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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2022 Mar 20;42(3):438–442. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.18

皖南蝮蛇毒抑瘤组分-Ⅰ通过MMP2抑制三阴性乳腺癌细胞体外血管生成拟态

Agkistrodon halys venom antitumor component-I inhibits vasculogenic mimicry in triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro by down-regulating MMP2

Yu GE 1, Linming LU 1, Shuyu TIAN 1, Yu XIAO 1, Shangfu XIE 1, Qi WANG 1, Hui ZHI 1,*
PMCID: PMC9010989  PMID: 35426810

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the inhibitory effect of agkistrodon halys venom antitumor component-I (AHVAC-I) on vasculogenic mimicry (VM) formation in triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells and explore its possible mechanism.

Methods

CCK8 assay was used to determine the optimal concentration of AHVAC-I for cell treatment based on its halfinhibitory concentration (IC50). MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different concentrations of AHVAC-I or 5-Fu, and the changes in vasomimetic capacity of the cells were examined using Matrigel assay. The expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and MMP9 in the treated cells were detected using quantitative PCR and Western blotting.

Results

Compared with the control treatment with culture medium, treatment with 5, 10 and 20 μg/mL AHVAC-I significantly reduced vasomimetic ability of MDA-MB-231 cells in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.01). MMP2 supplementation obviously restored the vasomimetic ability of the cells inhibited by AHVAC-I.

Conclusion

AHVAC-I inhibits VM formation in triplenegative breast cancer cells in vitro by down-regulating MMP2 production.

Keywords: agkistrodon halys venom antitumor component-I, triple-negative breast cancer, vasculogenic mimicry, matrix metalloproteinase-2


三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)是雌激素受体、孕激素受体和人类表皮生长因子受体-2表达均为阴性的一类乳腺癌[1]。与其他类型的乳腺癌相比,TNBC在年轻女性群体中的发病率高,恶性程度高,患者的预后差,患者死亡的主要原因是复发和转移[2]。因此,采取有效的预防及治疗TNBC的复发转移已经成为乳腺癌治疗的关键。

血管生成拟态(VM)是一种肿瘤微循环模式,是高侵袭性肿瘤细胞为了满足自身的血供,通过自身变形和细胞外基质重塑而形成的一种不需要内皮细胞参与生成的肿瘤血管[3]。临床研究已经证实TNBC组织中存在VM,且VM阳性表达率与肿瘤大小、淋巴转移情况相关[4]。开发新型有效的药物抑制TNBC中血管拟态的出现,对于预防与治疗TNBC的复发转移至关重要。作为基质金属蛋白酶的重要成员,基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP-2)被证实不仅与乳腺癌的分级和浸润有关,更被发现与乳腺癌组织内的VM形成密切相关[5]。

从毒蛇头部毒腺中分泌出来的蛇毒是由蛋白质、多肽、酶类及其它小分子组成的复杂混合物,其中蛋白和多肽占其干重的约95%[6]。研究证实蛇毒不仅对普通型的乳腺癌细胞有杀伤作用[7-9],对TNBC细胞MADMB-231也有细胞毒性效应。虽然蛇毒可以抑制TNBC肿瘤细胞的增殖[10, 11],但是其能否通过抑制TNBC肿瘤细胞的血管拟态功能减少TNBC的转移与复发尚未见研究。皖南蝮蛇毒抑瘤组分(Ⅰ AHVAC-I)是皖南医学院蛇毒研究所自皖南蝮蛇蛇毒中提取得到的组分。本文通过研究AHVAC-I对TNBC细胞MDA-MB-231的体外血管生成拟态的影响及作用机制,初步探讨AHVAC-I潜在的抑制乳腺癌的转移与复发的抗肿瘤机制。

1. 材料和方法

1.1. 化学试剂与实验材料

AHVAC-Ⅰ为皖南医学院蛇毒研究所提纯制备的冻干粉,临用前双蒸水溶解成适用浓度。TNBC细胞株MDA-MB-231(中科院细胞库),高糖DMEM与0.25% 胰酶(GIBICO),胎牛血清(NSERA),CCK8检测试剂(碧云天),基质胶(BD),Trizol、cDNA反转录试剂盒及定量PCR检测试剂盒(全式金),MMP2 ELISA试剂盒(Abcam),MMP2抗体(CST)。

1.2. CCK8检测

收集对数生长期的内皮细胞,制备成浓度为5× 105/mL的细胞悬液。将细胞悬液加入96孔培养板中(100 μL /孔)。按实验分组(对照组、AHVAC-I实验组、5-Fu组)将96孔板置于培养箱中37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养24 h后加入不同浓度AHVAC-I培养24 h,加入10 μL/孔CCK-8试剂,于培养箱内培育1 h后,用酶标仪于450 nm波长处检测溶液光密度A450 nm。

1.3. 血管生成拟态实验

将Matrigel加到预冷的24孔板中,300 μL/孔,37 ℃下培养箱内孵育30 min后,在每孔内接种等体积的浓度为1×105/mL MDA-MB-231细胞悬液,培养24 h后,显微镜下观察细胞的形态变化及管道形成情况,计数管状结构数量,重复3次独立实验。

1.4. MDA-MB-231CM中MMP2的含量检测

收集AHVAC-I作用MDA-MB-231细胞24 h后的培养上清(MDA-MB-231CM),采用双抗体酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA) 检测MMP2浓度,操作方法按照试剂盒说明书进行。

1.5. 基因表达水平检测

Trizol提取各组细胞总RNA,反转录后,进行RTPCR检测。反应条件为:90 ℃ 30 s、90 ℃ 10 s、55 ℃ 30 s,进行40个循环。mRNA表达水平以管家基因GAPDH为内参,RT-PCR的结果用2-△△CT法分析,每个样品进行3次重复。

将MDA-MB-231接种于6孔板,对各组细胞进行AHVAC-I处理,24 h后收集细胞,裂解细胞提取蛋白后用BCA试剂盒定量测定蛋白浓度后转至PVDF膜5% 脱脂奶粉封闭1 h,按1∶1000比例加入GAPDH、MMP2抗体,4 ℃上孵育过夜,冲洗后,按1∶5000比例稀释HPR标记二抗,室温下孵育1 h,洗膜后用ECL化学发光试剂盒显色,显影。实验均重复3次。

1.6. 统计分析

采用OringinPro 8.0统计软件处理结果,经正态性检验,数据均符合正态分布,定量资料以均数±标准差来表示,组间比较采用t检验,以P < 0.05表示差异有统计学意义。

2. 结果

2.1. AHVAC-I抑制MDA-MB-231细胞活力

使用CCK8检测不同浓度AHVAC-I(5、10、20、40、80、100 μg/mL)暴露后的MDA-MB-231细胞,24 h后5、10、20 μg/mL浓度组MDA-MB-231细胞的活力降低不到30%,但40 μg/mL浓度组细胞的活力下降53.61%,IC50值为32.96 μg/mL(图 1)。根据IC50值将AHVAC-I的作用浓度定为5、10、20 μg/mL。

图 1.

图 1

CCK8检测不同浓度AHVAC- I(0~40 μg/mL)作用MDA-MB-231细胞24 h后细胞增殖率变化

Cytotoxicity ofAHVAC-I in MDA-MB-231 cells after 24 h of treatment. BC: Blank control. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001 vs BC.

2.2. AHVAC-I抑制MDA-MB-231细胞体外血管拟态的形成

将AHVAC-I作用24 h后的MDA-MB-231细胞置于基质胶上培养24 h。结果显示,阴性对照组细胞相互连接,呈现出单个环状或多个环状相连的网状样血管结构。相较于空白对照组,AHVAC-I处理后的MDAMB-231细胞形成的管道数目减少(P < 0.05),且管道形成数量的减少呈现剂量依赖效应。10、20 μg/mL AHVAC-I处理后MDA-MB-231细胞形成的管道数目低于与5-Fu(50 μg/mL)处理组(P < 0.05,图 2A)。

图 2.

图 2

AHVAC-I(5,10,20 μg/mL)抑制MDA-MB-231细胞血管生成拟态的能力

Vasculogenic mimicry (VM) tube formation assay in MDAMB-231 cells with different treatments. A: Cells with different treatments were seeded on 24-well plate coated with Matrigel at 2× 105 cells/mL for 24 h. B: Quantitative analysis of VM structures in each group. b1P < 0.05; b2P < 0.001; c1P < 0.01; c2P < 0.001.

2.3. AHVAC-I抑制MDA-MB-231细胞MMP2分泌

ELISA实验结果显示,与空白对照组和5-Fu组相比,AHVAC-I作用24 h后,MDA-MB-231细胞分泌生成的MMP2降低(图 3A)。定量PCR与Western blot显示,AHVAC-I作用可抑制MMP2在MDA-MB-231细胞的表达,且不同浓度AHVAC-I作用后的MMP2表达水平的改变呈剂量依赖效应(P < 0.01,图 3B~D)。

图 3.

图 3

AHVAC-I(5,10,20 μg/mL)抑制MDA-MB-231细胞MMP2的生成

AHVAC-I down-regulates MMP2 level in MDA-MB-231 cells. A: MMP2 concentrations in supernatants of MDA-MB- 231 cells incubated with or without AHVAC-I. B: MMP2 mRNA expression level in MDA-MB-231 cells exposed to different concentrations of AHVAC-I. C: Immunoblots of MMP2 in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with different concentrations of AHVAC- I. D: Protein expression levels of MMP2 exposed to different concentrations of AHVAC- I. b1P < 0.01, b2P < 0.001 vs control group; c1P < 0.01, c2P < 0.001 vs 5-Fu group.

2.4. 提高MMP2水平有效减弱AHVAC-I抑制MDAMB-231细胞体外血管拟态的功能

2 nmol/L重组MMP2蛋白处理组加入20 μg/mL AHVAC-I作用细胞,24 h后置于基质胶上培养24 h。结果显示,相较于未加入重组MMP2蛋白的对照组,MDA-MB-231细胞体外成管的能力提高(P < 0.05,图 4)。20 μg/mL AHVAC-I加入Ad5/MMP2感染后的MDAMB-231细胞,24 h后置于基质胶上培养24 h。相较未加入AHVAC-I的对照组,AHVAC-I组的细胞体外成管形成的管道数目受到抑制(P < 0.05,图 5)。

图 4.

图 4

增加MMP2可有效抑制AHVAC-I对MDA-MB-231细胞血管拟态能力的抑制能力

MMP-2 supplementation increases VM tube formation in MDA-MB-231 cells treated with 20 μg/mL AHVAC-I. A: Representative VM tube formation in MDA-MB-231 cells by Matrigel assay. B: Quantitative analysis of the number of VM structures. bP < 0.001, cP < 0.001.

图 5.

图 5

AHVAC-I组的细胞体外成管形成的管道数目受到抑制

AHVAC-I inhibits VM tube formation in MDA-MB-231 cells. *P < 0.05.

3. 讨论

运用内皮血管靶向药物治疗TNBC被证实无法改善TNBC患者的临床结局[3, 12-14]。有研究认为这与TNBC组织中高表达的VM有关[15]。作为由肿瘤细胞相互连接形成的不规则管网状结构,VM在肿瘤早期血液供应中发挥着重要的作用,且随着肿瘤的不断增大,VM可与内皮细胞相互作用,构成马赛克样的网格结构[16, 17]。研究发现排列于TNBC组织VM通道周边的肿瘤细胞相较与其它部位的肿瘤细胞具有高度恶性、可塑性和低分化的特性,这类细胞可通过分泌蛋白酶降解周边的结缔组织,介导TNBC的早期转移,且VM阳性的TNBC患者的5年生存率显著低于VM阴性者[18]。近年来已经有多种新药被发现具有抑制TNBC细胞VM的能力,如马钱子碱、康普瑞汀、恩替诺特[16-18],可见开发针对乳腺癌细胞VM功能的靶向药已经成为研发有效抑制TNBC转移和复发的研究热点。

蛇毒作为天然毒性蛋白混合物,其组分被发现在抗乳腺癌方面具有良好的作用。如有研究从印度眼镜蛇毒中分离的NN-32蛋白毒素显示出对TNBC细胞MCF-7和MDA-MB-231的显著细胞毒性,且呈剂量和时间依赖性[10]。有研究从浙江尖吻蝮蛇毒中分离纯化得到的抗肿瘤活性多肽在10 μg /mL浓度时对MDA-MB-231细胞的增殖抑制率可达到30%~60%[11]。有文献发现,与纳米金颗粒偶联后的眼镜蛇蛇毒成分NKCT1,可以有效地抑制TNBC细胞MCF-7的迁移能力[19]。但是蛇毒是否具有抑制乳腺癌细胞的VM形成的能力,目前尚未见报道。AHVAC-I是皖南医学院蛇毒研究所自皖南蝮蛇蛇毒中提取得到的组分,既往研究证实它对多种实体肿瘤细胞的增殖有抑制效应。本研究通过比较AHVAC-I对于MDA-MB-231细胞体外三维培养中形成管腔能力的影响,探索AHVAC-I是否具有抑制TNBC组织中VM形成的功能。研究结果表明,与对照组相比,AHVAC-I处理后的MDA-MB-231细胞在基质胶中形成的管形,无论是小管的数量还是小管的面积都显著降低,且AHVAC-I抑制MDA-MB-231细胞小管形成能力呈现剂量依赖模式。进一步分析发现,10 μg/mL的AHVAC-I抑制小管形成的能力强过50 μg/mL的5-Fu的抑制能力。说明AHVAC-I可显著抑制TNBC细胞株MDA-MB-231体外管道形成能力,提示AHVAC-I可通过抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的恶性生物学行为,改善患者生存。

MMP2由肿瘤细胞、间质细胞以酶原形式分泌,活性的MMP2参与到肿瘤生长发展的各个阶段,被广泛认为是恶性肿瘤侵袭和转移的标志[20]。研究发现携MMP2靶向超声造影能够很好地显像早期肿瘤,如卵巢癌组织中VM的形成[21]。研究发现相较于正常的乳腺组织和乳腺良性肿瘤,乳腺癌组织中活性MMP2的表达水平显著升高[22],且在乳腺癌组织中VM形成的早期,MMP2即出现高表达;下调肿瘤细胞中MMP2的生成可显著抑制乳腺癌VM的形成[23]。本研究结果表明,AHVAC- I作用后MDA-MB-231细胞分泌生成的MMP2水平显著下降。这一结果与研究[24]发现YAP抑制剂通过抑制MMP2生成抑制肿瘤细胞管形生成能力相一致。本研究进一步的实验结果表明,提高MMP2水平可显著抑制AHVAC-I抑制的VM的能力,提示AHVAC-I作用可通过抑制MMP2分泌合成,抑制MDA-MB-231细胞的VM。

综上所述,本研究通过探究AHVAC-I抑制肿瘤细胞分泌生成MMP2,有效抑制TNBC细胞MDA-MB- 231的体外VM的能力。揭示了利用AHVAC-I靶向抑制MMP2生成抑制乳腺癌肿瘤细胞VM,进而抑制乳腺癌细胞转移的治疗前景,为进一步探索天然药物AHVAC-I的临床价值提供了实验依据。

Biography

葛钰,在读硕士研究生,E-mail: 1293301537@qq.com

Funding Statement

国家自然科学基金(21906122);安徽省大创基金项目(S201910368014)

Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (21906122)

Contributor Information

葛 钰 (Yu GE), Email: 1293301537@qq.com.

支 慧 (Hui ZHI), Email: zhi_hui01@hotmail.com.

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