Evaluating peripheral intravascular catheter insertion, maintenance and removal practices in small hospitals using a standardized audit tool

Abstract

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical practice about peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion, maintenance and removal in a cohort of Victorian hospitals.

Design

A standardized PIVC audit tool was developed, and results from point prevalent surveys were conducted.

Methods

Hospitalized patients requiring a PIVC insertion were eligible for audit. Audit data submitted between 2015 and 2019 were extracted for the current study.

Results

3566 PIVC insertions in 15 Victorian public hospitals were evaluated. 57.6% of PIVCs were inserted in wards, 18.7% in operating theatres and 11.6% in Emergency Departments (ED). 45.2% were inserted by nurses and 38.2% by medical staff. The preferred site for insertion was the dorsum of the hand and forearm (58.8%). 22.6% did not report a visual infusion phlebitis score at least daily, and 48% did not document a daily dressing assessment. Reasons for PIVC removal included no longer required (63%) and phlebitis (4.8%). No bloodstream infections were reported.

1. INTRODUCTION

Short‐term peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) are inserted for vascular access in order to facilitate medical care of hospitalized patients.

In 2005, the Victorian Healthcare Associated Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre developed and released an audit tool to facilitate the monitoring of PIVC use in Victorian public acute care hospitals.

2. BACKGROUND

Up to 70% of patients admitted to Australian acute healthcare facilities require PIVC insertion. Of these, it is estimated that up to 40% will fail (ACSQHC, 2019; Keogh & Mathew, 2019). Complications of catheterization include malfunctioning catheters (extravasation, infiltration or blockage), phlebitis, infection at exit site and bloodstream infections (BSIs). While the rate of PIVC‐associated BSIs is low (<0.1% to 0.18%) (Mermel, 2017; Ray‐Barruel et al., 2019; Zhang et al., 2016), the burden of these infections is significant given the large numbers of PIVCs used in health care (ACSQHC, 2019; Keogh & Mathew, 2019).

2.1. Research question

The rationale for this study was to evaluate current practices related to PIVC insertion, maintenance and removal and to calculate what is the rate of PIVC‐associated complications.

3. THE STUDY

3.1. Design

The SQUIRE 2.0 framework for quality improvement programmes was used for study design, analysis and reporting (Ogrinc et al., 2016). The current version of the point prevalence survey audit tool is comprised of two sections (Figure 1):

• Section A. Data captured at the time of PIVC insertion, including date, time and location of insertion, occupation of inserter, whether the reason for the PIVC insertion was documented, insertion site, whether aseptic technique was used, if hand hygiene was performed immediately prior to insertion and whether an alcohol‐based skin antiseptic was applied.

• Section B. Data relevant to PIVC maintenance and removal, including the date of removal, whether the Visual Infusion Phlebitis (VIP) score was documented, whether dressing assessments were documented at least daily and whether the reason for the removal of PIVC was documented. Reasons include malfunctioning catheter, phlebitis, exit site infection and “other” complications.

FIGURE 1.

Peripheral intravascular catheter audit tool

The VIP score is a standardized and internationally accepted assessment tool for phlebitis (Infusion Nurses Society, 2016; Jackson, 1998). The VIP tool guides clinicians to determine the possible cause of phlebitis and timely removal of venous access devices (Infusion Nurses Society, 2016). To enable assessment, it is recommended that signs and symptoms of phlebitis are monitored by clinical staff each shift. These include erythema, pain, swelling, induration, the presence of a palpable venous cord and fever (Jackson, 1998).

3.2. Method

1.1.1. Data collection and submission .

Victorian public acute care hospitals are invited to audit PIVC insertion, maintenance and removal for periods of at least one month using the standardized VICNISS tool. Surveillance can be conducted hospital‐wide or in specific ward settings. All patients requiring multi‐day admission and insertion of a PIVC are eligible for inclusion.

At a patient level, auditing is performed prospectively until each PIVC is removed. To ensure accuracy, it is recommended that data be collected as close as possible to the time of the insertion and removal of the PIVC. All data are submitted via a secure online portal.

3.3. Analysis

For the purposes of the current study, all submitted data for the period 2015–2019 were extracted. The evaluable denominator was the number of PIVCs inserted during the surveillance period. Processes and outcomes were summarized as proportions, and relevant subcategories (e.g. HCW groups) were used for reporting.

3.4. Ethics

Consistent with Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council's defined Quality Assurance activities, no HCW‐identifying data are collected, and pooled data are captured for purposes of quality improvement within participating healthcare facilities. Ethics approval was therefore not required (National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), 2014).

4. RESULTS

4.1. PIVC insertion

The majority of audited PIVCs were inserted in a ward environment (57.6%), operating theatre (OT) (18.7%) or Emergency Department (ED) (11.6%). Most were inserted by nursing staff (45.2%) and medical staff (38.2%). Reasons for insertion were documented for 88.4% of audited PIVCs (Table 1 Section A).

TABLE 1.

Audited peripheral intravascular catheters: insertion practices

	Measurement	No.	%
Section A: insertion
Gender	Female	1986	55.7
	Male	1580	44.3
Date of insertion	Documented	3530	99.0
Time of insertion	Before admission	307	8.6
	During admission	3259	91.4
Location	Ambulance	42	1.2
	Emergency Department	414	11.6
	Operating theatre	667	18.7
	Ward	2054	57.6
	General Practice Clinic	188	5.3
	Other location	103	2.9
	Not documented	84	2.4
Occupation of inserter	Ambulance officer	42	1.2
	IV Team	60	1.7
	Medical Staff	1363	38.2
	Nursing Staff	1610	45.6
	Other staff	8	0.2
	Not documented	448	12.6
Reason for insertion	Documented	3152	88.4
Inserted in an emergency situation a	Yes	408	11.4
Insertion site	Back of hand	1053	29.5
	Cubital fossa	691	19.4
	Forearm	1060	29.7
	Wrist	530	14.9
	Other insertion site	232	6.5
Section B: maintenance and removal
Date of removal	Documented	3323	93.2
VIP score	Documented at least daily	2760	77.4
	Documented every shift	1904	53.4
Dressing assessment	Documented at least daily	1854	52.0
Reason for removal Complications	As per hospital protocol	391	11.0
	No longer required	2250	63.1
	Malfunctioning catheter	294	8.2
	Phlebitis	177	5.0
	Bloodstream infection	0	0
	Infection at exit site	1	0
	Other reason	280	7.9

^a Ambulance or Emergency Department.

The preferred site for PIVC insertion was the upper limb (94.6%). The forearm (29.7%), dorsum of the hand (29.5%) and cubital fossa (19.4%) were most frequently used (Table 1). The cubital fossa was used more frequently for PIVCs inserted by ambulance staff (42.9%) and ED staff (38.4%), while the forearm or dorsum of the hand was used most frequently by OT staff (36.5%).

Documentation was lacking with respect to whether aseptic technique was used, hand hygiene performed or alcohol‐based antiseptic applied prior to insertion in 45.9%, 46.1% and 43.9% of audited PIVCs respectively. A semi‐permeable transparent or sterile dressing was applied following the majority (99.8%) of cannula insertions.

4.2. PIVC maintenance, removal and complications

The mean dwell time for all PIVCs was 1.9 days. For the 377 PIVCs inserted in an emergency situation, the mean dwell time was 2.4 days (Table 1, Section B).

The date of PIVC removal was documented in the majority of instances (93.2%). The VIP score and dressing assessment was documented at least daily in patient's notes for 77.4% and 52.0% of PIVCs respectively. Most removals were in the setting of the PIVC being “no longer required” (63.1%) and less frequently because of complications (25.9%). Of the complications, phlebitis and blood stream infections were the least common—5.0% and 0% respectively.

5. DISCUSSION

To our knowledge, this study is the first of this size to report PIVC insertion, maintenance and removal practices in Australian healthcare facilities. Findings demonstrated a low burden of complications, particularly bloodstream infections (0%) and phlebitis (5%). However, a number of opportunities to improve practice were identified. These included the need for improved documentation, education about the preferred site for PIVC insertion and regular use of a VIP (or similar) tool to assess a cannula site (Infusion Nurses Society, 2016; National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), 2019;;; Queensland Department of Health, 2015; Tuffaha et al., 2014;;; ).

International guidelines support the preferred PIVC sites to be the forearm and dorsum of the hand (Abolfotouh et al., 2014). It is noted that the least preferred sites for PIVC are at points of flexion, for example cubital fossa and wrist (Gorski et al., 2016). These sites are commonly chosen for their ease of insertion and convenience and represented close to 25% of all insertions in our study. We note that these sites were predominantly used in ED and by ambulance technicians.

In contrast to the findings of an international study by Alexandrou et al. (2018), we observed that the majority of PIVCs were inserted by nursing staff (46.6%). This is likely due to many of the participating hospitals being smaller in size and therefore having potentially less access to onsite medical teams. In this context, ward care is predominantly delivered and supported by nursing staff skilled in the practice of PIVC insertion.

We identified some challenges to auditing, especially the ability to capture data concerning insertion practices. We acknowledge the introduction of electronic medical records in many Australian healthcare facilities and promote the need for PIVC insertion and maintenance processes to be documented through EMR systems. While EMR holds great potential for streamlining the collection of timely surveillance data, this is yet to be tested (Birkhead et al., 2015; Mehta & Partin, 2007).

5.1. Limitations

One limitation of our study is that twelve of the fifteen audited hospitals were those with <100 beds, and findings may therefore not represent practices within larger hospitals in our region. Smaller healthcare facilities may provide patient care that is unique with respect to shorter patient stays and lower acuity of care. This may be reflected by fewer PIVC insertions and reduced dwell times in these facilities, when compared to larger facilities. Looking ahead, we propose that our auditing tool be available to all Victorian rural and metropolitan healthcare facilities, including public and private sectors and facilities with >100 beds. Such data will potentially be more reflective of regional practices and more adequately identify gaps or opportunities for practice improvement.

Another limitation is the fact that clinical auditing is frequently performed retrospectively. We acknowledge that our findings may, therefore, reflect poor documentation, rather than poor practice.

6. CONCLUSION

This audit tool is a means of continuous and systematic assessment that can lead to measurable improvements in patient care associated with the safe management of peripheral intravenous catheters. This quality improvement strategy works towards ensuring the positive health status of targeted patient groups.

We report a low prevalence of complications related to PIVC insertion and maintenance in a surveyed population of patients admitted to small Victorian hospitals. Our audit tool provides a comprehensive method to review PIVC insertion and management and can be used to identify opportunities for practice improvement. We therefore recommend use of this tool in response to identification of increased complications, and as a periodic method for documenting quality of care as part of routine nursing assessment and patient care.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

ETHICS APPROVAL

Consistent with Australia's National Health and Medical Research Council's defined Quality Assurance activities, no HCW‐identifying data are collected, and pooled data are captured for purposes of quality improvement within participating healthcare facilities. Ethics approval was therefore not required.

Hoskins, A. , Worth, L. J. , Malloy, M. J. , Smith, M. , Atkins, S. , & Bennett, N. (2022). valuating peripheral intravascular catheter insertion, maintenance and removal practices in small hospitals using a standardized audit tool. Nursing Open, 9, 1912–1917. 10.1002/nop2.1176