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Journal of Southern Medical University logoLink to Journal of Southern Medical University
. 2022 Mar 20;42(3):443–447. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2022.03.19

体外循环术后早期升高的C反应蛋白与术后心房颤动有关

Elevation of C-reactive protein early after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is associated with occurrence of postoperative atrial fibrillation

何 勇 1, 刘 四云 1, 罗 永金 1, 吴 洪坤 1, 余 杨 1, 陈 灏 1,*
PMCID: PMC9010996  PMID: 35426811

Abstract

目的

探讨术后C反应蛋白水平与术后房颤发生情况的关系。

方法

回顾性分析我院2018年9月~2021年5月期间进行体外循环手术的550例患者,根据排除标准进行研究对象的筛选,最终入选患者363例,采用非参数检验(两独立样本Wilcoxon秩和检验)对年龄、术后早期C反应蛋白与术后房颤发生情况进行单因素分析,采用χ2检验分析研究对象性别、疾病类型、合并症发生情况与术后房颤发生情况的关系;多因素分析采用二分类logistic回归。

结果

本次研究中共入组363例患者,其中瓣膜病247例,主动脉夹层42例,冠心病37例,先天性心脏病37例。术后房颤发生人数101人,发生率为27.82%;术后C反应蛋白中位数88.65 mg/L,年龄中位数为57岁,最小5岁,最大77岁;将研究对象根据术后心房颤动的发生分为房颤组和窦性组。使用单因素和多因素相关性研究显示,术后早期C反应蛋白是术后心房颤动发生的重要因素。

结论

术后早期升高的C反应蛋白与术后房颤的发生有关系。

Keywords: 术后房颤, 体外循环, 心脏手术, C反应蛋白


术后心房颤动是心脏体外循环术后常见的并发症之一,其发生率为13%~44%[1]。术后心房颤动的发生严重影响着患者并发症的发生及死亡率,心律失常会引起心功能的改变,影响患者术后的恢复;同时心房颤动的发生,若抗凝治疗不达标,由于血流动力学的改变,有导致血栓形成,血栓脱落引起脏器梗阻缺血,甚至导致脑卒中的风险,增加患者住院时间及费用,以及术后死亡率[2-5]。通过筛选术后房颤发生风险较高的患者进行预防性治疗,尽量减少术后不必要的药物使用和房颤相关并发症的发生,减少患者的住院时间及费用。

为了更好的寻找预测指标,我们有必要了解术后房颤的发生机制,目前POAF的具体机制尚未完全清楚,一般认为是术中和术后多因素、多机制共同作用的结果,如炎性反应、氧化应激、交感神经激活、心房缺血等[6-8]。其中炎症反应是重要因素之一[9, 10],炎症导致心脏传导系统紊乱,促进POAF的发生[11, 12],抗生素的使用,能有效地减低术后房颤的发生[11]。C反应蛋白作为炎症反应的重要指标,目前研究显示,术前高C反应蛋白值与术后房颤的发生有关[13-15]。但术后早期C反应蛋白数值与术后房颤的发生目前仍有争议[16-18]。本文通过回顾我院体外循环术后患者C反应蛋白数值与术后房颤的发生,进一步探讨二者的规律及其相关性,达到早期预防及治疗,减少术后房颤相关并发症的发生,降低住院费用、时间。

1. 资料和方法

1.1. 一般资料

回顾分析我院2018年9月~2021年5月期间行体外循环手术的550例患者。入选标准:所有行体外循环心脏手术的患者。排除标准:(1)术前为心房颤动的患者;(2)术前为心房颤动,术中同期行房颤射频消融的患者;(3)术后有严重感染(如肺部感染等)的患者;(4)术后早期死亡(术后3 d内)的患者;(5)术后早期未严格监测C反应蛋白数值的患者共入选研究对象363例。术后早期常规每日行心电图检查,根据患者术后心电图结果(是否心房颤动)将研究对象分成房颤组和窦性组。

1.2. 质量控制

所有手术均有我科高级职称固定1~2人实施完成,手术流程按照标准同质化进行。术后心律监测:术后每天监测心电图检查,1周内获取房颤心律则有意义;C反应蛋白数值:术后每天监测C反应蛋白数值,具前期观察统计,患者一般术后3~4 dC反应蛋白数值达到顶峰,故本研究主要选取术后3~4 dC反应蛋白数值,若其余日期有更高的数值,则选取最高值。

1.3. 统计学分析

统计学软件采用SPSS 21.0软件包,统计描述:首先对计量资料进行正态性检验,满足正态分布时采用均数±标准差,不满足正态分布时采用M(Q25,Q75),计数资料采用n(%)表示;统计推断:若计量资料满足正态性,单因素分析采用两独立样本t检验,若计量资料不满足正态性检验则采用非参数检验(两独立样本Wilcoxon秩和检验),计数资料的单因素分析采用χ2检验。多因素分析采用二分类logistic回归分析。检验水准α=0.05。

2. 结果

2.1. 基本情况

本次研究中共入组363例患者,其中瓣膜病247例,主动脉夹层42例,冠心病37例,先天性心脏病37例。术后房颤101例,发生率为27.82%;术后C反应蛋白中位数88.65 mg/L,年龄中位数为57岁,最小5岁,最大77岁;术后早期每日行心电图检查,根据心电图结果将研究对象根据术后心房颤动的发生分为房颤组(AF)和窦性组。具体见表 1

表 1.

研究对象基本情况

Demographic and clinical data of the patients experiencing preoperative atrial fibrillation

Variable Total patient count AF group Sinus group
Age(year) 57(50, 65) 64(56, 68) 55(47, 65)
Gender
  Male 193(53.2%) 76(75.2%) 117(44.7%)
  Female 170(46.8%) 25(24.8%) 145(55.3%)
Comorbidity
  Yes 187(51.5%) 70(59.4%) 127(48.5%)
  No 176(48.5%) 41(40.6%) 135(51.5%)
Disease type
  Valve disease 247(68.0%) 73(72.2%) 174(66.4%)
  Aortic dissection 42(11.6%) 13(12.9%) 29(11.1%)
  Coronary heart disease 37(10.2%) 13(12.9%) 24(9.2%)
  Congenital heart disease 37(10.2%) 2(2.0%) 35(13.3%)
  C-reactive protein 88.65(65.45, 111.23) 167.54(116.93, 200.88) 77.52(57.53, 91.54)

2.2. 术后房颤发生影响因素的单因素分析

研究对象房颤发生可能影响因素(性别、年龄、合并症、疾病类型、术后C反应蛋白)进行单因素分析(表 2),患者术后发生心房颤动的可能影响因素中,年龄、疾病类型、术后C早期C反应蛋白数值具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),影响术后心房颤动的发生。

表 2.

术后房颤发生影响因素的单因素分析

Univariate analysis of factors associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation

Variable AF group Sinus group Testing Statistic P
Age(year) 64(56, 68) 55(47, 65) < 0.01
Gender 27.40 < 0.01
  Male 76(75.2%) 117(44.7%)
  Female 25(24.8%) 145(55.3%)
Comorbidity 3.49 0.06
  Yes 70(59.4%) 127(48.5%)
  No 41(40.6%) 135(51.5%)
Disease type 11.24 0.01
  Valve disease 73(72.2%) 174(66.4%)
  Aortic dissection 13(12.9%) 29(11.1%)
  Coronary heart disease 13(12.9%) 24(9.2%)
  Congenital heart disease 2(2.0%) 35(13.3%)
  C-reactive protein 167.54(116.93, 200.88) 77.52(57.53, 91.54) < 0.01

2.3. 术后房颤发生影响因素的多因素分析

对研究对象房颤发生可能影响因素的多因素分析采用二元logistc回归分析,以术后房颤的发生与否为因变量(窦性心律=0,房颤=1),共纳入5个自变量(性别、年龄、合并症、疾病类型、术后早期C反应蛋白),采用向后似然比进行自变量选择(表 3)。术后房颤发生影响因素的多因素分析显示,疾病类型、术后早期C反应蛋白数值与术后心房颤动的发生有统计学意义(P < 0.01),疾病类型中,与主动脉夹层对照,瓣膜病术后心房颤动的发生具有统计学意义,影响术后心房颤动的发生。

表 3.

术后房颤发生影响因素的多因素分析

Multivariate analysis of the factors associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation

Factor β Wald OR OR95% CI P
AD: Aortic dissection.
Gender 0.44 1.46 1.55 (0.76-3.17) 0.86
Age(year) 0.03 1.75 1.23 (0.99-1.07) 0.19
C-reactive protein 0.04 81.46 1.05 (1.04-1.06) < 0.01
Disease type 10.79 0.02
  Valve disease(vs AD) 1.76 7.90 5.79 (1.70-19.70) < 0.01
  Coronary heart disease (vs AD) 0.22 0.03 1.25 (0.12-12.50) 0.85
  Congenital heart disease (vs AD) 0.55 0.43 1.73 (0.33-9.08) 0.51
Comorbidity 0.06 0.03 1.07 (0.50-2.29) 0.86

3. 讨论

心脏术后早期心房颤动是一个较常见的并发症,目前研究显示其诱发因素是多方面的,其中炎症反应是重要影响因素之一,而C反应蛋白作为炎症主要指标之一,之前的研究中显示,其与术后房颤的发生有一定关系。本研究通过回顾分析本中心的相关数据,旨在探讨C反应蛋白与术后早期心房颤动发生的关系。本研究中影响心房颤动术后发生的单因素分析显示,年龄、疾病类型、术后C早期C反应蛋白数值具有统计学意义,影响术后心房颤动的发生。既往研究显示,年龄是术后房颤发生的一大因素[19],随着年龄的增长,术后心房颤动发生的几率大大增高[20-23],Shen等[21]研究表明72岁及以上患者发生术后心房颤动的可能性是12~54岁患者的5.57倍。这可能与高龄患者耐受多年心脏疾病的困扰,心脏功能下降,心脏结构改变更严重。同时患者随着年龄增高,免疫功能逐步下降,术前合并症多,肺部情况差,术中耐受体外循环炎性反应的能力越差,术后早期合并感染及其他并发症的几率更大,炎症反应更重,C反应蛋白值更高等方面有关系。疾病类型影响着术后心房颤动的发生,本研究结果显示,疾病类型也是影响着患者术后心房颤动的发生率的因素之一,其中瓣膜病术后心房颤动发生率远远高于其他心脏疾病,如冠心病、大血管疾病、先天性心脏病等,这主要与瓣膜病更容易导致心脏结构的改变有关,从而引起心脏重塑,引起术后心房颤动的发生。

炎症反应是术后心房颤动发生的主要机制之一[10, 24],但其具体机制仍不清楚,目前相关研究验证了炎症与术后早期心房颤动发生的相关性。Ishiid等[25]研究表明导致AF的折返回路取决于炎症的程度,并且发生在炎症最严重、传导不均匀和心房切开的区域。炎症是一个复杂的过程,参与释放细胞因子或增加氧化应激。促炎细胞因子,如白介素或肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α,也影响术后心房颤动的发展。已经证明,白介素-6或TNF-α降低肌细胞中的钙电流,导致动作电位持续时间和不应期的缩短,并通过多回路再入诱导和维持心房颤动。炎症介质通过改变电活动,从而改变体外循环后白细胞介素(ILs)和CRP的释放,从而导致导致一氧化氮的释放受损,进而引起术后心房颤动的发生[26-30]。Tselentakis等[11]通过动物实验分析花生四烯酸诱导的急性炎症减慢了传导速度,这可能为心房再入奠定基础,同时抗炎药物的使用降低了持续性房颤的发生率,表明炎症在POAF的发展中发挥了重要作用。C反应蛋白是应用广泛的炎性预测指标,也是体外循环术后房颤发生的独立预测因子[2, 31],同时最近发表的一些meta分析也提示同样的结论[16, 22, 33, 34]。本文统计了我院近年来体外患者的相关临床数据,以术后心律为分组变量,首先通过单因素分析,显示C反应蛋白是术后早期心房颤动发生的关系。为进一步排除其他因素的干扰,再将所有数据进行影响术后心房颤动发生的多因素分析,结果显示C反应蛋白是术后心房颤动发生的明显影响因素。综合来看,患者术后早期C反应蛋白数值影响着术后心房颤动的发生,同时是正向关系,二元logistc回归分析显示其OR值为1.05,表示术后C反应蛋白值严重影响着术后心房颤动的发生,C反应蛋白值越高,术后心房颤动的发生率越高。

本文主要通过回顾分析本中心近年病例的相关资料,研究探讨了可能影响术后早期心房颤动发生的一些影响因素。研究数据结果显示,年龄、术后早期C反应蛋白数值增高、疾病类型是术后早期心房颤动发生的重要影响因素。这一研究对我们临床工作有重要的指导意义,在临床中,收治老年心脏手术患者,特别是心脏瓣膜疾病时,我们需更多的关注患者术后早期炎性标志物,特别是C反应蛋白数值的情况,有效的使用药物控制炎症的发生发生,从而降低术后心房颤动的发生;从而降低心脏血管并发症的的发生,减少住院时间及费用;更好地提高高龄患者的术后管理效率,提高临床效率。本文仅从临床统计数据中分析了这一结论,未来研究中可通过动物实验进一步验证探究这一结果,同时进一步探究其发生机制。

Biography

何勇,硕士,主治医师,E-mail: dr_yhe@163.com

Funding Statement

重庆市医学高端人才项目工作室(ZQNYXGDRCGZS2019005)

Contributor Information

何 勇 (Yong HE), Email: dr_yhe@163.com.

陈 灏 (Hao CHEN), Email: cqchenhao@aliyun.com.

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