Skip to main content
Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2022 Mar 20;42(3):347–353. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.05

HSP90α通过调控气道上皮细胞内质网应激加重屋尘螨诱导的哮喘气道炎症

HSP90α exacerbates house dust mite-induced asthmatic airway inflammation by upregulating endoplasmic reticulum stress in bronchial epithelial cells

Haohua HUANG 1, Yujie QIAO 1, Yi HUANG 1, Hangming DONG 1,*
PMCID: PMC9010984  PMID: 35426797

Abstract

Objective

To explore the role of heat shock protein 90α (HSP90α) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway in allergic airway inflammation induced by house dust mite (HDM) in bronchial epithelial cells.

Methods

A HDM- induced asthmatic cell model was established in human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells by exposure to a concentration gradient (200, 400 and 800 U/mL) of HDM for 24 h. To test the effect of siHSP90α and HSP90 inhibitor 17-AAG on HDM-induced asthmatic inflammation, HBE cells were transfected with siHSP90α (50 nmol, 12 h) or pretreated with 17-AAG (900 nmol, 6 h) prior to HDM exposure (800 U/mL) for 24 h, and the changes in the expression of HSP90α and ER stress markers were assessed. We also tested the effect of nasal drip of 17-AAG, HDM, or their combination on airway inflammation and ER stress in C57BL/6 mice.

Results

In HBE cells, HDM exposure significantly up-regulated the expression of HSP90α protein (P=0.011) and ER stress markers XBP-1 (P=0.044), ATF-6α (P=0.030) and GRP-78 (P=0.027). Knocking down HSP90α and treatment with 17-AAG both significantly inhibited HDM-induced upregulation of XBP-1 (P=0.008). In C57BL/6 mice, treatment with 17-AAG obviously improved HDM-induced airway inflammation and significantly reduced the number of inflammatory cells in the airway (P=0.014) and lowered the levels of IL-4 (P=0.030) and IL-5 (P=0.035) in alveolar lavage fluid. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the expressions of XBP-1 and GRP-78 in airway epithelial cells decreased significantly after the treatment of 17-AAG.

Conclusions

HSP90α promotes HDM-induced airway allergic inflammation possibly by upregulating ER stress pathway in bronchial epithelial cells.

Keywords: asthma, endoplasmic reticulum stress, heat shock protein 90α, house dust mite


支气管哮喘是一种常见的慢性、非传染性的异质性疾病,以慢性气道炎症为特点[1, 2]。随着城市化和生活方式改变,哮喘发病率逐年上升[3],应用糖皮质激素可控制气道炎症和高反应性,但该治疗伴随多种不良反应[1, 4]。哮喘的有效防治,是临床上亟待解决的难题。

哮喘是基因异质性与环境共同作用的结果[5],屋尘螨(HDM)是最常见的致敏原之一[6]。致敏原引起气道上皮细胞受损、分泌炎症因子,营造气道炎症微环境[7, 8],与哮喘的发生发展密切相关[6, 9]。关注气道上皮细胞对于寻找有效、精准的哮喘治疗具有重要意义。

热休克蛋白90(HSP90)作为一种损伤修复分子,发挥分子伴侣功能修饰客户蛋白底物[10, 11],包括多种炎症相关蛋白[12-14]。有研究表明HSP90诱导气道杯状细胞化生[13],在体内模型中导致气道炎症恶化[15],说明HSP90参与哮喘炎症,但其机制尚未清晰阐明。

在Th2型哮喘患者中,气道上皮细胞内质网应激水平增高,与临床症状严重性呈正相关[16],在哮喘小鼠模型中内质网应激标志物显著升高[17],提示内质网应激在哮喘炎症中具有重要作用。HSP90调节内质网蛋白功能,参与内质网转运[18],两者紧密相关,但其相关性在哮喘中尚无报道。

HSP90的亚型HSP90α调节细胞功能[19],在多种炎症中发挥重要作用[20-22],提示HSP90α在上述病理生理过程中可能扮演核心角色。

课题组前期研究已证实分泌型HSP90α诱导气道上皮屏障破坏[23, 24],本研究聚焦于胞内HSP90α分子伴侣功能,首次关注哮喘中HSP90α与内质网应激的相关性与作用,进一步揭示哮喘炎症的机制。

因此,本研究拟通过干预气道上皮细胞HSP90α探究在HDM诱导的哮喘模型中HSP90α是否通过内质网应激调控哮喘气道炎症,以期为哮喘的精准治疗提供新的研究方向。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 材料

人气道上皮细胞株(HBE细胞,ATCC);角质细胞培养基(KM培养基,ScienCell);胎牛血清(GIBCO);脂质体(Lipofectamine3000,Invitrogen);Opti-MEM减血清培养基(Invitrogen);屋尘螨制剂(HDM,ALK-Abello);坦螺旋霉素(17-AAG,Selleckchem);内质网红色荧光探针(ER-Tracker Red),Hoechst 33342活细胞染色液(碧云天);苏木素染液,伊红染液,瑞氏-姬萨姆复合染液(索莱宝);白介素4(IL-4)、白介素5(IL-5)、白介素13(IL-13)Elisa试剂盒(Proteintech);免疫组化兔二步法检测试剂盒(中国北京中杉金桥生物技术有限公司);兔抗HSP90α多克隆抗体),兔抗磷酸甘油醛脱氢酶(GAPDH)多克隆抗体(CST);兔抗X盒结合蛋白1(XBP-1s)多克隆抗体,兔抗活化转录因子6α(ATF-6α)多克隆抗体,兔抗葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP-78)多克隆抗体(Proteintech);驴抗兔红外二抗(Licor)。

1.2. 方法

1.2.1. 细胞培养

HBE细胞在KM培养基中培养。HDM浓度梯度刺激分组如下:正常对照组;200 U/mL组:用HDM(200 U/mL)处理24 h;400 U/mL组:用HDM(400 U/mL)处理24 h;800 U/mL组:用HDM(800 U/mL)处理24 h。SiHSP90α干扰序列与17-AAG处理分组如下:正常对照组;HDM组:用HDM(800 U/mL)处理24 h,诱导哮喘体外模型;HDM+siHSP90α组:在HDM(800 U/mL)处理前用siHSP90α序列转染12 h;HDM+17-AAG组:在HDM(800 U/mL)处理前用17- AAG(900 nmol/L)预处理6 h;2 d/次更换培养基。

1.2.2. 细胞转染

HBE细胞转染前1 d传代至6孔板,第2天细胞生长密度约50%~60%,用Lipofectamin3000进行siHSP90α序列(上海吉玛制药技术有限公司)转染,加入体积与siRNA为1∶1,转染终浓度为50 nmol。转染12 h后更换培养基,进行相关细胞实验。

1.2.3. 细胞内质网染色

HBE细胞传代铺于中皿中,按照实验设计处理后每皿加入200 µL ER-Tracker Red工作液(1∶1000)孵育30 min,PBS清洗后每皿加入50 µL Hoechst 33342活细胞染色液工作液(1∶100)孵育10 min后荧光显微镜拍照记录。

1.2.4. Western blot

根据蛋白相对分子质量配制相应浓度(8%~12%)的PAGE胶,以120 V恒压电泳至染料到达胶的底部,以250 mA恒流转膜,转膜时间根据蛋白相对分子质量+30 min公式来计算,5%的BSA溶液封闭1 h,孵育相应的一抗稀释液8 h(兔抗HSP90α浓度为1∶1000,兔抗GAPDH浓度为1∶5000),孵育对应种属的二抗(二抗浓度为1∶10 000)2 h,Licor Odyssey显影仪显影,保存图像。

1.2.5. PCR扩增

使用Trizol法提取HBE细胞的总RNA,取500 ng总RNA,使用TAKARA逆转录试剂盒逆转录为cDNA(10 µL体系),根据Premix TaqTM 10 µL+ 上游引物4 µL+下游引物4 µL+cDNA1.6 µL+DEPC水7.6 µL的体系进行扩增反应后保存,引物序列参考表 1。

表 1.

PCR扩增的引物序列

Primer sequence of PCR amplification

Gene Primer sequence 5'-3'
F: Forward primer; R: Revise primer.
HSP90AA1
F: AGGAGGTTGAGACGTTCGC
R: AGAGTTCGATCTTGTTTGTTCGG
GAPDH
F: GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC
R: GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC
XBP-1
F: CCCTCCAGAACATCTCCCCAT
R: ACATGACTGGGTCCAAGTTGT
ATF-6α
F: TCCTCGGTCAGTGGACTCTTA
R: CTTGGGCTGAATTGAAGGTTTTG
GRP-78
F: CATCACGCCGTCCTATGTCG
R: CGTCAAAGACCGTGTTCTCG

1.2.6. 琼脂糖凝胶电泳

配置2%的琼脂糖凝胶,上样后调电压至150 V,电泳20~30 min后停止电泳,取出凝胶后在BIO-RAD红外凝胶成像仪中显影。

1.2.7. 动物造模

SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠36只,6~8周龄,体质量20~24 g,饲养于南方医科大学公共卫生学院清洁级动物房,随机分为4组,9只/组:正常对照组;17-AAG组;HDM组;HDM+17-AAG组。本实验经南方医院实验动物伦理委员会批准(NFYY-2021-1205)。

1.2.7.1. 致敏

HDM及HDM+17-AAG组每只小鼠在Day0、Day7腹腔注射100 µL的HDM混合液(4000 U/ 只,HDM40 µL+PBS60 µL);正常对照组及17-AAG组对应注射100 µL的PBS。

1.2.7.2. 激发

Day8在异氟烷吸入麻醉下,HDM处理组的小鼠每2 d经气道滴注给药10 µL HDM混合液(400 U/只,HDM4 µL + PBS6 µL),总共激发10次。HDM+17-AAG组激发前进行17-AAG混合液滴鼻(1 µg/10 µL),最后一次激发后的24 h内处死小鼠进行收样。

1.2.8. 肺泡灌洗液计数

将收集的肺泡灌洗液充分混匀,吸取10 µL滴加到自动细胞计数板中,放入细胞计数仪内,调整相关参数,测得细胞总数后保存数据。

1.2.9. H&E染色

取小鼠左侧肺脏,多聚甲醛固定、石蜡包埋、连续切片,经脱蜡、水化后予苏木素+伊红染色后封片。

1.2.10. 瑞氏-姬萨姆染色

收集小鼠肺泡灌洗液,重悬后滴于载玻片上,固定后使用瑞氏-姬萨姆染液染色后封片。

1.2.11. ELISA法

收集小鼠肺泡灌洗液,加样品到Elisa反应孔中,室温孵育2 h,洗板后加入酶标抗体,室温避光孵育2 h,洗板后加入显色底物,避光孵育30 min,终止反应后酶标仪上机检测发光度。

1.2.12. 免疫组织化学染色

取小鼠左侧肺脏,多聚甲醛固定、石蜡包埋、连续切片,经脱蜡、水化后封闭,孵育一抗8 h(XBP-1 1∶50, GRP-78 1∶50),在37 ℃下二抗孵育1 h,DAB显色、苏木素复染,透明后封片。

1.3. 统计学分析

应用SPSS 19.0统计学软件,实验数据用均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用单因素方差分析,以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义,所有实验都是独立重复3次。

2. 结果

2.1. 在HDM诱导的哮喘体外模型中,HBE细胞的 HSP90α与内质网应激标志物表达水平上调

在浓度梯度的HDM刺激下,与对照组相比,HDM浓度到200 U/mL的浓度时,内质网探针即出现明显的强红色荧光(图 1A)。HDM浓度达到400 U/mL及800 U/mL的浓度组中,HSP90α的mRNA表达水平变化无统计学意义(P=0.218,图 1B);HDM浓度达到800 U/mL时,HSP90α的蛋白表达水平出现显著上调(P=0.011,图 1B)。在HDM的刺激下,内质网应激标志物XBP-1(P=0.044)、ATF-6α(P=0.030)与GRP-78(P= 0.027)均出现表达水平显著上调(图 1C)。

图 1.

图 1

HDM对HBE细胞的HSP90α与内质网应激标志物表达水平的影响

Expression of HSP90α and ER stress markers in HBE cells induced by house dust mite (HDM). A: ER Tracker Red staining of the cells treated with a concentration gradient of HDM (Original magnification: × 400). B. The mRNA and protein expressions of HSP90α in HBE cells treated with a concentration gradient of HDM. C: Expressions of XBP-1, ATF- 6α and GRP-78 in the treated cells. *P < 0.05 vs control group (n=3).

2.2. 敲低HSP90α和使用HSP90抑制剂17-AAG抑制HBE细胞的内质网应激标志物的表达水平

相较于对照组,HDM组的HSP90α、XBP-1、ATF- 6α与GRP-78出现表达上调(图 2),与HDM组相比,HDM+siHSP90α组中,HSP90α的表达显著下调,表明HSP90α被敲低(P=0.048,图 2A)。在HDM+siHSP90α组中,XBP-1(P=0.008)表达出现下调,GRP-78(P= 0.077)表达变化无统计学意义,而ATF-6α在17-AAG处理下才出现下调(图 2B)。

图 2.

图 2

siHSP90α和17-AAG对HDM诱导的HBE内质网应激标志物表达水平的影响

Effect of siHSP90α and 17-AAG on the expression of ER stress markers in HBE cells exposed to HDM. A: Expression of HSP90α treated with siHSP90α or 17-AAG. B: Expression of XBP-1, ATF-6α and GRP-78 treated with siHSP90α or 17-AAG. *P < 0.05 vs HDM group, **P < 0.01 vs HDM group (n=3).

2.3. 在HDM诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中,17-AAG抑制气道炎症水平

HDM滴鼻致敏及激发建立了炎症细胞聚集的哮喘模型,而17-AAG处理后,可以减少气道上皮细胞周围的炎症细胞聚集(图 3A),同时减少肺泡灌洗液中的炎症细胞数(P=0.014,图 3B)。同样Elisa提示在17- AAG处理后哮喘小鼠肺泡灌洗液中Th2炎症因子IL-4(P=0.030)、IL-5(P=0.035)显著下调,IL-13(P=0.099)变化无统计学意义(图 3C)。

图 3.

图 3

17-AAG改善HDM诱导的哮喘小鼠模型的气道炎症

17-AAG improves the airway inflammation in mice with HDM-induced asthma. A: HE staining showing the aggregation of inflammatory cells around the airway (×200). B: Giemsa staining and bronchial alveolar lavage fluid count of alveolar lavage fluid cells (×400). C: ELISA for detecting the levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 in alveolar lavage fluid. *P < 0.05 vs control group, ***P < 0.001 vs control group, #P < 0.05 vs HDM group, n=3.

2.4. 在HDM诱导的哮喘小鼠模型中,17-AAG抑制气道上皮细胞的内质网应激标志物表达水平

在哮喘小鼠模型中,免疫组织化学染色结果提示,相较于对照组与17-AAG组,HDM组的气道上皮细胞中XBP-1与GRP-78的免疫组化染色明显加深,而在17-AAG处理后,XBP-1与GRP-78的免疫组化染色明显变浅(图 4A)。

图 4.

图 4

17-AAG抑制HDM哮喘小鼠模型中气道上皮细胞的内质网应激

17-AAG inhibits ER stress in airway epithelial cells in HDM-induced asthmatic mouse model (Immunohistochemical staining, ×400).

3. 讨论

本研究通过HDM诱导的哮喘体外实验,发现HBE细胞分子HSP90α表达上调,证实HSP90α参与哮喘发生发展,与国外相关文献报道结果一致[13, 15]。已有报道表明HSP90α可修饰多种内质网应激相关蛋白[18, 25, 26],但在哮喘炎症中的作用尚未见报道。本研究围绕HSP90α对内质网应激蛋白修饰作用展开,我们发现,在HDM刺激下,HBE细胞出现内质网应激,内质网应激标志物表达上调,这进一步提示了两者之间的关联性。

在本研究的体外实验中,敲低HSP90α基因及使用HSP90抑制剂17-AAG均可降低多种内质网应激标志蛋白的表达;而在体内实验中,气道滴注17-AAG可改善气道炎症水平,并降低气道上皮细胞的多种内质网应激标志蛋白水平。由此可见,HSP90与细胞内质网应激存在紧密的相关性,且HSP90α可能发挥角色作用。

内质网是一种特殊的细胞器,协调真核细胞蛋白质的合成、折叠和运输[27]。当外界因素影响下,内质网正确折叠蛋白质的功能受到干扰,引起内质网应激,进一步激活细胞未折叠蛋白反应(UPR),若内质网应激持续存在或加重,UPR会诱导细胞凋亡[28]。有研究报道,在过敏原刺激下,气道上皮细胞会发生UPR诱导的凋亡[29],从而导致上皮屏障破坏,促进炎症因子释放,加重气道炎症,引起哮喘发作。而在本研究中首次发现,在哮喘中HSP90α是内质网应激蛋白重要的分子伴侣,当其受到抑制时可以缓解气道上皮细胞内质网应激,改善气道炎症。同时相关研究发现,哮喘患者外周血HSP90表达高于健康人群,提示HSP90α是一种有潜力的生物标志物[30]。然而HSP90α是否直接影响,内质网应激从而减少UPR引起的气道上皮细胞细胞凋亡,进而改善气道炎症、延缓哮喘进程仍有待进一步研究。

综上所述,本研究通过体内、体外实验证明了HSP90α参与HDM诱导的哮喘气道炎症,并可能通过调控内质网应激这一通路实现;抑制HSP90α可改善上皮细胞内质网应激和气道炎症。因此,干预HSP90α可能成为治疗哮喘的新手段。

Biography

黄浩华,硕士,E-mail: 532755318@qq.com

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(82170032)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170032)

Contributor Information

黄 浩华 (Haohua HUANG), Email: 532755318@qq.com.

董 航明 (Hangming DONG), Email: dhm@smu.edu.cn.

References

  • 1.Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, et al. Global Initiative for Asthma Strategy 2021:executive summary and rationale for key changes. Eur Respir J. 2021;59(1):2102730. doi: 10.1183/13993003.02730-2021. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.刘 春涛, 周 新. 中国过敏性哮喘诊治指南(第一版, 2019年) 中华内科杂志. 2019;58(9):636–55. [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Chung KF, Wenzel SE, Brozek JL, et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(2):343–73. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00202013. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.周 新, 沈 华浩, 钟 南山, et al. 支气管哮喘防治指南(2020年版) 中华结核和呼吸杂志. 2020;43(12):1023–48. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112147-20200618-00721. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Papi A, Brightling C, Pedersen SE, et al. Asthma. Lancet. 2018;391(10122):783–800. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33311-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Acevedo N, Zakzuk J, Caraballo L. House dust mite allergy under changing environments. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2019;11(4):450–69. doi: 10.4168/aair.2019.11.4.450. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Georas SN, Rezaee F. Epithelial barrier function: at the front line of asthma immunology and allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(3):509–20. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.05.049. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. Barrier epithelial cells and the control of type 2 immunity. Immunity. 2015;43(1):29–40. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.07.007. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Calderón MA, LinnebergA, Kleine-Tebbe J, et al. Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: what do we really know? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;136(1):38–48. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Banerjee M, Hatial I, Keegan BM, et al. Assay design and development strategies for finding Hsp90 inhibitors and their role in human diseases. Pharmacol Ther. 2021;221:107747. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107747. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Jayaprakash P, Dong HM, Zou MC, et al. Hsp90α and Hsp90β together operate a hypoxia and nutrient paucity stress-response mechanism during wound healing. J Cell Sci. 2015;128(8):1475–80. doi: 10.1242/jcs.166363. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Piippo N, Korhonen E, Hytti M, et al. Hsp90 inhibition as a means to inhibit activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):6720. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-25123-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Pezzulo AA, Tudas RA, Stewart CG, et al. HSP90 inhibitor geldanamycin reverts IL-13-and IL-17-induced airway goblet cell Metaplasia. J Clin Invest. 2019;129(2):744–58. doi: 10.1172/JCI123524. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Nizami S, Arunasalam K, Green J, et al. Inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome by HSP90 inhibitors. Immunology. 2021;162(1):84–91. doi: 10.1111/imm.13267. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Lee MY, Sun KH, Chiang CP, et al. Nitric oxide suppresses LPSinduced inflammation in a mouse asthma model by attenuating the interaction of IKK and Hsp90. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015;240(4):498–507. doi: 10.1177/1535370214554880. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Bhakta NR, Christenson SA, Nerella S, et al. IFN-stimulated gene expression, type 2 inflammation, and endoplasmic Reticulum stress in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(3):313–24. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201706-1070OC. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Kim SR, Kim DI, Kang MR, et al. Endoplasmic Reticulum stress influences bronchial asthma pathogenesis by modulating nuclear factor κB activation. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;132(6):1397–408. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.08.041. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Kudze T, Mendez-Dorantes C, Jalloh CS, et al. Evidence for interaction between Hsp90 and the ER membrane complex. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2018;23(5):1101–15. doi: 10.1007/s12192-018-0908-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Li W, Tsen F, Sahu D, et al. Extracellular Hsp90 (eHsp90) as the actual target in clinical trials: intentionally or unintentionally. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2013;303:203–35. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-407697-6.00005-2. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 20.Tkachenko AS, Gubina-Vakulyck GI, Klochkov VK, et al. Experimental evaluation of the impact of gadolinium orthovanadate GdVO4:Eu3+ nanoparticles on the carrageenan-induced intestinal inflammation. Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove) 2020;63(1):18–24. doi: 10.14712/18059694.2020.11. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Kim BK, Park M, Kim JY, et al. Heat shock protein 90 is involved in IL-17-mediated skin inflammation following thermal stimulation. Int J Mol Med. 2016;38(2):650–8. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2627. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Sun K, Wang X, Fang N, et al. SIRT2 suppresses expression of inflammatory factors via Hsp90-glucocorticoid receptor signalling. J Cell Mol Med. 2020;24(13):7439–50. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.15365. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Dong HM, Le YQ, Wang YH, et al. Extracellular heat shock protein 90α mediates HDM-induced bronchial epithelial barrier dysfunction by activating RhoA/MLC signaling. Respir Res. 2017;18:111. doi: 10.1186/s12931-017-0593-y. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Ye CP, Huang CW, Zou MC, et al. The role of secreted Hsp90α in HDM-induced asthmatic airway epithelial barrier dysfunction. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19:218. doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0938-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Burress H, Kellner A, Guyette J, et al. HSC70 and HSP90 chaperones perform complementary roles in translocation of the cholera toxin A1 subunit from the endoplasmic Reticulum to the cytosol. J Biol Chem. 2019;294(32):12122–31. doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA119.008568. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Kubra KT, Uddin MA, Akhter MS, et al. Hsp90 inhibitors induce the unfolded protein response in bovine and mice lung cells. Cell Signal. 2020;67:109500. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109500. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Patil NA, Tailhades J, Hughes RA, et al. Cellular disulfide bond formation in bioactive peptides and proteins. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(1):1791–805. doi: 10.3390/ijms16011791. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Hetz C, Zhang KZ, Kaufman RJ. Mechanisms, regulation and functions of the unfolded protein response. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2020;21(8):421–38. doi: 10.1038/s41580-020-0250-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Dastghaib S, Kumar PS, Aftabi S, et al. Mechanisms targeting the unfolded protein response in asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2021;64(1):29–38. doi: 10.1165/rcmb.2019-0235TR. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Tong W, Luo W. Heat shock proteins mRNA expressions by peripheral blood mononuclear cells in asthma and chronic bronchitis. Chin Med J (Engl) 2000;113(2):175–7. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Journal of Southern Medical University are provided here courtesy of Editorial Department of Journal of Southern Medical University

RESOURCES