenols can be divided into three categories: simple phenols, secoiridoids, and lignans, all of which inhibit auto-oxidation. Major phenols include hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, and ligstroside.2 This unique composition is what makes OO have features such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.3
The studies on the use of OO for skin health are limited. The results of these studies vary from beneficial to harmful. Because of the multiple properties of OO, it is potentially important to assess the use of OO for skin health. This might provide us with a deeper look at the significance and potentially different applications of OO. We have observed that OO is commonly used in Saudi Arabia; however, studies evaluating this subject are lacking. Therefore, our aim in this study is to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of topical OO use for skin health among Saudis in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Materials and methods
The study has been performed according to the declaration of Helsinki principles and was approved by the institutional ethics committee at King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC) (IRBC/1576/18).
This cross-sectional study was conducted at four shopping malls during the period from February 2019 to March 2019 in Riyadh. An informed consent was obtained from all enrolled subjects. All Saudis with or without skin conditions were included in the study, while non-Saudis and illiterate people were excluded. The questionnaire was developed in Arabic and has two parts. The first part was intended to gather the demographic characteristics. These variables included gender, age, marital status, academic qualification, occupation, income, and source of knowledge. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 33 questions divided into three sections which were the knowledge (14 questions), attitude (9 questions), and practice (10 questions). The knowledge and attitude questions were scored using the five-point Likert scale ranging from “strongly agree” to “strongly disagree”. To formulate both the average knowledge and attitude scores, the five-point Likert scale values were used ranging from 1-5. The average score for each participant was calculated by adding up the score of every question and dividing by the number of questions. Furthermore, to calculate the average scores for the whole study population, the average scores for every participant in each section were summed up and divided by the number of participants. To make sure that the questionnaire is answered carefully and diligently, negative questions have been added to the knowledge section. Questions 2, 10, 11, 14 are presented as wrong statements about OO and its use. The five-point Likert scale values in these questions are reversed, which means “strongly agree” is equal to 1 and “strongly disagree” is equal to 5. Based on the knowledge score, the study population was categorized further into poor (1-2), fair (3-4), and excellent (5). This helps in classifying whether the majority of the population has poor, fair, or excellent knowledge.
The questionnaire was assessed by two dermatologists and one faculty member from the research unit at College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, for content validity. The questionnaire was then pilot tested twice. The first testing was done on 50 participants, and the second testing was done on 30 participants, to assess the clarity and time required for completion. Modifications on the questionnaire were made accordingly. The Cronbach’s alpha values for both the knowledge and attitude sections were 0.674 and 0.746, respectively.
The sample size was estimated to be 385. It was calculated with the assumption that 50% of the population use OO for skin health, with a 95% confidence level and 5% margin of error. Convenient sampling was done, and to adjust to no responses, approximately an additional 5% were added to the sample size to become 401.
Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20 (SPSS In., Chicago, IL, USA). The descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to describe the categorical variables. The mean and standard deviation were generated for the numerical data. The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to test the relationship between the f topical OO and the demographics. A test with a P-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The total number of the participants was 401. The mean age of the participants was 27.7±8.4 years and the majority were females (73.5%). Of the participants, 54.5% had an education level of a bachelor’s degree or higher. Moreover, 80.3% were employed and 10.3% were students (Table 1). Out of the 401 participants, 356 (88.7%) have used topical OO. Moreover, 343 (96.3%) participants who have used topical OO had a positive experience. With univariate analysis, the use of OO was more in females (P < 0.001) and those with lower income (P=0.002) (Table 2).
Multivariate regression analysis showed that female gender was the only factor associated with the use of topical OO (Table 3). 67 (18.8%) participants used topical OO for skin only, 53 (14.9%) for hair only, and 236 (66.3%) for both. The most common reason for using topical OO among the participants was skin moisturizing (73%), brittle hair (56.2%), and hair fall (41.3%) (Figure 1). OO was also commonly used for eczema and acne (14.9% and 6.7%, respectively). 40.1% of the participants used OO ≥ once per week over the past 12 months (Figure 2).
In the knowledge section, the average knowledge score of the participants was 3.4±0.3 (out of 5). The analysis showed that 20 (5%) of the participants had excellent knowledge, 349 (87%) had fair knowledge, and 32 (8%) had poor knowledge. The top sources of knowledge among the participants were friends/relatives (52.6%), social media (32.6%), and the internet (22.5%). Only 11.4% acquired knowledge from a physician. 90.1% of the participants agreed that topical OO can help moisturize the skin. 65.4% of the participants believe that topical OO has a potential to cure skin diseases. Moreover, 47.2% stated that using topical OO is beneficial due to its antiinflammatory effect. Furthermore, 41.5% of the participants consider topical OO effective in skin lightening. Only 11.1% believe that topical OO can be harmful on children due to skin irritations (Table 4).
Table 1.
Subject characteristics (n = 401).
| Variable | Categories | n | % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) Mean±SD | 27.7±8.4 | ||
| Gender | Male | 106 | 26.5 |
| Female | 295 | 73.5 | |
| Marital status | Single | 262 | 65.3 |
| Married | 139 | 34.7 | |
| Education | Elementary | 4 | 1 |
| Intermediate | 18 | 4.5 | |
| High school | 161 | 40 | |
| Bachelor | 205 | 51 | |
| Masters | 10 | 2.5 | |
| PhD | 4 | 1 | |
| Occupation | Employee | 321 | 80.3 |
| Freelance | 9 | 2.3 | |
| Unemployed | 22 | 5.5 | |
| Student | 41 | 10.3 | |
| Other - Not salaried | 7 | 1.6 | |
| Income (Saudi Riyals) | <5000 | 269 | 67.6 |
| 5000-10000 | 84 | 21.1 | |
| 10000-20000 | 38 | 9.5 | |
| >20000 | 7 | 1.8 | |
| Olive oil use | Yes | 356 | 88.7 |
| No | 45 | 11.3 |
Table 2.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with the use of olive oil (OO).
| Use OO (n=356) | Do not use OO (n=45) | N. | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||||
| Gender | Male | 81 | 76 | 25 | 24 | 106 | <0.001* |
| Female | 275 | 93 | 20 | 7 | 295 | ||
| Marital status | Single | 236 | 90 | 26 | 10 | 262 | 0.258 |
| Married | 120 | 86 | 19 | 14 | 139 | ||
| Education | Up to high school | 161 | 88 | 22 | 12 | 183 | 0.630 |
| Bachelors and above | 196 | 89 | 23 | 11 | 219 | ||
| Occupation | Employed / Freelance | 290 | 88 | 40 | 12 | 330 | 0.488 |
| Unemployed / Not salaried | 27 | 93 | 2 | 7 | 29 | ||
| Student | 38 | 93 | 3 | 7 | 41 | ||
| Income | <5000 | 243 | 90 | 26 | 10 | 269 | 0.002* |
| 5000-10000 | 77 | 92 | 7 | 8 | 84 | ||
| >10000 | 33 | 73 | 12 | 27 | 45 | ||
*significant.
In the attitude section, the average attitude score was 4.1±0.5 (out of 5). Females had a higher attitude score 4.2±0.5 as compared to males 4±0.5 (P=0.03). The attitude of the participants toward topical OO use was generally positive; 89.8% of the participants agree that topical OO is beneficial for skin health, and 78.2% agree based on personal experience. Furthermore, 92% of the participants agree that topical OO is beneficial as it is mentioned in Quran and Sunnah. Only 7.5% agree that topical OO is not beneficial due to its lack of medical reliability (Table 5).
51.7% of the participants did not mix OO with anything. The others used it with honey (20.3%), blackseed (17.8%), and petroleum jelly (11%). Other mixtures included sugar, ginger, and almond oil. The majority of participants (79.4%) started using OO for skin health more than 1 year ago, the other (20.6%) started within 1 year. When asked about where do the participants purchase/obtain OO from, 46.8% obtained it from perfume stores, 38.9% from stores that specialize in selling OO products, and 32.2% from supermarkets. The most frequent quantity of OO used topically was 1 teaspoon (31.5%), and less frequently 3 or more teaspoons (25.3%), 2 teaspoons (23.9%), and <1 teaspoon (19.3%). 41.8% of the participants use OO mainly before sleeping, 33.3% after taking a shower, 33% when symptoms become severe, 4.8% before taking a shower, and 3.7% when exposed to the sun.
Discussion
The use of OO for therapeutic and healing purposes is a well-known part of the Saudi culture. Taking into consideration the high prevalence of OO uses among Saudis and the limited evidence for its benefit in skin health, it is essential to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of using OO for skin health among Saudis. In the present study, 88.7% of the participants have used topical OO. This is considered higher than any other prevalence mentioned in Saudi CAM studies. The reported prevalence of CAM in Saudi Arabia in two studies was 84.6% and 73%, respectively.4,5 On the other hand, the prevalence of CAM use worldwide is notably less. In Australia, the prevalence of CAM use is 48.5%.6 Also, the prevalence of CAM use in the United States ranges from 32% to 54%.7 Lastly, in Europe, it has been reported to range from 20 to 50%.8 This significant difference could be due to cultural and religious differences.
Figure 1.
Conditions for which olive oil was used (n=356).
Figure 2.
Frequency of topical olive oil application in the past 12 months.
Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors associated with the use of olive oil.
| OR | 95% CI | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | |||
| Female | 3.81 | 1.900 | 7.654 | <0.001** |
| Income <5,000 SR | 1.79 | 0.759 | 4.209 | 0.184 |
| Income 5,000 to 10,000 SR | 2.82 | 0.988 | 8.062 | 0.053 |
| Income >10,000 SR* | 1 | 0.147 | ||
| Constant | 1.94 | 0.061 | ||
* Reference group
**significant.
The majority of our study population had a fair to excellent knowledge on the topical OO use. This could be explained by the religious background, since olive and its derivatives have been mentioned in Quran and Sunnah (Hadith). Moreover, most of the participants were familiar with the topical use of OO since 88.7% of the participants have used topical OO. The top sources of knowledge were friends/relatives and social media with only a minority who acquired knowledge from a physician. This is in agreement with Elolemy et al., who reported that mass media and family/relative were the main sources of CAM knowledge.4 This could be a result of the fact that it is more convenient to obtain medical information from social media and family members rather than from a qualified physician. Another possibility could be the reluctance of mentioning or asking about the use of CAM from patients and physicians, respectively. In multiple studies, more than half of the participants did not discuss CAM with their physicians.4,5
Females had a significantly higher attitude score as compared to males. Interestingly, female gender was the only factor associated with the use of topical OO in our study. Some studies have shown a similar trend of more use of CAM among females.7-9 This could be explained by the fact that females are more interested in cosmetics and skin care.
The most common reason for using topical OO was skin moisturization. There is conflicting evidence in the literature with regards to the effect of OO on skin barrier and hydration. In a pilot study, 115 neonates were divided into 3 treatment groups: no oil, OO, and sunflower seed oil. The treatments were applied twice daily on the left side of the body for 4 weeks. Both oil groups had significantly improved hydration, and no significant differences in transepidermal water loss (TEWL). However, there were some alterations in the lipid structure of the skin barrier.10 On the other hand, in a controlled study of 19 adults who applied OO on one forearm, OO resulted in significant damage to the skin barrier.11 This negative effect of OO on skin barrier could be attributed to a specific component of OO, which is oleic acid. According to a laboratory study on mice, oleic acid might increase the epidermal permeability. 12 In addition, one study suggests that oleic acid induces inflammation of keratinocytes through N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA) type receptors.13 Moreover, NMDA receptor antagonists inhibited the increase of TEWL caused by oleic acid.13 More studies are required to determine the effect of olive oil on skin barrier.
Table 4.
Knowledge regarding topical olive oil (OO) use.
| Question | Strongly | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| agree, n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | disagree, n (%) | |
| 1 Topical use of OO contributes in moisturizing the skin | 184 (45.8) | 178 (44.3) | 32(8) | 8(2) | 0 (0) |
| 2 Topical OO protects the skin from sun light | 34 (8.6) | 63 (15.9) | 159 (40.2) | 119 (30.1) | 21 (5.2) |
| 3 Topical OO contributes in treating skin diseases | 82 (20.8) | 176 (44.6) | 106 (26.8) | 28 (7.1) | 3 (0.7) |
| 4 Skin lightening is one of the benefits of topical OO | 54 (13.7) | 110 (27.8) | 133 (33.7) | 85 (21.5) | 13 (3.2) |
| 5 Topical OO is effective for blackheads in the skin | 27 (6.8) | 82 (20.7) | 191 (48.2) | 89 (22.5) | 7 (1.8) |
| 6 Topical OO limits the occurrence of wrinkles | 63 (16.2) | 150 (38.6) | 127 (32.6) | 46 (11.8) | 3 (0.8) |
| 7 Topical OO contributes in the regeneration of skin cells | 78 (19.8) | 173 (43.9) | 108 (27.4) | 30 (7.6) | 5 (1.3) |
| 8 Frequent topical use of OO causes dryness of the skin | 21 (5.3) | 38 (9.5) | 95 (23.9) | 187(47) | 57 (14.3) |
| 9 Irritation of the skin in children is a disadvantage of topical OO | 12(3) | 32 (8.1) | 132 (33.5) | 164 (41.5) | 55 (13.9) |
| 10 Topical OO delays wound healing | 19 (4.9) | 49 (12.5) | 178 (45.5) | 118 (30.2) | 27 (6.9) |
| 11 Topical OO increases the risk of infection | 18 (4.6) | 41 (10.5) | 142 (36.4) | 155 (39.7) | 34 (8.8) |
| 12 OO has antioxidant properties | 54 (13.6) | 137 (34.6) | 131 (33.1) | 63 (15.9) | 11 (2.8) |
| 13 OO has anti-inflammatory properties | 51 (12.9) | 135 (34.3) | 154 (39.1) | 49 (12.4) | 5 (1.3) |
| 14 OO contains carcinogens | 12(3) | 13 (3.3) | 46 (11.5) | 158 (39.5) | 171 (42.7) |
Table 5.
Attitude towards the use of olive oil (OO).
| Question | Strongly | Agree | Neutral | Disagree | Strongly |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| agree, n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | disagree, n (%) | |
| 1 Topical OO is beneficial for skin health | 138 (34.5) | 221 (55.3) | 33 (8.2) | 7 (1.8) | 1 (0.2) |
| 2 Topical OO is beneficial due to its natural origin | 189 (47.8) | 180 (45.6) | 24 (6.1) | 2 (0.5) | 0 (0) |
| 3 Topical OO is beneficial because it is mentioned in the Quran and Sunnah | 220 (55.5) | 144 (36.5) | 27 (6.7) | 2 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) |
| 4 Topical OO is beneficial because it is commonly used among the society | 128 (32.5) | 165 (41.9) | 66 (16.7) | 31 (7.9) | 4(1) |
| 5 Topical OO is beneficial based on personal experience | 133 (34.2) | 171(44) | 59 (15.1) | 24 (6.2) | 2 (0.5) |
| 6 Society's attitude towards topical OO is positive | 165 (41.2) | 169 (42.2) | 43 (10.7) | 13 (3.2) | 11 (2.7) |
| 7 Topical OO is not beneficial because I do not believe in alternative medicine | 14 (3.5) | 15 (3.8) | 53 (13.3) | 181 (45.5) | 135 (33.9) |
| 8 Downsides of using topical OO are more than its benefits | 10 (2.5) | 18 (4.5) | 64 (16.1) | 193 (48.5) | 113 (28.4) |
| 9 Topical OO is not beneficial due to its lack of medical reliability | 12(3) | 18 (4.5) | 64 (16.2) | 184 (46.3) | 119(30) |
The second most common use of OO was for hair problems. There is limited evidence on the benefit of OO for hair. Oleuropein (a major component of OO) has been shown to increase hair growth and hair follicle size in mice.14 One study showed that OO inhibited the ability of fungi to penetrate the hair follicle.15 However, OO use in specific diseases like scalp seborrheic dermatitis should be dealt with caution since its saturated and unsaturated fatty acids may stimulate the growth of Malassezia species.16 In addition, OO is used as a standard component of in vitro culture medium for Malassezia species.17
One of the limitations of our study is that it represents Riyadh city only. Thus, the results cannot be generalized to the whole country as each region has its different culture and habits. Another limitation is that shopping malls do not fairly represent the society and its different levels especially the economical level. Moreover, the lack of studies assessing knowledge, attitude, and practice related to OO for skin health in Saudi Arabia and worldwide, makes it difficult to guarantee the credibility of our results. This study did not record those participants who refused to participate and hence the calculation of a response rate was not possible. Furthermore, the questionnaire used for this study is a self-reported questionnaire.
Conclusions
Our study found that 88.7% of the participants have used topical OO, with the female gender being the only factor associated with OO use. There were various reasons for which Saudis use topical OO. The most common reasons were for skin moisturization and hair problems. This study might serve as basis for future studies on OO use for skin health, as research on this subject is limited.
Funding Statement
Funding: None.
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