INTRODUCTION
Gender inequities in research careers have been documented across clinical and basic sciences.1,2 Analyses of preprint databases suggested that women researchers’ careers were disproportionally affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.3–5 We sought to compare the proportion of research articles published by women relative to men in general medical journals before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
METHODS
We used PubMed to collect original research articles published by first authors from US institutions in Annals of Internal Medicine, The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), JAMA Internal Medicine, The Journal of General Internal Medicine, The Lancet, Medical Care, the New England Journal of Medicine, and PLoS Medicine between March 12, 2019, and June 11, 2021. Articles without an abstract were excluded. Articles were grouped into “pre-COVID” (March 12, 2019, to March 11, 2020) and “during COVID” (June 12, 2020, and June 11, 2021) periods. Articles published between March 12 and June 11, 2020, were excluded to account for the lag time between submission and publication.
To collect gender data, we first reviewed the lead authors’ institutional websites for gender pronouns (e.g., he, she, they, ze) (72% of the sample). If not found, we abstracted pronoun data from third-party websites (23%). Last, we searched the U.S. Social Security Database for gender associated with author’s first name (5%). We also collected lead authors’ graduate degrees and graduation year(s) of the last academic degree from their websites.
The analysis was conducted at the article level. Our outcome of interest was the proportion of articles published in each study month by gender category of lead author. To measure the relative change in publication trends before vs. during the pandemic, we used linear regression to model the outcome as a function of lead author gender category, an indicator of whether the article was published before or during COVID, an interaction term between these two variables, calendar month, and monthly article volume.
We performed three additional analyses. First, we estimated the model for a subset of articles with first authors with a clinical degree (e.g., RN, NP, MD, DO, MBBS). Second, we stratified by time since lead authors’ completion of last academic degree (≤10, 10 to ≤20, and >20 years). Third, we stratified by journal impact factor (≤20, 21–50, 50+) per the 2020 Journal Citation Reports.6
According to the University of Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board, this study using public data did not constitute human subjects research.
RESULTS
Of 2856 articles in the sample, 1312 (45.9%) were published pre-COVID and 1544 (54.1%) during COVID. Men were lead authors on 51.1%, women on 46.1%; the lead authors’ gender was not found for 2.8% of articles. The proportion of lead authors who were women was lower among authors with clinical degrees (38.3%), individuals who graduated >20 years ago (33.8%), and those publishing in higher-impact journals (39.6% for impact factor >20 and <50 and 31.5% for ≥50) (Table 1). There were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of articles by gender of lead author between the study periods (Fig. 1, Table 1).
Table 1.
Research Articles Published Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic by Lead Author Gender
| Overall, n (%) | Before COVID, n (%) | During COVID, n (%) | % change before vs. during COVIDa (95% CI) | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All research articles (n=2856) | - | 1312 (45.9) | 1544 (54.1) | - | - |
| Men | 1458 (51.1) | 681 (51.9) | 777 (50.3) | Reference | - |
| Women | 1317 (46.1) | 598 (45.6) | 719 (46.6) | 0.9 (−5.3 to 7.1) | 0.77 |
| Gender not found | 81 (2.8) | 33 (2.5) | 48 (3.1) | 1.3 (−5.0 to 7.5) | 0.69 |
| First authors with clinical degrees (n=1662) | - | 786 (47.3) | 876 (52.7) | - | - |
| Men | 1010 (60.8) | 485 (61.7) | 525 (59.9) | Reference | - |
| Women | 636 (38.3) | 295 (37.5) | 341 (38.9) | 2.1 (−5.6 to 9.9) | 0.59 |
| Gender not found | 16 (1.0) | 6 (0.8) | 10 (1.1) | 5.6 (−6.3 to 9.1) | 0.72 |
| By time from degree completion (n=2351) | - | 1090 (46.4) | 1261 (53.6) | - | - |
| ≤10 yrs | 1226 (52.1) | 588 (53.9) | 638 (50.6) | - | - |
| Men | 563 (45.9) | 281 (47.8) | 282 (44.2) | Reference | - |
| Women | 630 (51.4) | 298 (50.7) | 332 (52.0) | 4.3 (−1.9 to 10.5) | 0.17 |
| Gender not found | 33 (2.7) | 9 (1.5) | 24 (3.8) | 5.6 (−0.6 to 11.8) | 0.08 |
| >10 and ≤20 yrs | 568 (24.2) | 248 (22.8) | 320 (25.4) | - | - |
| Men | 295 (51.9) | 127 (51.2) | 168 (52.5) | Reference | - |
| Women | 265 (46.7) | 118 (47.6) | 147 (45.9) | −2.5 (−12.4 to 8.1) | 0.68 |
| Gender not found | 8 (1.4) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (1.6) | −1.1 (−11.4 to 9.1) | 0.83 |
| >20 yrs | 557 (23.7) | 254 (23.3) | 303 (24.0) | - | - |
| Men | 369 (66.2) | 170 (66.9) | 199 (65.7) | Reference | - |
| Women | 188 (33.8) | 84 (33.1) | 104 (34.3) | 0.02 (−9.2 to 9.2) | 0.99 |
| Gender not found | - | - | - | - | - |
| By journal impact factor (n=2856) | - | 1312 (45.9) | 1544 (54.1) | - | - |
| ≤20 | 1399 (49.0) | 649 (46.4) | 750 (53.6) | - | - |
| Men | 550 (39.3) | 264 (40.7) | 286 (38.1) | Reference | - |
| Women | 800 (57.2) | 369 (56.9) | 431 (57.5) | 7.3 (−3.5 to 18.1) | 0.18 |
| Gender not found | 49 (3.5) | 16 (2.5) | 33 (4.4) | 6.3 (−5.0 to 17.7) | 0.18 |
| >20 and <50 | 717 (25.1) | 303 (42.3) | 414 (57.7) | - | - |
| Men | 418 (58.3) | 174 (57.4) | 244 (58.9) | Reference | - |
| Women | 284 (39.6) | 120 (39.6) | 164 (39.6) | 0.2 (−8.2 to 8.6) | 0.09 |
| Gender not found | 15 (2.1) | 9 (3.0) | 6 (1.5) | −2.2 (−10.7 to 6.2) | 0.06 |
| ≥50 | 740 (25.9) | 360 (48.7) | 380 (51.4) | - | - |
| Men | 490 (66.2) | 243 (67.5) | 247 (65.0) | Reference | - |
| Women | 233 (31.5) | 109 (30.3) | 124 (32.6) | 5.0 (−1.9 to 11.9) | 0.15 |
| Gender not found | 17 (2.3) | 8 (2.2) | 9 (2.4) | 2.9 (−4.0 to 9.7) | 0.41 |
aLinear regression of monthly publication rate as a function of gender category, study calendar month, whether the month occurred before vs. during COVID, interaction between the first author’s gender category and the indicator of whether the month occurred before vs. during COVID, and total article volume per month
Fig. 1.
Research publications by gender of first author before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Proportion of original research articles published before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by first authors identifying by “he/him/his” (blue), “she/her/hers” (orange), and those articles for which gender pronouns could not be identified (gray). There were no articles in our sample with lead authors in the “they/them/theirs,” “ze/hir,” or other gender categories. Lines represent linear line of best fit.
DISCUSSION
While the pandemic did not appear to exacerbate gender disparities in lead authorship, baseline disparities persisted with fewer articles published by women compared to men, particularly for higher-impact journals, for authors with clinical degrees, and for those who graduated >20 years ago.
Our analysis has limitations. We used the date an article was added to the PubMed database as the publication date, which was within 5 days of the earliest publication date (online or in print) for the articles in our sample. Although we excluded articles published in the first three months of the pandemic, some articles published “during COVID” likely represent work submitted before the pandemic. We used pronouns as a proxy for an individual’s gender. However, neither pronouns nor gender dictate a specific lifestyle, nor are synonymous with a certain relationship role or social position. Finally, clinical degrees may not accurately identify actively practicing clinicians.
Considering the long lag period in the publication process, these findings do not rule out the possibility that the COVID pandemic worsened gender inequities in general medicine research. Nevertheless, our finding of equity in publication rates between men and women lead authors who graduated in the prior decade leaves us hopeful for the future.
Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge Kate Honig from University of Maryland, Hannah Wang from the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, and Roma Dhamanaskar for their assistance with data collection for this study.
Funding
Dr. Stitesis supported by the National Institute on Aging (K23AG065442) and co-PI on a grant from the Research Centers Collaborative Network (RCCN) of the National Institute on Aging (NIA) (U24AG058556) to study gender in aging research. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; preparation or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they do not have a conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Prior Presentations
None
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
- 1.Huang J, Gates AJ, Sinatra R, Barabási A-L. Historical comparison of gender inequality in scientific careers across countries and disciplines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020 Mar 3;117(9):4609–16. 10.1073/pnas.1914221117 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 2.Yalamanchali A, Zhang ES, Jagsi R. Trends in female authorship in major journals of 3 oncology disciplines, 2002-2018. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(4):e212252. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.2252. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
- 3.Andersen JP, Nielsen MW, Simone NL, et al. COVID-19 medical papers have fewer women first authors than expected. Elife. 2020 Jun 15;9. 10.7554/eLife.58807 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed]
- 4.Squazzoni F, Bravo G, Grimaldo F, et al. No tickets for women in the COVID-19 race? A study on manuscript submissions and reviews in 2347 Elsevier journals during the pandemic. SSRN Electronic Journal. Accessed on April 29, 2021 at: 10.2139/ssrn.3712813
- 5.Kibbe MR. Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on manuscript submissions by women. JAMA Surgery. 2020; 155:803. 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.3917 [DOI] [PubMed]
- 6.2020 Journal Citation Reports, Science Edition. Thomas Reuters 2021. https://clarivate.com/webofsciencegroup/solutions/journal-citation-reports/. Last Accessed on October 14, 2021