Global landscape of COVID-19 vaccination progress: insight from an exploratory data analysis

ABSTRACT

The next big step in combating the COVID-19 pandemic will be gaining widespread acceptance of a vaccination campaign for SARS-CoV-2. This study aims to report detailed Spatiotemporal analysis and result-oriented storytelling of the COVID-19 vaccination campaign across the globe. An exploratory data analysis (EDA) with interactive data visualization using various python libraries was conducted. The results show that, globally, with the rapid vaccine development and distribution, people from the different regions are also getting vaccinated and revealing their positive intent toward the COVID-19 vaccination. The outcomes of this exploration also established that mass vaccination campaigns in populated countries including Brazil, China, India, and the US reduced the number of daily COVID-19 deaths and confirmed cases. Overall, our findings contribute to current policy-relevant research by establishing a link between increasing immunization rates and lowering COVID-19’s rising curve.

1. Introduction

Over the history of humankind, vaccine played a crucial role to overcome epidemic situations. Starting with deliberate variolation back in the 10^th century to our modern third-generation (RNA vaccines and DNA vaccines)^1,2 vaccination helped us to fight back against deadly viruses and sustain the human race. Since SARS-CoV-2 is a highly contagious virus that affects populations all over the world, vaccines are the most important public health measure and the most effective strategy for protecting the population from COVID-19.³ Beginning in a fish market in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) spread around the world, causing COVID-19 disease in millions of people⁴ and turned out as a pandemic on March 11, 2020, for the sixth time in history, due to its high human-to-human transmission rate based on the report provided by World Health Organization (WHO).⁵ According to the statistics of worldometers.info, more than 259 million people had been infected as of November 25, 2021, with 5.19 million deaths and 19.675 million active cases. The race to develop COVID19 vaccines to combat the disease’s spread and disastrous consequences is still on, and new, more effective vaccines are likely to emerge as the pandemic progresses.^6,7 Several vaccines to prevent COVID-19 infection were approved until November 2021, and more than 326 COVID-19 vaccine candidates were being produced.^8,9 The WHO has identified 132 vaccine candidates that are currently being tested in clinical trials and another 194 vaccines are in pre-clinical development till 23 November 2021.¹⁰ The first step in developing a vaccine for any virus is to determine its genetic sequence. However, previously, on December 31, 2019, the World Health Organization issued a warning about a new coronavirus strain that is affecting people in China.¹¹ Later, officials from the China confirmed the identification of a new type of coronavirus infecting human bodies and the first genetic sequence for SARS-CoV-2 was released on January 11, 2020. Non-pharmaceutical interventions are used to minimize transmission and the burden of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the absence of safe and highly efficient vaccines and treatment options, but most of these interventions have high economic costs.¹² To reduce the substantial burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, effective COVID-19 vaccines are desperately needed. Vaccine development is a lengthy process that necessitates numerous testing phases to ensure adequate safety and immunogenicity in a variety of people (i.e., different ages, medical conditions, severity of attack, geographic location etc.). According to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), a vaccine must go through four stages of clinical trials before receiving a license to produce it, which can take up to a decade. However, due to the urgent pandemic situation around the world, the COVID-19 vaccine development process was shortened to 12–18 months while retaining safety and effectiveness standards. A number of factors, including a monumental breakthrough in biotechnology and molecular biology, as well as a collaboration between government and private research institutes, enables the extreme compression of the COVID-19 vaccine development process. The pandemic’s humanitarian and economic consequences are guiding the growth of next-generation vaccine technology platforms around the world. As a result of the COVID-19 vaccine’s production being accelerated, the first candidate entered human clinical trials with unparalleled speed on March 16, 2020.¹³ As of November 24, 2021, there are 332 COVID-19 treatment (drug medicine) methods in trials, and 272 vaccines are in progress, with 98 in various stages of clinical testing.^10,14 Until November 25, 2021, 218 countries from a different region of the world using vaccine from 22 different manufacturers (4 authorized and 18 with emergency use permission) to vaccinate their citizens. Table 1 summarizes the various stages of vaccine development process.

Table 1.

Phases of vaccine development and descriptions of each.¹⁵

Vaccine development phase	Description
PRE-CLINICAL PHASE	Collects data to support feasibility and safety Involves iterative non-human testing Evaluates toxic and pharmacological effects Normally occurs before human testing can begin
CLINICAL PHASE-I	Small study of healthy people (20–100) Evaluates safety and immune response at different doses Typically takes 1–2 years, but for COVID-19 trials, expected to take 3 months
CLINICAL PHASE-II	Studies 100s of people (100–300) Further evaluates safety, assesses efficacy, and informs optimal dose and vaccine schedule Typically takes 2–3 years, but for COVID-19 trials, expected to take 8 months
CLINICAL PHASE-III	Studies 1000s of people (300–3000) Further evaluates safety and efficacy Typically takes 2–4 years, but for COVID-19 trials, may be combined with Phase II
REGULATORY REVIEW (RR)	Government agency reviews trial data and licensing application information before authorization Can happen while manufacturing has started Typically takes 1–2 years, but for COVID-19, expedited to take a few months
CLINICAL PHASE-IV	Post-approval studies that monitor effectiveness in real-world conditions Testing begins after vaccine has been released to public

To the best of our knowledge, no previously published work has focused on the progress on COVID-19 vaccination worldwide with the support of interactive Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) and visualizations. The present study aims to evaluate the global participation of citizens by analyzing and highlighting different characteristics toward successful vaccination. The primary objective of this exploration is to answers different query regarding the current state of vaccination to understand the ongoing safe vaccination program around the globe. People’s experience, attitudes, and perceptions about COVID-19 vaccinations are critical for Government and policymakers to address all obstacles to vaccine distribution in this scenario. Secondly, the initial response of vaccination in plateauing the COVID curve. Furthermore, to add a positive view to inspire and give courage to the misinformed population around the world who are reluctant to be vaccinated.

2. Materials and methods

This section discusses the different materials that we employed to build our methods. In this research, we have used the COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress dataset¹⁶ available at Kaggle that tracks the Daily and Total Vaccination for COVID-19 in the World. However, COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress datasets is collected, merged, and updated regularly from Our World in Data GitHub repository (https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data). Following Table 2 highlights the contents (data type, column name, and data description) of COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress Dataset. The dataset contains 15 different columns (9 decimal, 3 string, 1 country, and 2 other types of data) to track the progress of global vaccination of COVID-19 around the world. This exploration also utilized another dataset (Population by Country – 2020), available at Kaggle inherited from the worldometers.info.¹⁷ This dataset contains the information of 235 countries along with their population and there are 11 columns each representing different features of countries.

Table 2.

Dataset details to keep track of COVID-19 vaccination rates around the world on a daily and total basis

Data type	Data Column	Data Description
Country	country	Vaccination data is available for this country.
Country ISO Code	ISO_code	Specific ISO code for the country
Date	date	Data entry date
Total number of vaccinations	total_vaccinations	This is the total number of immunizations in the country in its entirety;
Total number of people vaccinated	people_vaccinated	Depending on the immunization plan, a person may receive one or more (usually two) vaccines; at any given time, the number of vaccines can exceed the number of people.
Total number of people fully vaccinated	people_fully_vaccinated	This is the number of people who received the whole package of immunizations according to the immunization program (typically 2); at any given time, there might be one group of people who received one vaccine and another group (smaller) who received all vaccines in the scheme.
Daily vaccinations (raw)	daily_vaccinations_raw	The number of vaccinations for that date/country, or a particular data entry
Daily vaccinations	daily_vaccinations	The number of vaccinations for that date/country, or a particular data entry
Total vaccinations per hundred	total_vaccinations_per_hundred	Up to date in the world, the ratio (in percent) between the number of people who have been vaccinated and the total population
Total number of people vaccinated per hundred	people_vaccinated_per_hundred	Percentage of the population that has been immunized compared to the total population in the country
Total number of people fully vaccinated per hundred	people_fully_vaccinated_per_hundred	Ratio (in percent) of completely immunized population to total population up to date in the country
Daily vaccinations per million	daily_vaccinations_per_million	Proportion of completely immunized population to total population in the country (in percent)
Vaccines used in the country	vaccines	Vaccines used in the world as a whole (up to date)
Data source Authority	source_name	Source of the information (national authority, international organization, local organization etc.)
Data source website	source_website	website of the source of information

2.1. Data preparation and cleaning

One of the important properties of EDA before finding the insight from the data is to clean and prepare the data according to the requirements. Therefore, data cleaning is the most important step toward an effective data analysis. In our case, the dataset contains few “NaN” (not a number) values, some empty rows (having value 0), along with some redundant columns. By using and configuring the function of df.drop from pandas library, we changed “NaN” values to 0 and removed the entire row as per our requirements. Furthermore, to replace null values in DataFrame pandas this exploration utilized the DataFrame.fillna() Application Programming Interface (API). Specifically, fillna() method is used to replace the NULL values with a specified values. The structure of the fillna() method can be expressed as DataFrame.fillna(value = scalar, dict, series, or DataFrame, method = {‘backfill,’ ‘bfill,’ ‘pad,’ ‘ffill,’ or None}, axis = 0 or 1, inplace = bool, limit = int, downcast = dict).

2.2. Data visualization and analysis

We analyzed our datasets with different Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)¹⁸ methods and visualize those outcome to provide analysis of different ongoing vaccination programs around the globe. For data ingestion, visualization, and analysis purpose we initialized different python packages including NumPy (https://numpy.org/), Pandas (https://pandas.pydata.org/), Matplotlib (https://matplotlib.org/), Seaborn (https://seaborn.pydata.org/), and Plotly (https://plotly.com/). Mostly, we have used Seaborn for data visualization.

3. Results

This study analyzed the COVID-19 World Vaccination Progress dataset to convey the analysis of different ongoing vaccination programs around the globe. In this section, the data analysis results and visualization will be described to find the answers to different query of this research including a) Finding out those countries who started vaccinating their citizens fastest, b) Those countries who have vaccinated the highest number of people, c) Different categories of offered vaccines, d) Name of the vaccines used by various countries, e) Finding daily vaccination trend of most vaccine used countries, and f) Vaccine impact analysis on new confirmed and death cases. To achieve the objectives of this research, we have followed variety of data analysis and visualizations approach to highlight the results. Following Figure 1 represents the top 25 countries in the world who have started fastest vaccination to their people. Based on the bar chart until 25 November 2021, China leads the trend by vaccinating more than 165 per 100 people followed by the England that vaccinated almost 162 people per 100. On other hand, United Kingdom (UK), South Korea, and Spain ensured more than 150 people’s vaccination per 100 for their populations.

Figure 1.

With more than 160 doses ensured for every 100 people, China clearly leads the world in terms of number of doses per head of population, as seen in the bar as of 25 November 2021.

Until 25 November, 2021 different scenarios of worldwide vaccination progress have been visualized in Figure 2. Individual countrywide total vaccination, number of people who took vaccination for at least once, people who completed their double dose of vaccination and based on the population percentage of countrywide vaccination are highlighted here. However, we have highlighted only top 25 countries for the better understandings of the entire scenario for each case.

Figure 2.

The bar plot visualization depicts different scenario of vaccination progress. 2(A) indicates that China ensured almost 2.5B vaccinations for their people followed by India with almost 2.3B until 21 November 2021. Those countries with individuals who have taken the vaccine for at least once are depicted in 2(B). Surprisingly peoples of South Asian country, India have already administrated 770 M vaccine doses and placed itself in the second position after the China (1.2 G). Successful countries those have managed to provide a complete dose (2 doses in case of two-dose regimens) for their people are illustrated in 2(C). With more than 1B complete doses of vaccine, China covered almost 87.9% of its total populations under fully vaccinated countries from December 15, 2020 to November 21, 2021. Again, based on total population, 2(D) confirms that Gibraltar, Israel, and United Arab Emirates vaccinated 118.2%, 97.7% and 89.1% of their people respectively until 25 November 2021.

Two hundred and twenty-three (223) countries utilizing 75 different vaccines combinations based on various region all over the globe. A Seaborn bar plot representation highlights all the available vaccine used in per 10 million until 25 November 2021 worldwide. Figure 3 shows that, Combinations of Sinopharm and Sinovac tops the list of most-used COVID-19 vaccines in the world, followed by Covaxin, and Oxford–AstraZeneca. Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Johnson & Johnson are mostly used by the USA whereas China mostly depends on the Sinovac vaccine and India offered Covaxin, Covishield for vaccinating its citizens.

Figure 3.

Sinopharm and Sinovac invented by the China tops the list of most-used COVID-19 vaccines in the world, followed by Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, and Oxford–AstraZeneca until 25 November 2021.

United States mostly used Johnson & Johnson, Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine whereas Canada ensured Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech in the North American Region. Furthermore, to provide an insight of Top 20 countries based on highest number of vaccines used, Table 3 is designed based on the map to highlight the countries and their use of different vaccine for their citizens.

Table 3.

Top 20 countries and their usages of different vaccine for their citizen based on highest number of vaccines used for their citizens. Serial Number indicating the position of each country on their usages of total number of vaccines

Sl. no.	Countries	Vaccine Used	Sl. no.	Countries	Vaccine Used
1.	USA	Johnson&Johnson, Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech	2.	China	Sinopharm/Beijing, Sinopharm/Wuhan, Sinovac
3.	India	Covaxin, Oxford/AstraZeneca	4.	UK	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech
5.	England	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech	6.	Turkey	Sinovac
7.	Brazil	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sinovac	8.	Germany	Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech
9.	Israel	Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech	10.	Russia	EpiVacCorona, Sputnik V
11.	Chile	Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinovac	12.	France	Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech
13.	Italy	Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech	14.	Morocco	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sinopharm/Beijing
15.	Indonesia	Sinovac	16.	UAE	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, Sinopharm/Beijing, Sinopharm/Wuhan, Sputnik V
17.	Spain	Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech	18.	Poland	Moderna, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech
19.	Mexico	Oxford/AstraZeneca, Pfizer/BioNTech, Sputnik V	20.	Bangladesh	Oxford/AstraZeneca

To highlight the most and least vaccinated countries and vaccine usages, we further visualize that data in Figure 4. Graphics library of Plotly offers Sunburst plots (px.sunburst) that visualize the hierarchical data spanning outwards radially from root to leaves. Based on the ED analysis and visualization it confirms that the China mostly uses Sinopharm, Sinovac and others vaccine with a rate of almost 88% (total vaccination = 2456617000, considering two doses) in terms of total vaccinations until 25 November 2021. On the other hand, India and USA are in next position respectively in the category of most vaccinated countries with a total vaccination of 7.81B (42.7% of population fully vaccinated) and 454 M (59.1% of population fully vaccinated).

Figure 4.

Sunburst plot representation of most and least vaccinated used countries and their used vaccine. 4(A) shows the highest number of vaccines utilized countries along with the group of vaccine and 4(B) visualize the least vaccine used countries with their vaccine group utilizations.

However, for the countries that less vaccinated, Burundi only used the 1329 doses of Sinopharm/Beijing vaccine with total vaccination rate of less than 0.1% until 25 November 2021. Tokelau and Niue remain in next position with a total vaccine doses of 1936 Pfizer/BioNTech and 2532 Oxford/AstraZeneca. Daily vaccinations is another important factor to assess the perception of people’s attitude toward successful vaccination.¹⁹ As a result, using data from the most vaccinated countries, we compiled a list of five (5) of the most vaccinated countries’ regular patterns from the start of vaccinations to the present (Figure 5). United States, Brazil, China, India, and Indonesia ensured highest number of vaccinations in their country.

Figure 5.

United States, Brazil, China, India and Indonesia have vaccinated most people until now (25 November 2021). Here, we have highlighted the daily vaccination trend for those countries. China leading the trend by vaccinating with almost 7.170 million peoples whereas Indonesia shows a downward curve by vaccinating 1.401 M peoples exactly.

4. Discussion

This section will discuss on the findings of this exploration in a broader way. Table 4 contains details about vaccine categories and their current development stage. As of November 25, 2021, 223 (223) countries from different region of the world using vaccine from 22 different manufacturers (4 authorized and 18 with emergency use permission) to vaccinate their citizens.²⁰

Table 4.

Variety of approaches among COVID-19 vaccine candidates until 24 November 2021

Vaccine Category	Phase							Total
	Pre-Clinical	I	I/II	II	II/III	III	Authorized
DNA-based	10	4	6	-	2	1	-	23
Inactivated virus	5	2	3	-	1	11	-	22
Live attenuated virus	2	2	-	-	-	-	-	4
Non-replicating viral vector	19	5	3	1	2	2	2	34
Protein subunit	60	7	9	4	2	10	-	92
Replicating bacterial vector	2	-	-	-	-	-	-	2
Replicating viral vector	17	1	4	1	-	-	-	23
RNA-based vaccine	22	4	3	2	1	-	2	34
Unknown	15	-	-	-	-	-	-	15
Virus-like particle	18	2	2	-	1	-	-	23
Total	170	27	30	8	9	24	4	272

Based on the results analysis and visualization many countries around the globe started applying vaccine to their citizens by the end of 2020. Based on the vaccination rate over the last one year from December 2020 to November 2021, China leads the trend by applying highest numbers of vaccines to its citizen. It is because of its global importance toward vaccination campaign with a centralized national system of government, and well-developed infrastructure for implementing prompt responses to large-scale national emergencies. Until 25 November 2021, China has the most vaccinated people (fully vaccinated) of around 1.1 G of its total population followed by India (410 M) and the US (190 M). As these are developed countries and they produce vaccine in their own lab also distribute those following their own policy; therefore, the accessibility of the vaccine is easier to its public. This research also discovered that until 25 November 2021, 53.9% of the world population has received at least one dose of a COVID-19 vaccine. At this moment, 7.85 billion doses have been administered globally, and 29.06 million are now administered each day and only 5.6% of people in low-income countries have received at least one dose of COVID-19 Vaccine. The impact of using vaccine on specific countries to reduce the spread of COVID-19, therefore, we further investigate the confirmed and death cases for the China, India, US, Brazil, Indonesia, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, and Mexico after their vaccination campaign starts. Figure 6 presents the status of confirmed and death cases of Ten (10) most populated countries around the globe till 25 November 2021. Based on the findings, it is evident that the confirmed trend of India raised until May 6, 2021 and then gradually it decreases in passage of time. Also, the US experienced a sudden spike in confirmed cases in between August and September 2021. However, other countries have maintained an almost linear status in their confirmed cases but in Brazil, there was a sudden increase of number of COVID-19 cases on 23 June and July 23, 2021. On the other hand, other than India, Brazil, and US all other countries maintained a descending trend in their death cases. However, India experienced a catastrophic situation in controlling their COVID-19 death cases and reported almost 7500 death cases in a single day on June 10, 2021. After July 20, 2021, with the support of a mass vaccination campaign, India managed to slow down the death rate for its citizens. The US and Brazil started its vaccination campaign on 18 December and January 18, 2021, respectively, and still both the country is fighting to minimize the death cases. On 24 November 2021, the US experienced around 1650 deaths on a single day whereas Brazil managed to slow down its death rate till 15 November 2021. Surprisingly, it experienced a sudden increase in a single day with 373 death cases on 17 November 2021. Overall, different vaccines have been proved effective against COVID-19 around the world and with the maintain of proper health regulation it may possible to reduce both the confirmed and death cases.

Figure 6.

Confirmed and death cases analysis of Ten populated countries after its vaccination starts. 6(A) shows the death cases of each country until 25 November 2021 whereas 6(B) highlighting the confirmed cases to analyze the global COVID-19 vaccination program.

This analysis also emphasized on the different vaccine production and their used in different context. Therefore, following Table 5 is designed to provide an insight about each vaccine that is widely used and popular.

Table 5.

Wide categories of COVID-19 vaccines that are currently (25 November 2021) in use according to their type and phase

Vaccine	Type	Phase	Using in
Moderna	RNA-Based	Authorized	Canada, Israel, Switzerland, and the E.U., U.S., and U.K.
BioNTech/Pfizer	RNA-Based	Authorized	The European Commission and in Argentina, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Canada, Bahrain, and the U.S. and U.K.
Oxford/AstraZeneca	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Authorized	Argentina, Brazil, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, India, Mexico, Morocco, Pakistan, and the U.K.
Janssen Pharma	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Authorized	For “emergency use” in the U.S.
Gamaleya Research Institute	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Phase-III	Algeria, Argentina, Bolivia, Hungary, Palestine, Paraguay, Serbia, Turkmenistan, UAE, and Venezuela, and “registered” in Belarus and Russia.
CanSino Biologics	Non-Replicating Viral Vector	Phase-III	For “the Military” by China’s Central Military Commission.
Zydus Cadila Healthcare Limited	DNA-Based	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in India.
Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	Through “temporary registration” in Kazakhstan.
Wuhan Inst./Sinopharm	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in China and the UAE.
Sinovac/Instituto Butantan	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in Brazil, China, and Indonesia.
Beijing Inst./Sinopharm	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	Bahrain, China, Pakistan, and the UAE.
Bharat Biotech	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in India.
Shenzhen Kangtai Biological Products Co.,Ltd.	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in China.
Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune and Biological Products of the Russian Academy of Sciences	Inactivated Virus	Phase-III	As a “registered” vaccine in Russia.
Shifa Pharmed Industrial Co	Inactivated Virus	Phase-II/III	For “emergency use” in Iran.
Medigen Vaccine Biologics Corp/ NIAID/ Dynavax	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in Taiwan.
FBRI State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “VECTOR”	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	As a “registered” vaccine in Russia.
Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in China and Uzbekistan.
Vaxine Pty Ltd/ Flinders University/Oracle/ Medytox/ Sypharma/Oxford Expression Technologies	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	For “emergency use” in Iran.
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	As part of a mass vaccination campaign in Cuba.
CIGB, Havana	Protein Subunit	Phase-III	As part of a mass vaccination campaign in Cuba.
Instituto Finlay de Vacunas	Protein Subunit	Phase-II	As a booster dose in Cuba.

Based on the vaccination data available along with the support of Open Street Map and Map box countrywide map visualization is shown in Figure 7. The map is designed to provide insights of how different region and countries are ensuring vaccine for their populations. However, this map only highlights those regions that are currently offering vaccine. Surprisingly, few countries from the region of central Africa are still unable to ensure safe vaccine for their citizens. As of 28 November 2021, 7.9B vaccine doses have been administered globally and 27 M are administrated each day. Surprisingly, As of 18 November 2021, only 0.42 M vaccine doses have been administered in the central African region and till now only around 321 K peoples have fully vaccinated in that region.

Figure 7.

Worldwide vaccination map visualization based on highest number of doses offered by the country.

Until 25 November 2021, globally 223 countries are adopted 75 different vaccines for its population. Among them, some of the countries are using multiple vaccine for different categories of population according to their requirements. This research has unfolded the insights of vaccination program all over the world with data analysis and visualization. In addition, this study tries to answers few questions regarding current status of different vaccine used in different region of the world. According to data analysis, Sinopharm, Moderna, Pfizer/BioNTech, Oxford/AstraZeneca, Sinovac, Covaxin, and Covishield are the most popular vaccine used worldwide for mass vaccination, since all the vaccine has almost negligible side effects (known until 25 November 2021). This is quite pleasing that people from all the parts of the world are educating themselves and willingly taking the vaccines. In addition, scientist, public health experts, WHO, medical experts have claimed that these vaccines are effective against COVID-19 and that have already proven (25 November 2021). A comparison has been further established based on the similar studies shown in Table 6 that focused on the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, challenges, development, distribution, country-wise progress, knowledge and people’s perception toward it in between 2020 and 2021. This review work examines the global trend in COVID-19 immunization progress from December 2020 to November 2021, based on available data. A detailed data analysis has been presented with the help of Python modules. This investigation also discovered a link between COVID-19 confirmed and fatality cases, as well as immunization initiatives in several nations.

Table 6.

Comparison of similar studies that focused on the global COVID-19 vaccination campaign, challenges, development, distribution, country wise progress, knowledge, and people’s perception

Reference	Article type	Outcome	Study Period
Huang et al.21	Mini-Review	Emphasis on the global COVID-19 vaccine development with available data.	May 2021
Buchy et al.22	Review	Focused on the human experience in handling earlier pandemics and COVID-19 vaccine development measures.	April 2021
ElBagoury et al.23	Full Review	Describes the preventive precautions taken to flatten the COVID-19 curve, as well as the challenges and potential for vaccine development.	August 2020
Calina et al.24	Review	Effective COVID-19 vaccination should be regarded key public health goals to create an effective vaccine, as well as initiatives to deploy immune-enhancing strategic treatments and short-term activities.	April 2020
Kashte et al.25	Review	Reviewed different types of vaccinations with examples of COVID-19 vaccines, their quick development compared to traditional vaccines. Also, established that, to avoid severe adverse outcomes, pre-clinical trials must be conducted with caution.	February 2021
Le et al.13	News Analysis	This study found that vaccinations could be available under emergency use or comparable protocols by early 2021, based on worldwide vaccine R&D efforts and quick changes in the vaccine development process.	April 2020
Islam et al.19	Research	A community-based cross-sectional study in Bangladesh that focused on the public’s perception of the COVID-19 immunization campaign. However, the study shows that the general population in Bangladesh has inadequate knowledge but positive sentiments regarding the COVID-19 vaccine.	March 2021

There are some limitations that should be considered when interpreting the results of this study. Firstly, because this study is based on certain time-oriented information, the trend of the research findings may change with time. Secondly, based on population and COVID cases, this study attempted to unravel the global features of the COVID-19 immunization effort in several countries. As a result, it did not reflect the whole scenarios of other parts of the world with mid-level and tiny populations. Apart from analyzing the findings, this study motivates a large number of people all over the world to take the vaccine and unite under one umbrella. If the vaccination rate continues to rise, all countries will be able to vaccinate their citizens by the end of the year 2022.

5. Conclusion

The COVID-19 pandemic is still wreaking havoc on human lives around the world, but the COVID-19 vaccine offers a ray of hope for the future. The global response to the COVID-19 pandemic is likely to rely heavily on vaccine deployment. The present study revealed that globally there is a significant turnaround in people’s perception toward vaccination and thus different countries are ensuring mass vaccination for their citizens. The findings also suggests that, rate of vaccination among global population is increasing day by day and as such, unvaccinated peoples around the globe gets more motivated and encouraged to take vaccine in upcoming days. Although vaccines are still unavailable in some parts of the world for various reasons, we believe policymakers should take steps to ensure sufficient knowledge, positive attitudes, and perceptions of COVID-19 vaccinations in order to decrease vaccine hesitancy.

Funding Statement

The author(s) reported there is no funding associated with the work featured in this article.

Disclosure statement

No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).

Author contribution

All authors conceptualized and designed the study. SKD and MR had the idea for and designed the study and had full access to all the data in the study and take the responsibility for the exploratory data analysis with their visualization. URS, AH, and AQ contributed to the writing of the article. MR and AQ contributed to the critical revision of the report. All the visualization and data presentation methods developed by SKD, MR, and AT. All authors contributed to data acquisition, data analysis, and reviewed and approved the final version.

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author, upon reasonable request.