Roanne Keeton
Roanne Keeton
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Marius B Tincho
Marius B Tincho
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Amkele Ngomti
Amkele Ngomti
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Richard Baguma
Richard Baguma
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Ntombi Benede
Ntombi Benede
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Akiko Suzuki
Akiko Suzuki
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,
Khadija Khan
Khadija Khan
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
3,4,
Sandile Cele
Sandile Cele
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
3,4,
Mallory Bernstein
Mallory Bernstein
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
3,4,
Farina Karim
Farina Karim
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
3,4,
Sharon V Madzorera
Sharon V Madzorera
5National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
6SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
5,6,
Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
Thandeka Moyo-Gwete
5National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
6SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
5,6,
Mathilda Mennen
Mathilda Mennen
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7,
Sango Skelem
Sango Skelem
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7,
Marguerite Adriaanse
Marguerite Adriaanse
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7,
Daniel Mutithu
Daniel Mutithu
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7,
Olukayode Aremu
Olukayode Aremu
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7,
Cari Stek
Cari Stek
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,7,
Elsa du Bruyn
Elsa du Bruyn
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,7,
Mieke A Van Der Mescht
Mieke A Van Der Mescht
8Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
8,
Zelda de Beer
Zelda de Beer
9Tshwane District Hospital, Tshwane, South Africa
9,
Talita R de Villiers
Talita R de Villiers
9Tshwane District Hospital, Tshwane, South Africa
9,
Annie Bodenstein
Annie Bodenstein
9Tshwane District Hospital, Tshwane, South Africa
9,
Gretha van den Berg
Gretha van den Berg
9Tshwane District Hospital, Tshwane, South Africa
9,
Adriano Mendes
Adriano Mendes
10Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
10,
Amy Strydom
Amy Strydom
10Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
10,
Marietjie Venter
Marietjie Venter
10Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
10,
Jennifer Giandhari
Jennifer Giandhari
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
11,
Yeshnee Naidoo
Yeshnee Naidoo
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
11,
Sureshnee Pillay
Sureshnee Pillay
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
11,
Houriiyah Tegally
Houriiyah Tegally
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
11,
Alba Grifoni
Alba Grifoni
12Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
12,
Daniela Weiskopf
Daniela Weiskopf
12Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
12,
Alessandro Sette
Alessandro Sette
12Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
13Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA USA
12,13,
Robert J Wilkinson
Robert J Wilkinson
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
14Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
15Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
16The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
1,7,14,15,16,
Tulio de Oliveira
Tulio de Oliveira
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
17Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
11,17,
Linda-Gail Bekker
Linda-Gail Bekker
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
18Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
1,7,18,
Glenda Gray
Glenda Gray
19South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
19,
Veronica Ueckermann
Veronica Ueckermann
20Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
20,
Theresa Rossouw
Theresa Rossouw
8Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
8,
Michael T Boswell
Michael T Boswell
20Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
20,
Jinal N Bhiman
Jinal N Bhiman
5National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
6SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
5,6,
Penny L Moore
Penny L Moore
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
5National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
6SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
21Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
1,5,6,21,
Alex Sigal
Alex Sigal
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
22Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
3,4,22,
Ntobeko A B Ntusi
Ntobeko A B Ntusi
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
14Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
23Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,7,14,23,
Wendy A Burgers
Wendy A Burgers
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
14Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,14,✉,#,
Catherine Riou
Catherine Riou
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
14Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
1,2,14,✉,#
1Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
2Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
3Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
4School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
5National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
6SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
7Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
8Department of Immunology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
9Tshwane District Hospital, Tshwane, South Africa
10Centre for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
11KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
12Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA USA
13Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA USA
14Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
15Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
16The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
17Centre for Epidemic Response and Innovation, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
18Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
19South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
20Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pretoria and Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
21Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
22Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
23Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town; Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
Subject terms: Viral infection, Lymphocyte activation, SARS-CoV-2
© The Author(s) 2022
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