TABLE II.
DEGs Identified as Part of Enriched Pathways Identified With Gene Ontology and KEGG
| Gene | Main functions | Reported role in PCa | Reported in other cancers | Enrichment category | Expression in CR compared to NED | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ACADSB | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial localization, determines vitamin D levels | Metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | [82] | ||
| ADI1 | Methionine salvage | Progression | Metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [35–37] | |
| AGPAT2 | Phospholipid synthesis | Osteosarcoma | Metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [64] | |
| ALDH1A2 | Retinoic acid synthesis | Metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | [83] | ||
| ANO7 | Ion channel transporter, cell–cell interaction, glucose transport | Grade | Prostatic neoplasia (DE) | Lower | [39,40] | |
| ARHGEF6 | G protein | Actin/cytoskeleton reg. (KEGG) | Higher | |||
| BAIAP2 | Angiogenesis inhibitor, insulin receptor TK, filopodia formation, cell mobility, cancer cell growth | Actin/cytoskeleton regulation (KEGG) | Lower | [84] | ||
| BMPR2 | BMP receptor, cell invasion | Cell invasion | Growth factor binding (GO) | Higher | [85] | |
| CDKN2B | Cell proliferation | Several cancers | Pathways in cancer (KEGG) | Higher | [86,87] | |
| CHPT1 | Phosphatidylcholine metabolism | Breast | Metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [65] | |
| COLIA2 | Collagen chain, cell proliferation and cell migration | Bladder | Growth factor binding (GO) | Higher | [60] | |
| CTBP2 | Transcriptional repressor, cell proliferation | Progression, cell proliferatio | Breast, esophagus, ovarian | Oxidoreductase activity (GO); pathways in cancer (KEGG); | Lower | [45–47] |
| Prostatic neoplasm (DE) | ||||||
| CYB5A | Metabolism ferric Hb metabolism, autophagy | Pancreatic | Oxidoreductase activity (GO) | Lower | [55] | |
| DCXR | Glucose metabolism | Biomarker | Liver, melanoma | Oxidoreductase activity (GO); metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | [48–50] |
| DECR1 | Fatty acid metabolism, mitochondrial localization | Binding (GO) | Lower | |||
| DUOX1 | Hydrogen peroxide producer, cell migration, antimicrobial defense | Binding (GO) | Higher | [59] | ||
| ESM1 | Endothelial cells factor | Breast and gastric | Growth factor binding (GO) | Higher | [61,88] | |
| FMO5 | Trimethylamine metabolism, determines mtDNA levels | Binding (GO) | Lower | [44] | ||
| GLDC | Glycine metabolism, mitochondrial localization | Lung | Metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [66] | |
| GRHPR | Pyruvate metabolism | Liver | Oxidoreductase activity (GO); binding (GO); metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | [56] | |
| LAMA3 | Base membrane formation, cell migration | Gastric | Pathways in cancer (KEGG) | Higher | [89] | |
| LDAH | Cholesterol homeostasis | Risk | Prostatic neoplasia (DE) | Lower | [53,54] | |
| MAT2B | SAM biosynthesis, growth, tumorigenesis | Oxidoreductase activity (GO); metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [58] | ||
| ME2 | Metabolism, mitochondrial localization | Melanoma | Oxidoreductase activity (GO) | Lower | [57] | |
| MYH9 | Cytokinesis, cell motility, cell shape, cell migration | Head and neck | Actin/cytoskeleton reg. (KEGG) | Higher | [69] | |
| NADSYN1 | Metabolism (NAD synthesis, calcium), determines VitD levels | Metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | [90,91] | ||
| NRP1 | Cell migration, cell survival, angiogenesis | Relapse | Bladder | Growth factor binding (GO) | Higher | [51,52] |
| PIAS4 | Autophagy | Pancreas | Pathways in cancer(KEGG) | Higher | [92,93] | |
| REPS2 | Cell proliferation, vesicular trafficking, endocytosis | Progression | Prostatic neoplasia (DE) | Lower | [41–43] | |
| RHBDF2 | Protease | Ovarian | Growth factor binding (GO) | Higher | [63] | |
| SRM | Spermidine synthesis, cell growth | Metabolic (KEGG) | Lower | |||
| SYNJ1 | Synaptic transmissions, membrane trafficking | Metabolic (KEGG) | Higher | [94] | ||
| TMSB4X | Cell proliferation, cell migration, differentiation, anti-apoptotic, cancer stem cells | Glioblastoma, CRC, breast, ovarian, lung, kidney, uterine | Actin/cytoskeleton reg. (KEGG) | Lower | [70–72] |
DEG, differentially expressed gene; CR, clinical recurrence patients; NED, no evidence of disease patients; CRC, colorectal cancer.