Table 6.
Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of sarcopenia by quartiles (Q) of nutrient intake.
| Nutrient | Median | Total | Sarcopenia | Age, Sex-Adjusted | Multi-Adjusted | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n) | (n) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Energy | Q1 | 928.1 | 200 | 32 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 1301.3 | 200 | 36 | 1.24 | (0.72–2.13) | 1.13 | (0.63–2.02) | |
| Q3 | 1590.5 | 201 | 25 | 0.79 | (0.43–1.43) | 0.61 | (0.32–1.17) | |
| Q4 | 2062.3 | 200 | 18 | 0.55 | (0.28–1.06) | 0.44 | (0.22–0.90) | |
| p for trend | 0.0379 | 0.0089 | ||||||
| Carbohydrate | Q1 | 160.3 | 200 | 40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 220.4 | 200 | 26 | 0.63 | (0.36–1.11) | 0.63 | (0.34–1.15) | |
| Q3 | 273.4 | 201 | 24 | 0.57 | (0.32–1.00) | 0.51 | (0.27–0.94) | |
| Q4 | 349.9 | 200 | 21 | 0.49 | (0.27–0.89) | 0.40 | (0.21–0.77) | |
| p for trend | 0.0175 | 0.0048 | ||||||
| Protein | Q1 | 30.1 | 199 | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 47.2 | 201 | 35 | 1.25 | (0.72–2.19) | 1.11 | (0.61–2.01) | |
| Q3 | 59.8 | 201 | 31 | 1.10 | (0.62–1.95) | 0.87 | (0.46–1.65) | |
| Q4 | 81.8 | 200 | 16 | 0.50 | (0.25–1.00) | 0.44 | (0.20–0.93) | |
| p for trend | 0.0429 | 0.0222 | ||||||
| Fat | Q1 | 9.6 | 200 | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 19.1 | 199 | 34 | 1.23 | (0.71–2.14) | 1.18 | (0.65–2.15) | |
| Q3 | 29.3 | 201 | 26 | 0.94 | (0.52–1.70) | 0.77 | (0.41–1.46) | |
| Q4 | 48.2 | 201 | 22 | 0.76 | (0.41–1.41) | 0.69 | (0.35–1.36) | |
| p for trend | 0.2394 | 0.1489 | ||||||
| Fiber | Q1 | 2.9 | 200 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 4.8 | 200 | 26 | 0.67 | (0.38–1.17) | 0.65 | (0.35–1.18) | |
| Q3 | 6.4 | 201 | 28 | 0.79 | (0.45–1.38) | 0.69 | (0.37–1.27) | |
| Q4 | 9.3 | 200 | 21 | 0.53 | (0.29–0.96) | 0.48 | (0.25–0.93) | |
| p for trend | 0.0603 | 0.0421 | ||||||
| Cholesterol | Q1 | 32.6 | 200 | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 102.0 | 200 | 33 | 1.09 | (0.63–1.90) | 1.04 | (0.57–1.88) | |
| Q3 | 199.5 | 201 | 23 | 0.71 | (0.39–1.28) | 0.7 | (0.37–1.34) | |
| Q4 | 407.5 | 200 | 25 | 0.82 | (0.46–1.48) | 0.78 | (0.40–1.54) | |
| p for trend | 0.3441 | 0.3526 | ||||||
| Calcium | Q1 | 208.9 | 200 | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 341.6 | 200 | 23 | 0.76 | (0.42–1.37) | 0.70 | (0.37–1.31) | |
| Q3 | 468.0 | 201 | 31 | 1.02 | (0.58–1.79) | 0.88 | (0.48–1.64) | |
| Q4 | 706.6 | 200 | 27 | 0.93 | (0.52–1.66) | 0.89 | (0.47–1.69) | |
| p for trend | 0.9623 | 0.9513 | ||||||
| Phosphate | Q1 | 574.8 | 200 | 31 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 833.2 | 200 | 32 | 1.07 | (0.62–1.87) | 0.88 | (0.48–1.61) | |
| Q3 | 1013.6 | 201 | 26 | 0.89 | (0.50–1.61) | 0.69 | (0.36–1.32) | |
| Q4 | 1323.0 | 200 | 22 | 0.69 | (0.37–1.29) | 0.57 | (0.28–1.14) | |
| p for trend | 0.2033 | 0.0885 | ||||||
| Iron | Q1 | 6.4 | 200 | 29 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 10.0 | 201 | 35 | 1.29 | (0.74–2.24) | 1.47 | (0.80–2.71) | |
| Q3 | 13.4 | 199 | 25 | 0.88 | (0.48–1.60) | 0.75 | (0.39–1.47) | |
| Q4 | 20.0 | 201 | 22 | 0.79 | (0.42–1.46) | 0.76 | (0.38–1.51) | |
| p for trend | 0.246 | 0.1631 | ||||||
| Sodium | Q1 | 1987.2 | 200 | 34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 3071.4 | 200 | 36 | 1.10 | (0.64–1.87) | 1.11 | (0.62–1.96) | |
| Q3 | 4031.5 | 201 | 19 | 0.48 | (0.26–0.90) | 0.42 | (0.21–0.83) | |
| Q4 | 6035.7 | 200 | 22 | 0.55 | (0.30–1.01) | 0.49 | (0.25–0.96) | |
| p for trend | 0.0157 | 0.0107 | ||||||
| Potassium | Q1 | 1494.7 | 200 | 35 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 2264.1 | 200 | 30 | 0.91 | (0.52–1.57) | 0.85 | (0.47–1.54) | |
| Q3 | 3000.0 | 201 | 22 | 0.58 | (0.32–1.06) | 0.55 | (0.28–1.05) | |
| Q4 | 3945.2 | 200 | 24 | 0.69 | (0.38–1.27) | 0.63 | (0.32–1.24) | |
| p for trend | 0.1264 | 0.1083 | ||||||
| Zinc | Q1 | 3.9 | 199 | 33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 5.7 | 201 | 30 | 0.93 | (0.53–1.61) | 0.92 | (0.51–1.67) | |
| Q3 | 7.3 | 201 | 29 | 0.85 | (0.48–1.50) | 0.78 | (0.42–1.44) | |
| Q4 | 10.2 | 200 | 19 | 0.53 | (0.28–1.00) | 0.39 | (0.19–0.80) | |
| p for trend | 0.0451 | 0.0074 | ||||||
| Vitamin A | Q1 | 174.9 | 200 | 34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 398.0 | 201 | 36 | 1.14 | (0.67–1.92) | 0.92 | (0.52–1.64) | |
| Q3 | 677.0 | 200 | 19 | 0.57 | (0.31–1.05) | 0.44 | (0.23–0.86) | |
| Q4 | 1239.2 | 200 | 22 | 0.69 | (0.38–1.24) | 0.54 | (0.28–1.03) | |
| p for trend | 0.0835 | 0.0298 | ||||||
| Retinol | Q1 | 4.0 | 199 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 19.6 | 201 | 28 | 0.71 | (0.41–1.23) | 0.71 | (0.39–1.30) | |
| Q3 | 58.0 | 201 | 19 | 0.45 | (0.25–0.83) | 0.40 | (0.21–0.77) | |
| Q4 | 146.0 | 200 | 28 | 0.72 | (0.41–1.25) | 0.67 | (0.36–1.26) | |
| p for trend | 0.4057 | 0.3352 | ||||||
| Carotene | Q1 | 844.3 | 200 | 38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 1973.3 | 200 | 29 | 0.74 | (0.43–1.27) | 0.64 | (0.36–1.15) | |
| Q3 | 3539.6 | 201 | 22 | 0.58 | (0.33–1.04) | 0.49 | (0.26–0.91) | |
| Q4 | 6856.5 | 200 | 22 | 0.59 | (0.33–1.06) | 0.49 | (0.26–0.93) | |
| p for trend | 0.0874 | 0.0397 | ||||||
| Vitamin D | Q1 | 0 | 202 | 31 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 1.6 | 199 | 22 | 0.70 | (0.38–1.26) | 0.56 | (0.29–1.06) | |
| Q3 | 4.9 | 203 | 27 | 0.92 | (0.52–1.63) | 0.82 | (0.44–1.53) | |
| Q4 | 12.3 | 197 | 31 | 1.01 | (0.58–1.76) | 0.92 | (0.51–1.68) | |
| p for trend | 0.5653 | 0.6279 | ||||||
| Vitamin E | Q1 | 3.4 | 207 | 33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 5.9 | 192 | 33 | 1.08 | (0.63–1.86) | 1.02 | (0.56–1.85) | |
| Q3 | 8.3 | 202 | 26 | 0.84 | (0.47–1.49) | 0.71 | (0.38–1.33) | |
| Q4 | 12.2 | 200 | 19 | 0.61 | (0.33–1.15) | 0.53 | (0.26–1.06) | |
| p for trend | 0.0873 | 0.0438 | ||||||
| Vitamin K | Q1 | 9.0 | 200 | 36 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 37.5 | 200 | 26 | 0.75 | (0.43–1.32) | 0.70 | (0.38–1.26) | |
| Q3 | 76.0 | 201 | 29 | 0.83 | (0.48–1.44) | 0.75 | (0.41–1.38) | |
| Q4 | 185.0 | 200 | 20 | 0.55 | (0.30–1.00) | 0.51 | (0.27–0.98) | |
| p for trend | 0.0678 | 0.0707 | ||||||
| Vitamin B1 | Q1 | 0.5 | 201 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 0.8 | 199 | 37 | 1.54 | (0.88–2.69) | 1.52 | (0.84–2.76) | |
| Q3 | 1.0 | 201 | 19 | 0.76 | (0.40–1.45) | 0.62 | (0.31–1.25) | |
| Q4 | 1.5 | 200 | 28 | 1.06 | (0.58–1.94) | 1.12 | (0.58–2.15) | |
| p for trend | 0.6475 | 0.7303 | ||||||
| Vitamin B2 | Q1 | 0.5 | 195 | 32 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 0.8 | 202 | 34 | 1.03 | (0.60–1.77) | 1.05 | (0.58–1.89) | |
| Q3 | 1.0 | 204 | 21 | 0.64 | (0.35–1.17) | 0.55 | (0.28–1.07) | |
| Q4 | 1.5 | 200 | 24 | 0.71 | (0.39–1.30) | 0.67 | (0.34–1.32) | |
| p for trend | 0.1398 | 0.1103 | ||||||
| Niacin | Q1 | 7.4 | 198 | 30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 11.5 | 200 | 29 | 0.99 | (0.56–1.76) | 0.93 | (0.50–1.73) | |
| Q3 | 15.9 | 202 | 29 | 0.94 | (0.53–1.68) | 0.77 | (0.41–1.45) | |
| Q4 | 22.3 | 201 | 23 | 0.76 | (0.40–1.45) | 0.66 | (0.33–1.33) | |
| p for trend | 0.384 | 0.202 | ||||||
| Vitamin C | Q1 | 34.8 | 199 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 67.4 | 201 | 35 | 1.43 | (0.82–2.51) | 1.57 | (0.84–2.92) | |
| Q3 | 106.1 | 201 | 23 | 0.90 | (0.49–1.65) | 0.86 | (0.44–1.66) | |
| Q4 | 173.9 | 200 | 27 | 1.07 | (0.59–1.94) | 1.07 | (0.56–2.07) | |
| p for trend | 0.768 | 0.6419 | ||||||
| Vitamin B6 | Q1 | 0.7 | 202 | 34 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 1.1 | 196 | 30 | 0.91 | (0.52–1.58) | 0.90 | (0.49–1.66) | |
| Q3 | 1.5 | 203 | 29 | 0.87 | (0.49–1.53) | 0.85 | (0.45–1.60) | |
| Q4 | 2.1 | 200 | 18 | 0.51 | (0.27–0.97) | 0.45 | (0.22–0.91) | |
| p for trend | 0.0431 | 0.0247 | ||||||
| Vitamin B12 | Q1 | 0.6 | 199 | 25 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 2.3 | 201 | 29 | 1.23 | (0.69–2.21) | 1.02 | (0.55–1.91) | |
| Q3 | 4.9 | 201 | 28 | 1.22 | (0.68–2.21) | 1.00 | (0.53–1.89) | |
| Q4 | 11.7 | 200 | 29 | 1.24 | (0.69–2.24) | 1.17 | (0.62–2.21) | |
| p for trend | 0.6002 | 0.5874 | ||||||
| Folate | Q1 | 144.1 | 199 | 33 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Q2 | 223.8 | 201 | 23 | 0.70 | (0.39–1.26) | 0.55 | (0.29–1.06) | |
| Q3 | 304.4 | 200 | 36 | 1.13 | (0.66–1.96) | 1.01 | (0.56–1.84) | |
| Q4 | 451.6 | 201 | 19 | 0.56 | (0.30–1.04) | 0.51 | (0.26–1.01) | |
| p for trend | 0.1518 | 0.1789 | ||||||
Multi-adjusted: adjusted for age, sex, BMI, family type, marital status, education level, income level, smoking status, and drinking status.