The role of pharmacists in providing immunization to the general population: Are Lebanese pharmacists ready for this role?

Abstract

Background:

Vaccination rates remain suboptimal in multiple areas around the world in spite of evidence that immunization is one of the most effective interventions for precluding morbidity and mortality. Non-traditional vaccine providers are proposed to augment immunization coverage. Pharmacists can have multiple vital roles to educate, facilitate and immunize against vaccine-preventable diseases. Limited data are available around the expertise and practices of Lebanese pharmacists in providing immunization services.

Objective:

This study aimed to determine predictors that are associated with vaccine administration by pharmacists in Lebanon, and to assess experiences and practices in providing immunization.

Methods:

This is a cross-sectional study that included pharmacists from all over Lebanon. A web-based self-administered validated questionnaire was adapted with permission. A snowball sampling technique was used to collect data through an electronic self-administered questionnaire between March and June 2021. The web-link to the survey was also shared by the Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon with all registered pharmacists to gather a sample from different districts all over Lebanon.

Results:

A total of 315 pharmacists were included. A significant positive association was found between completion of an immunization training program (ORa = 2.085, [95%CI 1.006:4.322], P = 0.048), full-time pharmacists (ORa = 2.504, [95%CI 1.156:5.426], P = 0.02), 1 to 4 years of practice experience (ORa = 3.855, [95%CI 1.849:8.039], P < 0.0001), geographic area of practice (ORa = 3.201, [95%CI 1.242:8.249], P = 0.016; ORa = 5.373, [95%CI 1.859:15.530], P = 0.002 for Beirut and Mount Lebanon respectively), educating the public about immunization (ORa = 3.012, [95%CI 1.281:7.083], P = 0.011); and vaccine administration.

Conclusion:

The study highlights the need for additional immunization training programs to pharmacists to expand their ability and role as immunizers. It also provides intuition for policy makers to upgrade legislation relating to pharmacy continuing education and immunization training in order to enable pharmacists to have a greater role in direct vaccination.

INTRODUCTION

Immunization is one of the most beneficial and efficient practices in contemporary medicine to prevent various infections and their detriments.1-3 The attainments of immunization through vaccination range from the universal elimination of smallpox to a significant reduction in Haemophilus influenzae type b invasive infections in the developed nations.4 In spite of evidence that immunization is one of the most effective public health interventions for precluding morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination rates remain suboptimal in multiple areas around the world owing to inappropriate information, false attitudes, apprehensions about adverse events, and population hesitancy.5,6

The involvement of healthcare practitioners is critical in shaping how patients or caregivers make vaccination decisions. Smith PJ et al. reported that parents who are influenced by healthcare practitioners are twice likely to believe that vaccination is safe for their children.7 Besides family physicians, non-traditional vaccine providers are proposed to augment immunization coverage.8,9 Pharmacists are frequently the first contact for patients seeking medical care as they are accessible and substantial healthcare providers.10,11 Hence, they can have multiple vital roles to educate, facilitate and immunize against vaccine-preventable diseases.12,13 While previous literature has reported vaccination-related knowledge, attitudes and perceptions among various healthcare professionals,14-19 there is limited information about pharmacists,4,20,21 despite the fact that they have been involved in immunization tasks in several countries.22-24

A pharmacist-led immunization is globally broadening, though the pharmacist’s role in providing immunization is still variable. In certain countries, pharmacists are primarily responsible for ensuring safe supply and dispensing of vaccines, in addition to advocating for immunization. On the other hand, they are legally empowered to organize vaccination activities and provide direct immunization services to the public in many other countries. In fact, Pharmacists have served as immunizers in many countries around the world, starting in 1996 in the United States (US) and 2007 in Canada.22,25 Legislation has enabled appropriately trained and licensed pharmacists in these countries to administer injectable medications and permitted them to immunize those who are 5 years of age and above.26,27

Lebanon is an upper-middle income country that is currently encountering a catastrophic socioeconomic and financial crisis that possibly ranks among the top 3 most severe global crisis episodes, and thus deteriorating the national societal and medical necessities.28,29 There is a scarcity of data around immunization and the role of the Lebanese healthcare providers in promoting vaccination. Most of the published non-COVID-19 literature focus mainly on the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccination.30,31 The Lebanese law of practicing the pharmacy profession allows pharmacists to exclusively sell vaccines in community, ambulatory and other practice settings, however, the corresponding legislation does not describe the scope of pharmacy practice in administering vaccination and other injectable medications.32 Therefore, the role of pharmacists as immunizers is still controversial in Lebanon and limited data are available around the expertise and practices of the Lebanese pharmacists in this public health task. This study aimed to determine predictors that are associated with vaccine administration by pharmacists in Lebanon, and to assess experiences and practices in providing immunization.

METHODS

Study design and participants

This paper is part of a national project that included pharmacists from all over Lebanon using a cross-sectional study design. A snowball sampling technique was used to collect data through an electronic self-administered questionnaire between March and June 2021. The web-link to the survey was also shared on the Order of Pharmacists of Lebanon (OPL) smart phone application with all registered pharmacists to gather a sample from different districts all over Lebanon. A cover letter with detailed information to explain the objective and context of the study was sent. The time to complete the questionnaire was around 20 minutes. All registered pharmacists in Lebanon practicing in community, hospital or other clinical settings were considered eligible for participation.

Study instrument and outcomes

The questionnaire used in this study was developed initially by the American Pharmacists Association,33 then adjusted and validated in another research.34 We received permission to adapt the latter version. Reliability testing was performed and showed a good internal consistency with our sample (Cronbach’salpha 0.717).35

The questionnaire included a total of 50 questions distributed over 5 parts. The first part included the sociodemographic characteristics relating to age, gender, practice settings, working status, highest level of education, years of experience, and the geographical area of practice. In the second part, self-experience with vaccination and completion of an immunization training program were assessed. The third part of the questionnaire determined services and barriers to provide immunization in the practice settings of the participants. The fourth part assessed immunization services provided by the pharmacist. A 5-point Likert scale ranging from “Never” to “Always” recognized different tasks completed by the pharmacist when providing immunization services including patient counseling, and managing vaccine related adverse and allergic reactions. The last part assessed perception of pharmacists around being recognized as immunizers.

Ethical aspects

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the School of Pharmacy at the Lebanese International University (2020RC-033-LIUSOP). Anonymity and confidentiality of all participants are warranted as the study was observational and personal identifiers were not traced during data collection and analysis. All participants agreed to participate before being able to fill the survey and informed consent was obtained.

Sample size calculation

CDC’s Epi Info version 7.2.4. for population surveys was used to calculate the required sample size. The expected frequency that yielded the largest sample size for the major outcomes was used. Therefore, an overall minimum sample size of 137 pharmacists was required based on an expected frequency of 90% 34 to allow for adequate power of statistical analysis, and to produce a 95% confidence level and an acceptable margin of error of 5%.

Statistical analysis

Data were converted from Google Form to Microsoft Excel, and then analyzed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM SPSS) version 26.0. Sociodemographic characteristics were evaluated by descriptive analysis. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages, and were compared in the bivariate analyses using chi-square. All variables with p-value lower than 0.2 in the bivariate analysis were included in a multivariable analysis. A binomial logistic regression model using forward stepwise likelihood ratio method evaluated the sociodemographic characteristics and the pharmacists’ attitudes and experiences as the independent predicting variables on administering vaccines as the dependent variable. Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) were used to report the results with a 95% confidence interval. The level of significance was set at p ≤ 0.05 and an acceptable margin of error = 5%.

RESULTS

Pharmacists’ characteristics and experiences

A total sample of 315 pharmacists was reached. The sample included 79.4% females, 74.9% between 20 to 29 years of age, and 49.5% hold PharmD degree as the highest level of education. The primary practice setting included 81.6% in a community pharmacy, 56.8% with full-time job, 50.8% being staff pharmacists, and 64.1% do not work in any other practice setting. With respect to the working experience, 41.0% had one to four years of experience, and 31.7% were practicing in Beirut. The complete characteristics and experiences of the participating pharmacists are reported in Table 1.

Table 1.

Characteristics and experiences of participating pharmacists

Characteristic	N (%)
Age classes
• 20-29	236 (74.9)
• 30-39	62 (19.7)
• 40-49	9 (2.9)
• ≥ 50	8 (2.5)
Gender
• Male	65 (20.6)
• Female	250 (79.4)
Highest education level
• Bachelor Degree (BPharm)	128 (40.6)
• Masters	23 (7.3)
• PharmD	156 (49.5)
• PhD	8 (2.5)
Primary practice setting
• Community Pharmacy	257 (81.6)
• Hospital Pharmacy	28 (8.9)
• Academia	26 (8.3)
• Pharmaceutical Company	4 (1.3)
Working status
• Full Time	179 (56.8)
• Part Time	136 (43.2)
Job title
• Staff Pharmacist	160 (50.8)
• Pharmacy Owner	59 (18.7)
• Pharmacy Manager	51 (16.2)
• Clinical Pharmacist (no dispensing)	37 (11.1)
• Hospital Pharmacist	9 (2.9)
Other practice setting
• Community Pharmacy	86 (27.3)
• Academia	23 (7.3)
• Hospital Pharmacy	4 (1.3)
• I do not work in any other practice setting	202 (64.1)
Years of experience
• New graduate (< 1 year)	103 (32.7)
• 1 to 4 years	129 (41.0)
• 5 to 9 years	44 (14.0)
• 10 to 14 years	24 (7.6)
• 15 to 19 years	5 (1.6)
• > 20 years	10 (3.2)
Geographic area of practice
• Beirut	100 (31.7)
• Bekaa	48 (15.2)
• Mount Lebanon	76 (24.1)
• Nourth	34 (10.8)
• South	57 (18.1)
Completion of immunization training program
• No	239 (75.9)
• Yes	76 (24.1)
Plan to complete immunization training program in the future
• No	23 (9.1)
• Yes	230 (90.9)
Do you educate the public about immunization?
• Often - Always	189 (60.0)
• Sometimes	75 (23.8)
• Rarely – Never	51 (16.2)

Bivariate analysis of pharmacists’ characteristics, practices and experiences on administering vaccination

Greater than half of the pharmacists (N=186, 59.0%) administer vaccines to patients. Having a PharmD degree (P = 0.04), practicing primarily in a community setting (P < 0.0001), full-time employment (P < 0.0001), having one to nine years of practice experience (P < 0.0001), completion of an immunization training program (P = 0.003), planning to complete a future immunization training program (P = 0.034), and often to always educating the public about immunization (P < 0.0001) are significantly associated with administration of vaccines in pharmacy practice. There is also a significant association between the job title being 86.4% pharmacy owner, 72.5% pharmacy manager, 53.8% staff pharmacist, 25% clinical pharmacist (no dispensing), and 33.3% hospital pharmacist; and administering vaccination (P < 0.0001). Table 2 documents the bivariate analysis of characteristics, practices and experiences of pharmacists on vaccine administration.

Table 2.

Bivariate analysis of pharmacists’ characteristics, practices and experiences on administering vaccination

Characteristic/ Variable	Do not administer vaccines to patients N=129 (41.0%) N (%)	Administer vaccines to patients N=186 (59.0%) N (%)	P-value
Age classes			0.757
▪ 20 – 29	94 (39.8)	142 (60.2)
▪ 30 – 39	27 (43.5)	35 (56.5)
▪ ≥ 40	8 (47.1)	9 (52.9)
Gender			0.073
▪ Male	21 (32.3)	44 (67.7)
▪ Female	108 (43.2)	142 (56.8)
Highest education level			0.040
▪ Bachelor Degree (BPharm	60 (46.9)	68 (53.1)
▪ Masters	9 (39.1)	14 (60.9)
▪ PharmD	54 (34.6)	102 (65.4)
▪ PhD	6 (75.0)	2 (25.0)
Primary practice setting			<0.0001
▪ Community Pharmacy	86 (33.5)	171 (66.5)
▪ Hospital Pharmacy	21 (75.0)	7 (25.0)
▪ Academia	20 (76.9)	6 (23.1)
▪ Pharmaceutical Company	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
Working status			<0.0001
▪ Full Time	55 (30.7)	124 (69.3)
▪ Part Time	74 (54.4)	62 (45.6)
Job title			<0.0001
▪ Staff Pharmacist	74 (46.3)	86 (53.8)
▪ Pharmacy Owner	8 (13.6)	51 (86.4)
▪ Pharmacy Manager	14 (27.5)	37 (72.5)
▪ Clinical Pharmacist (no dispensing)	27 (75.0)	9 (25.0)
▪ Hospital Pharmacist	6 (66.7)	3 (33.3)
Other practice setting			0.849
▪ Community Pharmacy	32 (37.2)	54 (62.8)
▪ Academia	10 (43.5)	13 (56.5)
▪ Hospital Pharmacy	2 (50.0)	2 (50.0)
▪ I do not work in any other practice setting	85 (42.1)	117 (57.9)
Years of experience			<0.0001
▪ New graduate (< 1 year)	61 (59.2)	42 (40.8)
▪ 1 to 4 years	34 (26.4)	95 (73.6)
▪ 5 to 9 years	13 (29.5)	31 (70.5)
▪ ≥ 10 years	21 (53.8)	18 (46.2)
Geographic area of practice			0.053
▪ Beirut	40 (40.0)	60 (60.0)
▪ Bekaa	24 (50.0)	24 (50.0)
▪ Mount Lebanon	21 (27.6)	55 (72.4)
▪ Nourth	17 (50.0)	17 (50.0)
▪ South	27 (47.4)	30 (52.6)
Completion of immunization training program			0.003
▪ No	109 (45.6)	130 (54.4)
▪ Yes	20 (26.3)	56 (73.7)
Plan to complete immunization training program in the future			0.034
▪ No	15 (65.2)	8 (34.8)
▪ Yes	97 (42.2)	133 (57.8)
Educating the public about immunization			< 0.0001
▪ Often - Always	56 (29.6)	133 (70.4)
▪ Sometimes	41 (54.7)	34 (45.3)
▪ Rarely - Never	32 (62.7)	19 (37.3)

Multivariable analysis of pharmacist’s characteristics, practices and experiences on administering vaccination

There is a significant association between completion of an immunization training program, primary practice setting, working status, years of experience, geographic area of practice, and educating the public about immunization; and vaccine administration. Pharmacists who completed an immunization training program had approximately twice the odds of administering vaccination (ORa = 2.085, [95%CI 1.006:4.322], P = 0.048). Similarly, full-time pharmacists had approximately twice the odds of administering vaccines (ORa = 2.504, [95%CI1.156:5.426], P = 0.02). Pharmacists who have one to four years of practice experience have higher odds compared to new graduates with less than one year of practice (ORa = 3.855, [95%CI 1.849:8.039], P < 0.0001). Pharmacists who work in Beirut and Mount Lebanon also have higher odds of vaccine administration compared to those working in the South of Lebanon (ORa = 3.201, [95%CI 1.242:8.249], P = 0.016; ORa = 5.373, [95%CI 1.859:15.530], P = 0.002 respectively). In addition, pharmacists who often to always educate the public about immunization have higher odds compared to those who never educate about immunization (ORa = 3.012, [95%CI 1.281:7.083], P = 0.011) (Table 3).

Table 3.

Multivariable analysis of pharmacist’s characteristics, practices and experiences on administering vaccination (significant associations)

	Adjusted OR	P-value	95% Confidence Interval
Completion of immunization training program
▪ Yes versus No	2.085	0.048	1.006:4.322
Working status
▪ Full-time versus part-time	2.504	0.02	1.156:5.426
Year of experience
▪ 1 to 4 years versus new graduate (<1 year)	3.855	<0.0001	1.849:8.039
Geographic area of practice
▪ Beirut versus South	3.201	0.016	1.242:8.249
▪ Mount Lebanon versus South	5.373	0.002	1.859:15.530
Educating the public about immunization
▪ Often – Always versus Rarely – Never	3.012	0.011	1.281:7.083

DISCUSSION

This study investigated vaccination-related activities and predictors of offering immunization services by pharmacists in Lebanon, in the absence of clear legislation that regulates the role of pharmacists in the national immunization program. Greater than half of our participants administer vaccination to the public. Our findings reveal significantly higher provision of vaccination among well-trained pharmacists who completed an immunization training program, full-time workers, those with more years of experience, those who practice in major regions of the country, and pharmacists who fulfill their role as educators and regularly counsel the public about immunization.

The completion of an immunization training program has a significant impact on higher frequencies of vaccine administration. Nevertheless, the overall number of certified pharmacists to provide immunization is apparently low in our sample compared to well developed countries.34 As the extent of pharmacy-based immunization authority is expanding, important numbers of pharmacists have been globally certified to administer vaccination.36,37 In the US, pharmacists are mandated to complete a recognized immunization training program and blood borne pathogens training in order to administer vaccination. They must also get certified in cardiac life supports, and obtain legal authority.38-40 All immunizing pharmacists should warrant a safe and appropriate administration of vaccines in their practice, as more than 20,000 vaccination errors were previously reported.36

Pharmacists with one to four years of practice experience were remarkably administering more vaccination compared to less experienced and senior pharmacists. It is not fully understood if these practitioners are more interested in expanding their area of practice, or if they consider nontraditional services in order to sustain their employment. This was reported in 2018 by Gerges S. et al. where pharmacists felt obliged to provide immunization in order to keep employment.21 Our results do not appear to be confounded by the young age of our sample, as the multivariable analysis have demonstrated a significant positive association of having one to four years of practice experience on administering vaccination compared to new graduates of younger age.

Full-time pharmacists were found to administer more vaccination compared to part-time employees. This can be explained together with another important finding of our study that pharmacists who regularly educate the public on immunization are found to provide more vaccination. In fact, patient education and motivation, vaccine facilitation, and vaccination are three roles of pharmacists identified by the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) regarding immunization.41 Full-time pharmacists appear to be greatly available for additional tasks within their practice, and allocate a greater time to educate the community about health-related concerns, thus allowing for a better contribution toward these roles. Other studies have shown that pharmacists are ready to get involved in vaccination counseling and promotion, and that simple education to the community can enhance immunization rates.4,42 In addition, patients frequently consult healthcare practitioners for vaccination, and their counseling is perceived very reliable.43

This study found better vaccine administration by pharmacists in Beirut and Mount Lebanon. The reason for this could be because Beirut, the capital of Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon include the major pharmacies in the country with larger capacity to provide vaccination among additional services; or because the public perception in these regions are in favor of acquiring more immunization. In rural areas around the world, vaccination acceptability is reportedly low. This is justified by lack of knowledge and wrong perception about immunization by the public.44 This finding is also possible in Lebanon as the national data on COVID-19 immunization reflect lower acceptance and coverage in rural areas.45

This study has several strengths. It is the first study to investigate the role and practices of pharmacists to lead national immunization services all over Lebanon. The study utilized a validated questionnaire that is adapted with permission, and had a good reliability and internal consistency testing. The results can be used as a starting point to address the needs of Lebanese pharmacists for further education and vaccination training programs. In addition, this study reflects the perspective of young pharmacists who are still exploring new roles within their practice. The limitations of the study include a possible selection bias due to the virtual snowball sampling. This technique may have directed the sample towards a subgroup of the pharmacists’ population leading to a homogenous group of participants that were mainly young pharmacists with fewer years of experience. Another selection bias that could not be excluded is related to the geographic area of practice, though pharmacists from all districts of Lebanon participated, thus this bias is minimized. Another limitation is related to the cross-sectional design of the study that only demonstrated the degree of association of practice predictors on providing immunization, though it does not reflect a causal relationship between the characteristics of pharmacists and expertise on one hand, and vaccine administration on the other hand. In addition, the electronically self-administered questionnaire could have led to response bias as it may have excluded senior pharmacists who lack adequate digital literacy. Finally, the study included young pharmacists mainly and therefore the findings cannot be generalized for senior pharmacists.

CONCLUSION

The study highlights the need for additional immunization training programs to pharmacists to expand their ability and role as immunizers. It also provides intuition for policy makers to upgrade legislation relating to pharmacy continuing education and immunization training in order to enable pharmacists to have a greater role in direct vaccination. Future work will involve senior pharmacists and will explore the mediator role of practice challenges on pharmacist-led immunization.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors have nothing to disclose.

FUNDING

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.