DISCLOSURE
FEM is a medical scientific liaison for SANOFI Peru. FJP is supported in part by NIH under Award Numbers 1K23GM12822101A1, P30DK111024 and P30DK11102405S1, and has received research support from Dexcom and Merck, and consulting fees from Boehringer Ingelheim. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
Approval of the research protocol: The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (Lima, Peru).
Informed consent: N/A.
Approval date of registry and the registration no. of the study: N/A.
Animal studies: N/A.
Dear Editor,
Patients with diabetes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are vulnerable to the worst outcomes in hospital. Among patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) treated with standard of care continuous insulin infusion, the mortality reported was up to 30% 1 , significantly higher compared with pre‐pandemic data.
There are limited data from developing countries, such as Peru, which has the highest mortality per million inhabitants in the world. Through a virtual platform, we extracted individual data from patients admitted to Hospital Nacional Alberto Sabogal Sologuren (Callao, Peru) between March and December 2020 with COVID‐19 and DKA and/or hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, to obtain clinical information and outcomes.
A total of 31 patients were included, 61.3% were men, the median age was 56 years, 41.9% of patients showed new diabetes and we did not have any patients with type 1 diabetes, the rest of the patients had type 2 diabetes. More than 80% of patients were diagnosed with DKA, and no patient with isolated hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state was found. Other clinical and laboratory characteristics are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Mortality and characteristics of patients with diabetic ketoacidosis hospitalized for coronavirus disease 2019
| Variables | Mortality | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 31 | Yes (n = 23) | No (n = 8) | Unadjusted P* | |
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Male | 19 (61.3) | 14 (73.7) | 5 (26.3) | 0.62 |
| Age (years) † | 56 (45–67) | 62 (54–69) | 38 (36.5–52.5) | 0.004 |
| <52 | 10 (32.3) | 4 (40) | 6 (60) | |
| 52–62 | 10 (32.3) | 8 (80) | 2 (20) | |
| >62 | 11 (35.4) | 11 (100) | 0 | |
| Debut of diabetes | 0.043 | |||
| Yes | 13 (41.9) | 7 (53.8) | 6 (46.2) | |
| No | 18 (58.1) | 16 (88.9) | 2 (11.1) | |
| Previous antihyperglycemic treatment (n = 18) | 0.79 | |||
| Oral treatment | 7 (38.9) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | |
| Insulin | 8 (44.4) | 7 (87.5) | 1 (12.5) | |
| No treatment | 3 (11.7) | 3 (100) | 0 | |
| Previous comorbidities | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 12 (38.7) | 10 (83.3) | 2 (16.7) | 0.43 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 4 (12.9) | 3 (75) | 1 (25) | 0.73 |
| Obesity | 5 (16) | 3 (60) | 2 (40) | 0.58 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 3 (9.7) | 3 (100) | 0 (0) | 0.55 |
| Diabetic ketoacidosis subtype | 0.62 | |||
| Diabetic ketoacidosis | 25 (80.7) | 20 (80) | 5 (20) | |
| Mixed hyperglycemic state (DKA/HHS) | 6 (19.3) | 3 (50) | 3 (50) | |
| SaO2 on admission † | 96 (88.9–97.9) | 96 (91.1–97.9) | 96 (87–98) | 0.83 |
| Pa/FiO2 on admission † | 145 (74.9–374) | 139 (74.7–252) | 225 (88.7–431) | 0.32 |
| Laboratory test on admission | ||||
| Leukocyte count (×103 cells/μL) † | 14.3 (11.3–18.7) | 13.3 (10.7–18.3) | 16.01 (14.0–20.5) | 0.24 |
| Neutrophil (%) † | 87.8 (83–92) | 87.8 (81–92.5) | 87.4 (84.2–90.5) | 0.8 |
| Lymphocyte count (×cells/μL) † | 717 (549.3–1,144) | 702 (417.5–1,011) | 1,104 (496–1,207.8) | 0.2 |
| Platelet count (×103 cells/μL) † | 262 (190–375) | 260 (222–330) | 280 (186–427) | 0.55 |
| Hemoglobin (g/L) † | 13.9 (11.9–14.7) | 113.9 (11.8–14.7) | 13.7 (12.9–15.1) | 0.71 |
| C‐reactive protein (mg/dL) † | 16.8 (6.1–28.8) | 18.59 (8.2–28.9) | 7.4 (3.1–25.8) | 0.26 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) † | 1.33 (0.96–2.72) | 1.16 (0.85–2.34) | 1.6 (1.1–4.11) | 0.31 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 52.6 (25.2–78.5) | 65.6 (31–78.6) | 45.7 (17.3–61.1) | 0.32 |
| Urea (mg/dL) † | 79 (54–131) | 79 (53–131) | 79.5 (64–144) | 0.62 |
| Ferritin (ng/mL) † | 1,841 (1,246–2,000) | 1,890 (1,301–2,000) | 1,466 (796–2,000) | 0.39 |
| Lactic dehydrogenase (mg/dL) † | 711 (569–915) | 736 (608–947) | 645 (496–779) | 0.27 |
| D‐dimer (μg/mL) † | 2.09 (0.6–2.8) | 1.8 (0.6–4.3) | 2 (0.57–2.13) | 0.45 |
| Arterial blood gas parameters on admission | ||||
| Glucose † | 520 (421–702) | 526 (435–667) | 442 (345–833) | 0.71 |
| pH † | 7.16 (7.1–7.27) | 7.18 (7.1–7.28) | 7.14 (7.07–7.21) | 0.37 |
| HCO3 † | 8.6 (6–13.9) | 9.1 (6.7–14) | 5 (3−8.3) | 0.01 |
| Anion gap † | 17.6 (13.8–19) | 16.4 (13.2–18.9) | 18.2 (16.8–19.8) | 0.18 |
| Osmolarity † | 302 (290.4–314.7) | 300.8 (288.5–314.7) | 303.5 (296–333) | 0.49 |
| Uncorrected sodium † | 137 (133–143) | 134 (133–141) | 142 (131–152) | 0.25 |
| Potassium † | 4.3 (3.1–4.9) | 4.6 (3.7– 5) | 3.5 (2.9–4.5) | 0.26 |
| Chlorine † | 112 (106–122) | 109 (105–115) | 121 (107.5–125) | 0.2 |
| Lactate † | 1.5 (1.2–2.5) | 1.6 (1.2–3) | 1.3 (0.0–1.9) | 0.16 |
| Treatment regimen for hyperglycemia | 0.29 | |||
| Continuous insulin infusion | 25 (80.7) | 17 (68) | 8 (32) | |
| Subcutaneous insulin | 6 (19.3) | 6 (100) | 0 | |
| ICU admission | 9 (29) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 0.14 |
DKA, diabetic ketoacidosis; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HHS, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state; ICU, intensive care unit; Pa/FiO2, oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood/fraction of inspired oxygen; SaO2, oxygen saturation.
*P‐values were calculated by Fisher's exact test or Mann–Whitney U‐test, as appropriate.
Median (interquartile range).
Approximately seven out of 10 patients presenting with DKA and COVID‐19 died (74.2% mortality). As expected, mortality was highest among older patients, as recently reported 1 , 2 . In the USA in a large cohort of patients admitted for DKA, the mortality associated with COVID‐19 was higher compared with those without COVID‐19 (30% vs 5%) in the same study period 1 , another study found a mortality rate of 50% 2 , but in the UK 3 , the reported mortality rate was 5.7%.
We found a large proportion of new diabetes (41.9%), which is higher than other populations 2 , 3 . This might be related to a high prevalence of underdiagnosed prediabetes (22.4%) and diabetes mellitus (2.8%) in Peru 4 .
Glycemia on admission and laboratory markers of severe COVID‐19 (ferritin, C‐ reactive protein, leukocyte count, etc.) were high (Table 1), which could explain the high mortality. However, in Peru, it could also be due to the negative impact of the gaps in our health system.
In conclusion, among hospitalized patients with DKA and COVID‐19, four of 10 patients showed new diabetes, and levels of glycemia and laboratory markers of severe COVID‐19 were high. Mortality in DKA patients was significantly higher compared with other series.
J Diabetes Investig.2022; 13: 746–748
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