Table 2.

Common Echocardiographic Findings of Radiation-induced Valvular Heart Disease

1	Diffuse valve thickening due to fibrosis
2	Focal or contiguous calcification of valvular apparatus with restricted motion of leaflets
3	Initial regurgitation with eventual progression to stenosis
4	Fibrosis/calcification of aortic root, aortic valve annulus, aortic valve leaflets, aortic-mitral inter-valvular fibrosa, mitral valve annulus, and the base and mid portions of the mitral valve leaflets with typical sparing of mitral valve tips and commissures
5	Aorto-mitral curtain (AMC) thickness
6	Ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction
7	Pericardial pathology, importantly constrictive pericarditis