Figure 1. Screening and binding kinetics and molecular simulation dynamics runs of drugs against C-terminal helices of Nsp1 (Nsp1-C-ter).

(A and B) Bio-layer interferometry (BLI) analysis for the initial screening of binding of the drugs with the (A) non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) and (B) C-terminal helices truncated Nsp1 (Nsp1∆C) proteins. (C and D) The kinetic behaviors of (C) montelukast and (D) saquinavir monitored using BLI by incubating increasing concentration of the drug molecule (0–25 µM) on the protein-bound sensors. Montelukast shows a binding constant (K_D) of 10.8 ± 0.8 µM, while saquinavir binds with Nsp1-C-ter with a K_D value of 7.5 ± 0.5 µM. (Error bars represent standard deviation of three replicates in (C) and (D). (E and F) Nanoscale differential scanning fluorometry (NanoDSF) experiments to evaluate the change in the melting temperature of the Nsp1 by incubating increasing concentration of (E) montelukast and (F) saquinavir. (The experiments were performed in three replicates.)) (G) Simulation runs with montelukast show stable root mean square deviation (RMSD) values for all replica throughout all molecular dynamic simulation trajectories for 500 ns. (H) The analysis of binding mode of montelukast at the end of 500 ns shows stable binding with C-terminal helices. The residues E148 and L149 form H-bonds with montelukast, while F157 and L173 forms base stacking interactions. (I) Simulation runs with saquinavir show stable pattern in RMSD values throughout in all molecular dynamic simulation trajectories for 500ns. (J) The analysis of binding mode of saquinavir at the end of 500 ns shows stable binding with the C-terminal helices. The residues T151, M174, and R175 form H-bonds with saquinavir, while R171 forms base stacking interactions.

Figure 1—figure supplement 1. Screening of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs against Nsp1 from SARS-CoV-2 and nanoscale differential scanning fluorometry (NanoDSF) experiments to evaluate the binding of top hits with the non-structural protein 1 (Nsp1) and C-terminal helices truncated Nsp1 (Nsp1∆C).

(A) The cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the Nsp1-bound 40S ribosome (PDB:6ZOJ) shows the bound C-terminal helices of Nsp1 into the mRNA entry tunnel. The positively charged amino acids forms extensive interaction with h18 of 18S rRNA and the other side of the C-terminal helices interacts with uS3 and uS5. (B) The structure of Nsp1 shows the presence of N-terminal structured region (PDB ID:7K7P) and C-terminal helices connected by a loop. (C) Molecular screening of FDA-approved compounds led to identification of top hits. The docking mode of top hits (drugs) with Nsp1-C-ter is shown. (D) The residues in Nsp1-C-ter involved in binding of selected drugs shows reduced mutational frequency. The analysis was performed on the worldwide deposited sequences of SARS-CoV-2 genome in GISAID database. The GISAID contains 4,440,705 genome sequences and we analyzed single nucleotide variants (SNV) for residues involved in drug binding. This analysis is performed with the help of GESS database (Fang et al., 2021). (E and F) The change in the melting temperature of (E) Nsp1 and (F) Nsp1∆C protein was monitored in the presence of the selected molecules. The melting curve for apo-proteins are shown in black color. Montelukast and saquinavir induce change in the melting temperature of Nsp1 while none of the molecules show any difference in the melting temperature of Nsp1∆C protein.

Figure 1—figure supplement 2. Structural dynamics of drug-bound complexes of C-terminal helices of Nsp1 (Nsp1-C-ter).

(A) Molecular docking conformation of montelukast with Nsp1-C-ter. (B) The root mean square fluctuation (RMSF) plot of montelukast- bound residues of Nsp1-C-ter during the different replica runs. (C) Molecular docking conformation of saquinavir with Nsp1-C-ter. (D) The RMSF plot of saquinavir- bound residues of Nsp1-C-ter during the different replica runs. (E) Average hydrogen bonds throughout the different replica of the simulation runs of Nsp1 and drugs-bound complexes.