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West China Journal of Stomatology logoLink to West China Journal of Stomatology
. 2022 Apr;40(2):210–217. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.7518/hxkq.2022.02.013

腭裂术后硬腭前后部瘢痕对上颌骨生长影响比较的有限元分析

Comparative study on the influence of anterior and posterior scars of hard palate on maxillary growth after cleft palate surgery: a three-dimensional finite element analysis

Wei Huang 1, Xiao Zhang 1, Man Li 1, Chunliu Ning 1, Shanshan Wu 2, Xiangjun Li 1,
Editor: 李 彩
PMCID: PMC9002192  PMID: 38597055

Abstract

Objective

This study aimed to compare the inhibition of anterior and posterior scars of the hard palate on maxillary growth after cleft palate surgery.

Methods

Ansys was used to establish two 3D finite element models of maxilla with complete and incomplete cleft palate. The palatal scar force with same magnitude and direction but different areas was applied in four groups in the two models. The loading force was applied to 1/4 of the anterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 1), 1/4 of the middle and anterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 2), 1/4 of the middle and posterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 3), and 1/4 of the posterior oral surface of the hard palate (group 4). The displacement of each group after loading was analyzed and compared.

Results

In the two models, maxillary deformation occurred in all groups. The total displacement and 3D displacement comparison of each group was arranged as follows: group 1>group 2>group 3>group 4.

Conclusion

Scars from different parts of the hard palate after cleft palate surgery can inhibit maxillary growth in a 3D direction. The anterior scars have more serious inhibition than the posterior scars.

Keywords: palatal scar, anterior and posterior parts, maxillary growth, three-dimensional finite element


唇腭裂是颌面部较常见的一种先天发育异常性疾病[1][2],手术治疗为主要手段,然而术后常出现上颌发育不足的现象[3][5]。多数学者[6][9]认为,手术创伤及术后瘢痕组织挛缩是上颌骨发育不足的主要原因,其发生机制一直是学者研究的热点,但腭裂术后腭部不同部位瘢痕对上颌骨生长的影响情况研究甚少。本实验采用三维有限元技术分别对完全性与不完全性腭裂术后硬腭前后部位瘢痕力进行分组模拟,比较其对上颌骨生长的影响机制,以期为腭裂术式选择提供科学依据。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型的建立

将一右侧完全性唇腭裂患者的螺旋CT数据进行处理,使其能够被Ansys软件所读取,形成命令流文件。并将组织设定为均质、连续且各向均同性的线弹性材料物质,弹性模量为8.0×103 MPa,泊松比为0.3[10],结构单元选取solid45。将上述命令流文件及模型参数输入Ansys软件,并将两侧上颌骨在其后端翼颌连接处连为一体,即完成了完全性腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型的构建(图1)。在该模型上应用Ansys软件中布尔操作技术进行牙槽突裂植骨,植骨材料参数同前[10],植骨范围前鼻嵴至鼻腭孔,即完成了不完全性腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型的构建(图2)。

图 1. 完全性腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型.

图 1

Fig 1 Three-dimensional finite element model of maxilla with complete cleft palate

图 2. 不完全性腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型.

图 2

Fig 2 Three-dimensional finite element model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate

1.2. 分组添加腭部瘢痕力

在所建立的完全性与不完全性腭裂上颌骨三维有限元模型上,分别分组施加相同大小、方向但不同受力区域的腭部瘢痕力。第一组在硬腭口腔面前1/4区施加,第二组在硬腭口腔面中前1/4区施加,第三组在硬腭口腔面中后1/4区施加,第四组在硬腭口腔面后1/4区施加(图34),大小均为17.52 N,方向由前向后、由外向内[11],限制面设定为双侧上颌骨后端翼颌连接区。

图 3. 各组瘢痕力添加部位(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 3

Fig 3 The position of applied scar force in each group (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

图 4. 各组瘢痕力添加部位(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 4

Fig 4 The position of applied scar force in each group (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

1.3. 观察分析指标

各组进行有限元分析运算,分别观察各组总位移、X轴、Y轴及Z轴位移云图形变趋势,每组位移云图均从横断面及冠状面两个角度观察左右两侧牙槽突前端形变量,并对各组结果进行比较。

2. 结果

总位移云图反映了上颌骨三维方向上总体形变情况(图56),观察可见完全性与不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型中各组云图形变趋势相近,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,由前向后逐渐降低,牙槽突前端形变最明显;X轴位移云图反映了上颌骨横向形变情况(图78),各组云图形变趋势相近,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,上颌骨宽度缩窄,其中完全性腭裂上颌骨模型由前向后形变逐渐降低,牙槽突前端形变最明显,不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型形变幅度明显缩小,牙槽突前端形变较明显;Y轴位移云图反映了上颌骨垂直向形变情况(图910),各组云图形变趋势相近,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,向下移动,上颌骨高度降低,其中完全性腭裂上颌骨模型由前外向后内形变逐渐降低,牙槽突前端及颌骨体外侧形变较明显,不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型由前向后形变逐渐降低,牙槽突前端形变最明显;Z轴位移云图反映了上颌骨矢状向形变情况(图1112),完全性与不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型中各组云图形变趋势相近,两侧上颌骨均发生形变,大部分向后移动,上颌骨突度缩小,由前内向后外形变逐渐降低,牙槽突前端形变最明显。

图 5. 各组总位移云图(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 5

Fig 5 The total displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

图 6. 各组总位移云图(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 6

Fig 6 The total displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

图 7. 各组X轴方向位移云图(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 7

Fig 7 X-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

图 8. 各组X轴方向位移云图(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 8

Fig 8 X-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

图 9. 各组Y轴方向位移云图(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 9

Fig 9 Y-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

图 10. 各组Y轴方向位移云图(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 10

Fig 10 Y-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

图 11. 各组Z轴方向位移云图(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 11

Fig 11 Z-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

图 12. 各组Z轴方向位移云图(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

图 12

Fig 12 Z-component of displacement nephogram of all groups (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

完全性与不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型中各组左右两侧牙槽突前端形变量分别见表12,总位移、X轴、Y轴及Z轴方向位移形变均为:第一组>第二组>第三组>第四组,这说明腭裂术后硬腭不同部位瘢痕在三维方向上均会对上颌骨生长产生抑制,在相同瘢痕量情况下,前部瘢痕抑制程度大于后部。

表 1. 各组左右两侧牙槽突前端形变量(完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

Tab 1 Displacement in the anterior part of the alveolar process on both left and right sides of each group (model of maxilla with complete cleft palate)

组别 总位移 X轴方向位移 Y轴方向位移 Z轴方向位移
第一组 左侧 0.291 646 0.199 941 0.128 625 0.187 383
右侧 0.275 444 0.208 610 0.103 661 0.172 642
第二组 左侧 0.190 062 0.134 927 0.077 364 0.111 420
右侧 0.201 242 0.155 676 0.061 868 0.120 996
第三组 左侧 0.115 965 0.088 634 0.028 329 0.062 583
右侧 0.130 461 0.104 965 0.036 056 0.075 339
第四组 左侧 0.057 754 0.053 321 0.005 593 0.020 285
右侧 0.064 974 0.057 149 0.005 087 0.034 725

mm

表 2. 各组左右两侧牙槽突前端形变量(不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型).

Tab 2 Displacement in the anterior part of the alveolar process on both left and right sides of each group (model of maxilla with incomplete cleft palate)

组别 总位移 X轴方向位移 Y轴方向位移 Z轴方向位移
第一组 左侧 0.204 182 0.007 369 0.151 422 0.144 163
右侧 0.192 839 0.009 015 0.142 930 0.132 426
第二组 左侧 0.145 170 0.006 762 0.104 542 0.101 689
右侧 0.137 527 0.008 077 0.098 696 0.093 384
第三组 左侧 0.080 874 0.003 674 0.059 712 0.056 119
右侧 0.076 381 0.004 949 0.056 318 0.051 518
第四组 左侧 0.027 531 0.000 518 0.021 613 0.018 740
右侧 0.026 002 0.001 517 0.020 295 0.017 182

mm

3. 讨论

3.1. 实验设计及观察指标的选取

腭裂手术创伤及术后裸露骨面均会产生瘢痕,瘢痕挛缩会抑制颌骨发育[6][7],[9],学者们[12][14]通过临床观察的方法对腭裂手术引起上颌骨发育不足的情况进行了大量研究,但腭裂术后不同部位瘢痕对上颌骨发育的影响情况研究甚少。笔者前期曾对腭裂术后腭部瘢痕力进行过模拟研究[11],并对腭部内外侧区域瘢痕对上颌骨发育的影响进行过分析比较[15]。本研究旨在观察硬腭前后向瘢痕对上颌骨生长的抑制情况,故将硬腭前后向瘢痕分为4组分别在完全性与不完全性腭裂上颌骨模型上进行比较,其中每组瘢痕力的大小及方向相同,变量仅为硬腭前后向不同受力区域。其中腭部瘢痕力为根据单侧唇腭裂患者平均裂隙宽度[16]及两瓣法术式特点通过物理公式运算获得[11],具有一定代表性。

由于各组位移云图形变趋势相近,且在形变降低过程中,递减幅度也相似,故本实验仅选取形变量较大且容易观察的牙槽突前端形变量作为观察指标,可代表整体上颌骨形变情况进行分析说明。

3.2. 实验结果与既往临床研究的讨论分析

出生早期颅部生长速度最快,面部较慢,颅面比例相差较大,随后面部生长逐渐加速,颅面比例差缩小[17],根据临床腭裂手术年龄选择[18]及腭裂术后瘢痕挛缩为一持久过程这一特点分析,可认为腭部瘢痕组织行使牵拉抑制作用时主要发生在面部生长较快而颅部发育较慢的时期,即该时期上颌骨相对于颅部而言是运动的。从生物力学角度考虑,可以把上颌骨后面的颅部设定为相对静止的支点,而力矩等于作用力及力臂的乘积[17],腭部瘢痕力作用区域越靠前则力臂越长,从而力矩越大,对上颌骨的抑制程度也将更加明显。

Koberg等[12]曾对1 033名腭裂患者术后颌面部生长情况进行研究,发现两瓣后推术和带两侧松弛切口的兰式手术对上颌骨生长影响最重。两瓣后推术将会在硬腭前方遗留裸露骨面[19],裸露的骨面将产生瘢痕继而影响上颌骨发育,本研究认为腭裂术后硬腭前部瘢痕对上颌骨影响较重,与以上临床研究结果相近。有研究[13],[20]认为,Furlow术式及软腭修复术不会对面中份发育造成明显影响,该2种术式虽然主要在软腭区域产生瘢痕,但瘢痕将附着于邻近骨面从而对骨组织产生影响,由临床解剖可知软腭区域瘢痕主要附着于硬腭后缘,本研究认为后部瘢痕对上颌骨发育影响较轻,与以上临床研究结果相近。

3.3. 实验结果的扩展

Maluf等[21]将14只猪分组研究发现,行腭黏骨膜瓣剥离翻瓣操作同时遗留裸露骨面组较未遗留裸露骨面组及对照组而言,上颌牙弓横向发育出现明显受限。Bardach等[19]通过对62只比格幼犬分组观察发现,行两侧腭黏骨膜瓣翻瓣操作而遗留少许裸露骨面组与仅行单侧腭黏骨膜瓣翻瓣操作而遗留较大裸露骨面组相比,后者对上颌骨发育的影响更重。由以上动物实验可以发现,腭裂术后裸露骨面较腭裂术中剥离翻瓣操作而言,对上颌骨发育影响更重。本研究认为腭裂术后前部瘢痕对上颌骨发育影响较后部瘢痕更重,结合以上观点可认为腭裂手术应尽量降低硬腭前部骨面的裸露,以减少对上颌骨发育的影响。

3.4. 研究中存在的不足

三维有限元技术仅能对限定的条件进行约束与模拟,其数值不能完全代替临床实际,只能作为一趋势性研究进行理论分析。

综上,腭裂术后硬腭不同部位瘢痕在三维方向上均对上颌骨生长产生抑制,其中前部瘢痕抑制程度大于后部,临床中应尽量降低硬腭前部骨面的裸露,以减少对上颌骨发育的影响。

Funding Statement

[基金项目] 河北省医学科学研究课题计划(20211075)

Supported by: Medical Science Research Project in Hebei Province (20211075).

Footnotes

利益冲突声明:作者声明本文无利益冲突。

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