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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2022 Mar 20;42(3):330–337. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.03

Bax抑制因子1通过促进视神经萎缩蛋白1表达抑制小鼠动脉血管钙化

Bax inhibitor 1 inhibits vascular calcification in mice by activating optic atrophy 1 expression

Weiren CHEN 1,2,3, Hui DU 2,3, Geng QIAN 3,*, Yujie ZHOU 1,*, Yundai CHEN 3, Qian MA 1, Xueping WU 2, Yuan SHA 2
PMCID: PMC9010980  PMID: 35426795

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects of Bax inhibitor 1 (BI- 1) and optic atrophy protein 1 (OPA1) on vascular calcification (VC).

Methods

Mouse models of VC were established in ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) diabetic mice by high-fat diet feeding for 12 weeks followed by intraperitoneal injections with Nε-carboxymethyl-lysine for 16 weeks. ApoE-/- mice (control group), ApoE-/- diabetic mice (VC group), ApoE-/- diabetic mice with BI-1 overexpression (VC + BI-1TG group), and ApoE-/- diabetic mice with BI-1 overexpression and OPA1 knockout (VC+BI-1TG+OPA1-/- group) were obtained for examination of the degree of aortic calcification using von Kossa staining. The changes in calcium content in the aorta were analyzed using ELISA. The expressions of Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) were detected using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of cleaved caspase-3 was determined using Western blotting. Cultured mouse aortic smooth muscle cells were treated with 10 mmol/L β-glycerophosphate for 14 days to induce calcification, and the changes in BI-1 and OPA1 protein expressions were examined using Western blotting and cell apoptosis was detected using TUNEL staining.

Results

ApoE-/- mice with VC showed significantly decreased expressions of BI-1 and OPA1 proteins in the aorta (P=0.0044) with obviously increased calcium deposition and expressions of RUNX2, BMP-2 and cleaved caspase-3 (P= 0.0041). Overexpression of BI-1 significantly promoted OPA1 protein expression and reduced calcium deposition and expressions of RUNX2, BMP-2 and cleaved caspase-3 (P=0.0006). OPA1 knockdown significantly increased calcium deposition and expressions of RUNX2, BMP-2 and cleaved caspase-3 in the aorta (P=0.0007).

Conclusion

BI-1 inhibits VC possibly by promoting the expression of OPA1, reducing calcium deposition and inhibiting osteogenic differentiation and apoptosis of the vascular smooth muscle cells.

Keywords: Bax inhibitor 1, optic atrophy protein 1, vascular calcification, osteogenic differentiation, apoptosis


Bax抑制因子1(BI-1)是重要的细胞凋亡抑制因子[1, 2]。本课题组前期研究发现BI-1与血管钙化密切相关,血管钙化中,BI-1蛋白表达下降,细胞钙含量、碱性磷酸酶活性、Runt相关转录因子2(Runx-2)、细胞凋亡增加;过表达BI-1蛋白后细胞钙含量、碱性磷酸酶活性、Runx-2、细胞凋亡减少,血管钙化减轻[3]。但BI-1通路的下游调控蛋白并未清楚。视神经萎缩蛋白1(OPA1)作为介导线粒体内膜融合的主要因子,在维持线粒体结构和功能稳态中发挥重要作用[4-6]。前期研究结果显示血管钙化下调OPA1蛋白表达,线粒体融合减少,线粒体损伤增加,钙沉积、Runx-2蛋白表达、细胞凋亡率增加,而过表达OPA1能促进线粒体融合,抑制钙沉积、细胞骨型分化和凋亡,减轻血管钙化[7]

BI-1是线粒体形态和功能的重要调节蛋白[8-10]。BI-1能调控心肌微血管内皮细胞线粒体融合-分裂,保护线粒体结构和功能,减少氧化应激损伤和细胞凋亡[11]。在急性肾损伤中,肾小管上皮细胞BI-1表达下调,线粒体分裂增加;上调BI-1表达后,线粒体分裂减少,氧化应激损伤和细胞凋亡减轻[12]。但BI-1蛋白是否直接影响OPA1蛋白表达?BI-1是否通过OPA1抑制钙沉积、细胞骨型分化和细胞凋亡,进而减轻血管钙化,这些问题尚未见研究。因此,本研究构建小鼠血管钙化模型,并探究BI-1如何通过调控OPA1蛋白影响血管钙化。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料

ApoE-/-小鼠、BI-1TG;ApoE-/-小鼠、BI-1TG;OPA1-/-;ApoE-/-小鼠(北京赛业生物公司)。动物实验规程已获批准,符合国家科学技术委员会颁布的《实验动物管理条例》。

HE染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝公司);von Kossa染色试剂盒(北京索莱宝公司);TUNEL试剂盒(罗氏);钙含量测定试剂盒(南京建成生物工程研究所);BI-1、OPA1、Runx-2、骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)和β-肌动蛋白(β-actin,Abcam)。SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳仪(Bio-Rad)、光学显微镜(奥林巴斯)。

1.2. 转基因小鼠的构建方法

构建血管平滑肌特异性蛋白SM22α启动子与BI-1位点突变体真核表达质粒,通过显微注射受精卵的方法制备目标小鼠,经过Western blot法证明BI-1在小鼠血管平滑肌细胞特异性高表达。将BI-1TG转基因小鼠与ApoE-/-小鼠多次杂交并做基因鉴定之后,得到基因型为BI-1TG;ApoE-/-小鼠用于试验。

将平滑肌特异性表达Cre酶的转基因雄性小鼠(Tagln-cre)与雌性OPA1flox/flox小鼠交配,通过繁殖筛选,得到Tagln-cre;OPA1flox/+转基因小鼠,并与BI-1TG;ApoE-/-小鼠交配繁殖,并筛选出BI-1TG;OPA1-/-;ApoE-/-转基因小鼠,通过Western blot鉴定OPA1敲低的程度与特异性。

1.3. 小鼠钙化模型的建立和分组

8周ApoE-/-小鼠,禁食不禁水12 h后,于腹腔内注射链脲佐菌素(50 mg/kg),1次/d,连续5 d。如连续2 d测量血糖≥250 mg/dL,则认为糖尿病小鼠模型成功。高糖高脂饲料喂养12周后,开始腹腔注射Nε(- 1-羧甲基)- L-赖氨酸促进斑块钙化,注射剂量为60 μg/次,连续注射16周,取其主动脉弓用于实验[13]。实验分为4组(n=6):Control组(ApoE-/-小鼠普通饲料喂养),VC组(ApoE-/-小鼠建立钙化模型),VC+BI-1TG组(BI-1TG;ApoE-/-小鼠建立钙化模型)和VC+BI-1TG+OPA1-/-组(BI-1TG;OPA1-/-;ApoE-/-小鼠建立钙化模型)。

1.4. 小鼠主动脉血管平滑肌细胞培养和钙化模型的建立

无菌条件下取出C57BL/6、BI-1TG或者BI-1TG;OPA1-/-小鼠主动脉,剪成小组织块,置于培养皿底部,37 ℃培养箱中培养,等到细胞达到80%融合的时候即可传代用于试验。经α-SMA免疫组织化学染色鉴定纯度>95%。

血管平滑细细胞长至融合状态后用于实验,在常规培养基(10% DEME细胞培养液)中加入10 mmol/L β磷酸甘油(β-GP)和7.2 mmol/L氯化钙,每隔2 d换1次液体,连续培养14 d,建立血管平滑肌细胞钙化模型。

1.5. 小鼠血清血脂、血糖检测

小鼠摘取眼球取血,4 ℃下3000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液,使用BECKMAN COULTER Au2700全自动生物化学仪分析血糖、血甘油三酯、血胆固醇水平。

1.6. HE染色和von Kossa染色

HE染色:小鼠主动脉弓经4%多聚甲醛固定后,然后进行包埋、切片、脱蜡、脱水、HE染色处理,于普通光学显微镜下拍照记录。von Kossa染色:组织石蜡切片经脱蜡、脱水后,置于硝酸盐溶液中照射30 min进行染色,蒸馏水清洗3次后,使用硫代硫酸钠溶液定影和中性品红复染,蒸馏水再次冲洗后于显微镜下观察钙盐沉积情况,使用Image-Pro Plus分析钙盐沉积面积百分比。

1.7. 免疫组织化学染色检测Runx-2和BMP-2表达量

取组织石蜡切片,柠檬酸缓冲液中修复后,BSA封闭液封闭,然后滴加一抗抗体Runx-2(1∶300)或BMP-2(1∶300),4 ℃孵育过夜,蒸馏水冲洗3次,然后滴加二抗抗体,37 ℃孵育1 h,蒸馏水冲洗3次,滴加DAB显色,然后复染、脱水、封片,在显微镜下观察并拍照。每张切片取5个高倍镜视野,计算Runx-2或BMP-2阳性面积百分率。

1.8. 主动脉组织钙含量的测定

取主动脉组织放入盐酸中过夜,次日取上清液进行钙含量测定,使用酶标仪检测吸光度,计算出钙含量(mg/g)。

1.9. TUNEL法检测血管平滑肌细胞凋亡情况

取血管平滑肌细胞建立钙化模型,使用多聚甲醛固定细胞,使用TUNEL试剂盒测定细胞凋亡,每样本中加入50 μL标记液,常温下培养60 min,然后加入辣根过氧化物培育30 min,PBS冲洗后,加入显色剂,细胞核染成棕色提示细胞凋亡,显微镜下计数并记录。

1.10. Western blot法检测主动脉组织BI-1、OPA1蛋白的表达水平

取主动脉组织制备匀浆,加入细胞裂解液裂解30 min,BCA法检测蛋白浓度,经上样、电泳、电转、封闭后,加入一抗(BI-1抗体、OPA1抗体、Runx-2抗体、BMP-2抗体、活化的caspase-3抗体均按1∶1000稀释)4 ℃孵育过夜,洗膜后使用辣根过氧化物酶标记的二抗(1∶1000)室温孵育2 h。冲洗后,暗室曝光,扫描条带。使用Image J软件分析灰度值,以β-actin为内参。

1.11. 统计学方法

应用SPSS19.0软件进行统计学处理。计量资料用均数±标准差表示,多组间比较采用单因素方差分析,两组间比较作独立样本t检验,计数资料以百分数表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. 小鼠体质量、血糖、血脂比较

与Control组比较,VC组、VC+BI-1TG组和VC+ BI-1TG+OPA1-/-组体质量、血糖、血胆固醇、血甘油三酯均升高(P < 0.001)。与VC组比较,VC+BI-1TG组和VC+ BI-1TG+OPA1-/-组体质量、血糖、血胆固醇、血甘油三酯差异无统计学意义(P>0.05,表 1)。

表 1.

小鼠体质量、血糖、血脂比较

Comparison of body weight, blood glucose, and plasma lipid levels among the 4 groups of mice (n=6)

Parameter Control group VC group VC+BI-1TG VC+BI-1TG+OPA1-/-
*P < 0.05 vs control.
Weight(g) 27.42±0.98 35.22±1.58* 34.27±1.27* 34.21±1.39*
Serum glucose (mmol/L) 5.58±0.52 23.54±1.09* 22.64±1.23* 22.93±1.44*
Blood cholesterol (mmol/L) 10.78±1.22 23.82±2.49* 22.13±2.17* 24.11±2.33*
Blood triglyceride (mmol/L) 1.58±0.10 2.65±0.11* 2.59±0.15* 2.61±0.13*

2.2. 小鼠血管钙化后BI-1和OPA1的蛋白表达

小鼠血管钙化时,BI-1和OPA1蛋白表达均下降,差异有统计学意义(P=0.0044)。而过表达BI-1蛋白促进OPA1蛋白表达(P=0.0142,图 1)。为进一步验证BI-1和OPA1的相互作用关系,我们建立了血管平滑肌细胞钙化模型,结果显示β-GP和氯化钙能降低血管平滑肌细胞BI-1和OPA1蛋白,而上调BI-1蛋白能增加OPA1蛋白表达(图 2)。

图 1.

图 1

Western blot测定血管钙化BI-1蛋白和OPA1蛋白表达

Protein expression levels of BI-1 and OPA1 in the 4 groups of mice (n=6). *P < 0.01 vs control, #P < 0.05 vs VC, & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 2.

图 2

Western blot测定血管平滑肌细胞钙化BI-1蛋白和OPA1蛋白表达

Protein expression levels of BI-1 and OPA1 in vascular smooth muscle cells with calcification (n=6). *P < 0.01 vs control, #P < 0.01 vs β-GP, & P < 0.01 vs β-GP+BI-1TG.

2.3. BI-1/OPA1蛋白通路对小鼠血管钙化钙沉积和斑块面积的影响

von Kossa染色结果显示,血管钙化后钙盐沉积明显增多,过表达BI-1蛋白后钙盐沉积减少(P=0.0006),沉默OPA1蛋白后钙盐沉积再次增加(P=0.0007,图 3)。过表达BI-1蛋白不仅能减少钙化面积,还能减少斑块面积,而沉默OPA1蛋白后斑块面积增多(P=0.0013,图 4)。血管钙化后钙含量增加,过表达BI-1蛋白能降低钙含量,而沉默OPA1蛋白后钙含量再次增高(P < 0.001,图 5)。

图 3.

图 3

von Kossa染色测定钙化面积

Calcification area in the aorta in different groups (n=6). The black nodules indicated by the arrows are the calcified nodules. *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC, & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 4.

图 4

HE染色测定斑块面积

Atherosclerotic lesions in different groups (n=6). Arrows indicate the atherosclerotic plaques. *P < 0.01 vs control, #P < 0.01 vs VC, & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 5.

图 5

各组主动脉组织钙含量测定

Calcium content in different groups (n=6). *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC; & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

2.4. BI-1/OPA1蛋白通路对小鼠血管钙化Runx-2和BMP-2表达的影响

免疫组织化学和Western blot结果显示,血管钙化后Runx-2和BMP-2表达增加,过表达BI-1蛋白后Runx-2和BMP-2表达下降,而沉默OPA1蛋白后Runx-2(P=0.0008)和BMP- 2表达恢复到钙化时水平(P= 0.0045,图 6~8)。

图 6.

图 6

免疫组织化学染色测定Runx-2表达

Expression levels of Runx-2 in different groups (n=6). The arrow indicates the Runx-2-positive area. *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC; & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 8.

图 8

Western blot测定Runx-2蛋白和BMP-2蛋白表达

Protein expression levels of Runx-2 or BMP-2 in different groups (n=6). *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC; & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 7.

图 7

免疫组织化学染色测定BMP-2表达

Expression levels of BMP-2 in different groups (n=6). Arrows indicate the BMP-2 positive area. *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC; & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

2.5. BI-1/OPA1蛋白通路对小鼠血管钙化活化的caspase-3表达的影响

血管钙化后活化的caspase-3表达增加,过表达BI-1蛋白后活化的caspase-3蛋白表达减少;而沉默OPA1蛋白后活化的caspase-3蛋白表达再次增多(P=0.0054,图 9)。为进一步证实BI-1/OPA1蛋白通路对细胞凋亡的作用,我们建立了血管平滑肌细胞钙化模型,结果显示过表达BI-1蛋白明显抑制血管平滑肌细胞凋亡,而沉默OPA1蛋白后细胞凋亡又恢复到钙化时水平(P= 0.0002,图 10)。

图 9.

图 9

Western blot测定活化的caspase-3蛋白表达

Protein expression levels of active caspase- 3 in different groups (n=6). *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs VC; & P < 0.01 vs VC+BI-1TG.

图 10.

图 10

TUNEL法测定血管平滑肌细胞凋亡情况

Apoptosis rate in different groups (n=6). Arrows indicate nuclei of brown color as apoptotic cells. *P < 0.01 vs control; #P < 0.01 vs β-GP; & P < 0.01 vs β-GP+BI-1TG.

3. 讨论

血管钙化在糖尿病血管病变、动脉粥样硬化、慢性肾脏疾病中非常常见,是心血管急症的重要危险因子[14-16]。血管钙化分为两类:一类是发生在内膜的动脉粥样硬化钙化,另一类是发生在中膜的慢行肾脏疾病或者糖尿病肾病的钙化[17-19]。血管钙化的机制十分复杂,目前认为多种信号转导途径调节的主动过程,类似于骨发育过程。其机制学说主要包括:血管平滑肌细胞成骨型分化学说、钙或磷酸盐稳态失常、细胞凋亡、炎症等[20-23]。有学者提出BI-1在冠状动脉粥样硬化心脏病中发挥一定作用,BI-1可以抑制心肌微血管内皮细胞凋亡和结构破坏,进而减轻缺血再灌注引起的心脏损伤[24]。有研究结果提示过表达BI-1能减少心肾综合征引起的心肌细胞凋亡和心脏的损害[25]。最近研究表明BI-1是抗血管平滑肌细胞钙化的关键分子[3]。本研究通过构建小鼠血管钙化模型,发现血管钙化后,BI-1蛋白表达明显下降,血管组织钙含量、Runx-2、BMP-2和活化的caspase-3蛋白表达增加,而过表达BI-1蛋白能降低细胞钙含量、Runx-2、BMP-2和活化的caspase-3蛋白表达,进而减轻血管钙化。本研究从动物试验方面进一步证实了BI-1通过抑制细胞凋亡和细胞骨型分化发挥对血管的保护作用。

血管钙化时,激活线粒体融合/自噬能起到减轻血管钙化的作用[26-29]。前期研究发现,血管钙化时,OPA1表达减少,而促进OPA1表达能减少线粒体分裂,促进线粒体融合和自噬,保护线粒体结构和功能完整,减少氧化应激损伤等,进而减轻血管钙化[7, 30]。有研究发现BI-1能保护肾小管上皮细胞线粒体结构完整,减少线粒体氧化应激,促进线粒体呼吸功能,抑制线粒体分裂和线粒体凋亡,进而减轻急性肾损伤[12]。有研究发现BI-1蛋白能抑制心肌缺血再灌注损伤时线粒体膜通透性转换孔的开放,减少线粒体分裂和线粒体损伤引起的细胞凋亡[31]。但是血管钙化时BI-1是如何调控线粒体融合蛋白OPA1的,BI-1是否通过OPA1影响血管钙化,还有待于进一步明确。本研究结果发现,血管钙化后BI-1失活抑制OPA1蛋白表达,过表达BI-1蛋白后OPA1蛋白表达增加,结果提示BI-1可以调控OPA1的表达。另外我们进一步发现过表达BI-1能抑制钙沉积、细胞骨型分化和细胞凋亡,而基因敲除OPA1蛋白后,钙沉积、细胞骨型分化和细胞凋亡指标增加,血管钙化加重。

综上所述,本研究首次探讨BI-1/OPA1通路和血管钙化的关系,并进一步验证了BI-1对OPA1的调控关系,结果提示血管钙化可以抑制BI-1,减少OPA1表达;而促进BI-1蛋白表达,能激活OPA1表达,减轻血管钙化。相信随着研究的深入,将来一定为血管钙化诊断和治疗开辟新的方法和途径。本研究局限性在于缺乏更深入的机制研究,比如内质网应激、线粒体自噬等;另外缺乏BI-1TG;ApoE-/-小鼠组、BI-1TG;OPA1-/-;ApoE-/-小鼠组作为对照,有待进一步研究。

Biographies

陈韦任,博士,副主任医师,E-mail: chen_weiren@sina.com

杜辉,副主任护师,E-mail: hdu301@126.com

Funding Statement

国家重点研发计划“精准医学研究”重点专项(2017YFC0908800);北京市医院管理局“使命”计划专项经费资助(SML20180601);首都卫生发展科研专项(首发2020-2-2063);北京市教育委员会科技计划(KM200910025012);北京市自然科学基金(7202041);北京市博士后资助项目(202011)

Contributor Information

陈 韦任 (Weiren CHEN), Email: chen_weiren@sina.com.

杜 辉 (Hui DU), Email: hdu301@126.com.

钱 赓 (Geng QIAN), Email: qiangeng9396@263.net.

周 玉杰 (Yujie ZHOU), Email: azzyj12@163.com.

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