Table 1.
Human studies finding higher leptin levels in COVID-19 patients.
| Country, Author | Sample population | Conclusions |
|---|---|---|
| China | ||
| Wang, J.; et al. [202] | * 12 healthy subjects (mean age: 48 ± 15.7 years; 50% males; BMI: 23.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2) * 21 mild COVID-19 hospitalized patients (mean age: 47.2 ± 15.7 years; 61.9% males; BMI: 23.69 ± 2.7 kg/m2) * 10 severe COVID-19 patients (mean age: 46.9 ± 16.5 years; 70% males; BMI: 25.3 ± 2.6 kg/m2) |
Leptin was associated with greater monocyte activation, systemic inflammation, and disease progression in COVID-19 cases |
| The Netherlands | ||
| van der Voort, P.H.J.; et al. [270] | * 31 COVID-19 patients in ICU requiring ventilation (mean BMI: 31 kg/m2 [range 24.8–48.4]) * 8 critically ill non-infected controls (mean BMI: 26 kg/m2 [range 22.4–33.5]) |
Higher serum leptin levels in patients with COVID-19, in comparison with controls |
| India | ||
| Singh, R.; et al. [271] | * 10 healthy subjects (mean age: 48.14 ± 9.05 years; 74% males; BMI: 26.28 ± 2.52 kg/m2) * 15 individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19 (mean age: 38.07 ± 7.7 years; 100% males; BMI: 26.84 ± 2.63 kg/m2) * 34 moderate COVID-19 hospitalized patients (mean age: 48.21 ± 9.79 years; 75.86% males; BMI: 26.31 ± 2.29 kg/m2) |
Increased leptin levels in moderate COVID-19 patients, compared to healthy subjects and individuals who recovered from mild COVID-19 |
| Sweden | ||
| Larsson, A.; et al. [272] | * 25 healthy subjects (median age: 57 years [range 47–68 years]; 76% males) * 222 severe COVID-19 hospitalized patients (median age: 64 years [range 24–86 years]; 79.28% males) |
Leptin levels was higher in patients with COVID-19 at ICU admission, but it wasn’t associated with mortality |