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. 2022 Apr 20;77(5):509–521. doi: 10.1016/j.therap.2022.03.005

Management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients treated for Covid-19: Guidelines from the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT)

Florian Lemaitre a,b,⁎, Matthieu Grégoire c,d, Caroline Monchaud e,f, Stéphane Bouchet g, Béatrice Saint-Salvi h, Elisabeth Polard a,b; SFPT Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Treatment Personalization group (STP-PT) of the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT); French Pharmacovigilance Network (CRPV); ANRS-MIE AC-43 Clinical Pharmacology Committee, joint working group; The SFPT Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Treatment Personalization group (STP-PT) of the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (SFPT); French Pharmacovigilance Network (CRPV); ANRS-MIE AC-43 Clinical Pharmacology Committee, joint working group
PMCID: PMC9020499  PMID: 35618549

Abstract

Objectives

Nirmatrelvir in association with ritonavir (PAXLOVID™, Pfizer) is an antiviral agent targeting the 3-chymotrypsin–like cysteine protease enzyme (3C-like protease or Mpro) which is a key enzyme of the viral cycle of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This combination with a well-known pharmacokinetic enhancer leads to a high risk for drug-drug interactions in a polymedicated elected population for treatment. The aim of this work was to provide recommendations on behalf of the national French society of pharmacology (French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; SFPT), by suggesting optimal and pragmatic therapeutic strategies if nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is to be given together with drugs commonly used, in order to ensure secured physicians’ prescription.

Methods

Six clinical pharmacologists search the scientific literature to provide a first draft of recommendations. Thereafter, twelve other clinical pharmacologists verified the recommendations and proposed modifications. The final draft was then validated by all 18 participants.

Results

Five distinct recommendations were issued: i) contra-indications, ii) “PAXLOVID™ not recommended with the comedication”, iii) “PAXLOVID™ possible whether the comedication is discontinued”, iv) “PAXLOVID™ possible only after an expert advice” and v) “PAXLOVID™ possible without modification of the associated treatment”. The final document comprises recommendations for 171 drugs/therapeutic classes aiming to secure prescription. In complex situations, clinicians are advised to contact their pharmacology department to obtain specific recommendations on the management of drug-drug interactions with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir.

Conclusion

These recommendations intend to be a help for clinicians willing to prescribe nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and to prevent drug-drug interactions leading to adverse drug reactions or loss of efficacy. They constitute a guideline for primary care situations. Of course, some complex situations may require expert advices and here, again, clinical pharmacologists are at the forefront in providing therapeutic advice.

Keywords: Paxlovid, Antiviral, Ritonavir, Drug monitoring, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics

Abbreviations

ANSM

Agence nationale de sécurité des medicaments et des produits de santé

BCRP

breast cancer resistance protein

COVID-19

severe coronavirus disease 2019

CYP3A4

cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme

DDI

drug-drug interactions

Pgp

P-glycoprotein

SARS-CoV-2

severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

SFPT

French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics

SmPC

summary of products characteristics

UGTs

UDP-glucuronyl transferases

Introduction

Up to recently, no antiviral treatment was available for the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, particularly during the early phase of infection (i.e the viremic phase) in order to prevent the progression to severe pneumonia (i.e the inflammatory phase). Nirmatrelvir in association with ritonavir (PAXLOVID™, Pfizer) is an antiviral agent targeting the 3-chymotrypsin–like cysteine protease enzyme (3C-like protease or Mpro) which is a key enzyme of the viral cycle of the SARS-CoV-2 [1]. The drug pharmacological mechanism prevents the 11 cleavages performed by Mpro on the polyprotein produced by the virus and then blocks its replication cycle. Nirmatrelvir has shown a good efficacy in preclinical models (cellular human bronchial epithelial cells Calu-3 and in murine models) with effective concentrations achievable in patients [2], [3]. In a randomized controlled trial including symptomatic, unvaccinated, non-hospitalized adults at high risk for progression to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), nirmatrelvir reduced the incidence of COVID-19 related hospitalization or death by 89.1% at day-28. Notably, there was no death in the experimental arm while 13 patients died in the placebo arm [4]. Nirmatrelvir appears, therefore, as a first line option for the treatment of at-risk patients of severe COVID-19 such as elderly patients and those with chronic disease. However, as already observed with HIV-protease inhibitors, nirmatrelvir displays a short half-life, which could result in suboptimal drug exposure and difficulties in achieving efficacy threshold. Indeed, nirmatrelvir is also a substrate of cytochrome P450 3A4 isoenzyme (CYP3A4) and is extensively metabolized through this pathway, which contributes to the important inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability. To circumvent this limitation, nirmatrelvir is combined with ritonavir, a well-known pharmacokinetic enhancer for its potent CYP3A4 inhibiting properties. The approved drug dosage is 300 mg of nirmatrelvir (in two 150 mg tablets) to be administered in combination with ritonavir 100 mg twice daily within 3 to 5 days following the first COVID-19 symptoms and during five consecutive days.

The main concern in case of a broad use of nirmatrelvir is the impact of ritonavir on the clearance of numerous co-administered drugs, which can results in major drug-drug interactions (DDI) leading to potential adverse drug reactions [5]. While numerous studies on ritonavir combined with HIV protease inhibitors are available for, data regarding DDI with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir association are scarce. In this context, the expert opinion of clinical pharmacologists is crucial for a safe use of this drug, which is expected to be prescribed by general practitioners to the at-risk, polymedicated patients.

The aim of this work was to provide recommendations on behalf of the national French society of pharmacology (French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics; SFPT), by suggesting optimal and pragmatic therapeutic strategies if nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is to be given together with drugs commonly used, in order to ensure secured physicians’ prescription.

Methods

Six clinical pharmacologists, called in the paper the specialists in clinical pharmacology, were in charge of analyzing documents related to potential DDI for drugs expected to be combined with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients. These specialists in clinical pharmacology reviewed the scientific literature on DDI studies between substrates and ritonavir or, whether no study was available with ritonavir, with ketoconazole, an equipotent CYP3A4 inhibitor. These documents were extracted from the Medline database, the summary of products characteristics (SmPC) of the various drugs of interest (see references) and the national handbook for DDI (Thesaurus des interactions médicamenteuses) edited by the French national regulatory agency (Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament, ANSM) [6]. The SmPC of the drug PAXLOVID™ was also used to provide recommendations [7]. The specialists in clinical pharmacology based their recommendations on inhibitory and inducing properties of ritonavir depending on the metabolic and safety profile of the target drugs. Five situations were identified, for which the specialists in clinical pharmacology's recommendations were formulated as follows:

  • •

    contra-indications, which was strictly reported in the document whenever mentioned in the PAXLOVID™ SmPC or in the national handbook for DDI, even if some of them may have been challenged by recent reassuring data;

  • •

    “PAXLOVID™ not recommended with the comedication”;

  • •

    “PAXLOVID™ possible whether the comedication is discontinued”;

  • •

    “PAXLOVID™ possible only after an expert advice”;

  • •

    and “PAXLOVID™ possible without modification of the associated treatment”.

After finalizing a first draft, these recommendations were submitted to a panel of 12 other clinical pharmacologists, namely the proofreaders, who verified them and proposed modifications. The final draft was then validated by all 18 participants.

Results

As already stated, the specialists in clinical pharmacology identified several situations for DDI with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir. The most frequent situations were: co-administration of drugs which are not substrates of CYP, or those for which the metabolic pathway was minimally affected by ritonavir, and those with large therapeutic index. For these drugs no major adverse drug reaction is expected during the 5-day nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment course, therefore the recommendation was: “PAXLOVID™ possible without modification of the associated treatment”. In the case of drugs contra-indicated in the SmPC of PAXLOVID™ or in the French national handbook for DDI, the recommendation was: “PAXLOVID™ contra-indicated with the comedication”. area contra-indication is mentioned mainly for:

  • •

    drugs for which a large variation in exposure is expected when associated with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (usually over a 5-fold increase of the area under the curve of the drug);

  • •

    drugs for which an increase in exposure may lead to serious adverse drug reactions, including life-threatening reactions even during as short a period as 5 days (the typical example being colchicine);

  • •

    drugs for which a pharmacodynamic potentiation of adverse drug reaction with serious consequences is expected and;

  • •

    drugs known as potent CYP3A4 inducers potentially leading to a decrease in nirmatrelvir, with a risk of antiviral treatment failure (the typical case is rifampicin but carbamazepine is concerned as well). For drugs not strictly contra-indicated in the regulatory documents (SmPC or the French national handbook for DDI), but having a high risk of accumulation, the recommendation was: “PAXLOVID™ not recommended with the comedication”.

Associated with PAXLOVID™, these drugs may show large variations in exposure, potentially leading to concentration-related severe adverse event. Therefore, the specialists in clinical pharmacology considered that the combination may put the patient at risk for toxicity and general practitioners had to be warned about this. Alternatives COVID-19 treatments should be proposed in these situations. Some drugs can be safely discontinued during the antiviral treatment without causing harm to patients. For these drugs, the clinical pharmacologists’ recommendation was: “PAXLOVID™ possible whether the comedication is discontinued”. The typical case is HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, i.e statins. The discontinuation of this pharmacological class can be safely proposed during the treatment with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir to avoid myopathy and potential rhabdomyolysis. Finally, the specialists in clinical pharmacology evidenced a fifth case. The recommendation in that situation was: “PAXLOVID™ possible only after an expert advice” for drugs which have to be pursued during the nirmatrelvir/ritonavir treatment and the exposure of which would be largely changed by the inhibiting or inducing action of ritonavir. Discontinuing these drugs would be harmful for patients and cannot be considered. For these drugs, a dosage adjustment is, then, required and a clinical pharmacologist expert advice must be sought. The typical examples are immunosuppressive drugs, substrates of both CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein. Their titration should be reduced (up to 40-time factor for tacrolimus) and therapeutic drug monitoring appears paramount to manage inter-patient variability during this DDI.

The final document comprises recommendations for 171 drugs/therapeutic classes aiming to secure prescription (Table 1 ) [5], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28]. In complex situations, clinicians are advised to contact their pharmacology department to obtain specific recommendations on the management of DDI with nirmatrelvir/ritonavir.

Table 1.

Substrate Nature and magnitude of the effect Therapeutic strategy Comments
Anti-platelet agents
Aspirin No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Prasugrel 45% decrease in prasugrel AUC but clinical effect is expected to be maintained Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment In case of recent angioplasty (<6 weeks): a cardiologist advice is required
Clopidogrel Decrease in anti-platelet effect reported but clinical effect is expected to be maintained Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment In case of recent angioplasty (<6 weekss): a cardiologist advice is required
Ticagrelor Increase in ticagrelor exposure and increase in bleeding risk Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Anticoagulants
Acenocoumarol, Warfarin Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment INR monitoring and adjustment of treatment dosage if needed
Apixaban Increase in apixaban exposure and increase in bleeding risk Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Dabigatran Increase in dabigatran exposure (AUC increase by 90%). Increase bleeding risk. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Rivaroxaban Increase in rivaroxaban exposure (AUC and Cmax increased by 153% and 53%, respectively) with increase in bleeding risk. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Drugs for angina and heart failure
Ivabradine, Eplerenone Risk of heart rythm disorders Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Antiarrhythmic agents
Amiodarone, Flecainide, Dronedarone, Propafenone, Quinidine Risk of cardiac arrhythmias Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Digoxine Digoxine AUC increase expected between 30 and 80% Paxlovid possible whether the comedication is discontinued
Antihypertensive drugs
ACEi/ARBs/Diuretics No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Calcium channel blockers - except for Lercanidipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Lercanidipine, Verapamil, Diltiazem Higher interaction expected than for other calcium channel blockers Paxlovid possible whether the comedication is discontinued
Beta-blockers -(Atenolol, Propranolol, Nebivolol, Carvedilol, Timolol - except for Bisoprolol) Weak interaction expected for Propranolol, Nebivolol, Carvedilol, Timolol and for Aténolol (which is renally excreted) Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Bisoprolol Higher interaction expected Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Lipid agents
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Particularly high interaction magnitude expected for simvastatin and lovastatin Paxlovid possible whether the comedication is discontinued Lovastatine and Simvastatine contra-indicated in SmPC
Lomitapide Increase of AUC by a factor 27 expected Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Antipsychotics
Clozapine Possible QTc prolongation Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Quetiapine Quetiapine AUC is increased by a factor 6.5 Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Antidepressants
SSRI/SNRI/Mirtazapine/Mianserine Weak interaction expected (10-50%) Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Tricyclic antidepressants/MAOi Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Benzodiazepines and related drugs
Midazolam oral, Diazepam, Clorazepate, Estazolam Increase in benzodiazepine exposure by a 10 to 25 factor. Risk of respiratory failure. Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Alprazolam Increase in benzodiazepine exposure by a 2 to 3 factor. Risk of respiratory failure. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Zolpidem, Zopiclone Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Anticonvulsivants
Carbamazepine Risk of antiviral treatment failure. Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Phenobarbital Risk of antiviral treatment failure. Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Phenytoin Risk of antiviral treatment failure. Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Valproate Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Lamotrigine Possible decrease in lamotrigine concentrations but weak magnitude expected. Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Levetiracetam No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Immunosuppressive drugs
Tacrolimus Increase in tacrolimus exposure by 40 fold. Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Administer 1/8th of the usual daily dose (DD) on day-1, then stop. Administer 1/2nd of the DD on day-6 then 3/4 on day-7 and restart usual DD on day-8. Alternative for low immunological risk: Start Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir 12h after the last intake of tacrolimus and restart tacrolimus at usual DD 24h after the last antiviral dose. Dosage with treatment individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring if possible.
Ciclosporine Increase in ciclosporine exposure by 8 fold. Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Administrer 1/5th of the usual daily dose (DD) every day of Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir treatment. Administer 1/2nd of the DD on day-6 then 3/4 on day-7 and restart usual DD on day-8. Dosage with treatment individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring if possible
Everolimus Increase in everolimus exposure by 15 fold Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Administer 1/8th of the usual daily dose (DD) on day-1, day-3 and day-5. Usual DD can be restart on day-7. Dosage with treatment individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring if possible.
Sirolimus Increase in sirolimus exposure by 11 fold Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Administer 1/8th of the usual daily dose (DD) on day-1, day-3 and day-5. Usual DD can be restart on day-7. Dosage with treatment individualization using therapeutic drug monitoring if possible.
Mycophenolic acid Weak interaction expected. Possible decrease in mycophenolic acid exposure. Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Whether a treatment with mycophenolic acid is required, the dosage can be maintained.
Prednisone Weak interaction expected. Possible increase in prednisoneexposure. Paxlovid possible only after an expert advice Prednisone dosage can be maintained. If needed, a 1/3 dosage decrease can also be proposed.
Anticancer drugs
Cytotoxic drugs According to the substrates, an important interaction can occur. Vincristin, Vinblastin: risk of neutropenia and neurotoxicity. Paxlovid possible whether the comedication is discontinued, cytotoxic agent treatment should be postponed after the end of antiviral treatment.
For the following kinase inhibitors: Abemaciclib, Axitinib, Bosutinib, Cobimetinib, Crizotinib, Encorafenib, Erlotinib, Gefitinib, Ibrutinib, Nilotinib, Olaparib, Palbociclib, Pazopanib, Sunitinib…) except for the drug below Increase in kinase inhibitors, which may be important for some substrates. Paxlovid possible whether the comedication is discontinued Therapeutic strategies are proposed in some drugs’ SmPCs. An expert advice (Pharmacologist and Oncologist) should be sought to safely adjust the drug dosage.
Venetoclax Risk of tumor syndrome lysis Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Afatinib, Alectinib, Binimetinib, Cabozantinib, Imatinib, Osimertinib, Sorafenib, Trametinib Weak exposure increase (AUCs increase from 26 to 40%) Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Tamoxifen Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Apalutamide, Enzalutamide Risk of antiviral treatment failure. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Pneumology drugs
Beta-2 agonists Exposure increase but weak clinical effect expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Inhaled corticosteroids Exposure increase but weak clinical effect expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil, Avanafil Large increase in substrates’ exposure Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Bosentan Increase in bosentan exposure by a 5 factor. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Non opiates analgesics drugs
Aspirin, Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Naproxen, Ketoprofen No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Colchicin Risk of colchicin accumulation and toxicity Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Opiates
Codeine, Tramadol, Buprenorphine Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Fentanyl Possible increase in fentanyl exposure with risk of respiratory failure Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Methadone Possible decrease in methadone exposure Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Morphine Possible increase in morphine glucuronide metabolites Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Oxycodone Increase in oxycodone exposure by 90% Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Antibacterial agents
Aminoglycosides No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Beta-lactams No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Fluoroquinolones No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Fosfomycin No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Glycopeptides No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Oxazolidinones No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Polymyxines No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Sulfamides No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Tetracyclines No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Macrolides - except Erythromycin Increase in macrolides exposure (clarithromycin) Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment In patients with QTc prolongation risk, an EKG monitoring is recommended.
Erythromycin Possible increase in erythromycin exposure and risk of cardiac arrhythmia Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Antituberculous agents
Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Rifampicin Large decrease in NIrmatrelvir/ritonavir exposure Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Rifabutin Possible decrease in Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir exposure. Increase of rifabutin exposure by a 4 fold factor Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Antifungal agents
Echinocandins No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Fluconazole, Isavuconazole, Itraconazole, Posaconazole Moderate increase in Nirmatrelvir/Ritonavir exposure (up to 39% with itraconazole) Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Voriconazole Decrease in voriconazole exposure (decrease of AUC of 39%). Mild increase in Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir exposure expected. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Antiretrovirals
Boosted protease inhibitors (Darunavir/r, Atazanavir/r, Lopinavir/r) Increase in protease inhibitors exposure Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment Adverse drug reaction monitoring (digestive disorders for Ritonavir)
Integrase strand inhibitors (Raltegravir, Dolutegravir, Bictegravir, Cabotegravir) Weak interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Etravirine Possible decrease in Nirmatrelvir/ritonavir exposure. No decrease in substrates exposure is expected/ Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Doravirine Increase in doravirine exposure by a 3.5 factor. Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Rilpivirine Possible increase in rilpivirine exposure and possible risque of QTc prolongation. Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment In patients with QTc prolongation risk, an EKG monitoring is recommended.
Maraviroc Increase in maraviroc exposure Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Tenofovir An increase in tenofovir exposure is expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (Abacavir, Emtricitabine, Lamivudine) No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Hepatitis C direct acting antiviral
Sofosbuvir/ Velpatasvir No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Glecaprevir/Pibrentasvir Large increase in glecaprévir/pibrentasvir exposure expected. Increase in liver enzymes due to glecaprevir accumulation. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Voxaliprevir Increase in voxaliprevir exposure, possible liver enzymes increase. Paxlovid not recommended with the comedication
Herpes - Cytomegalovirus treatment
Aciclovir/valaciclovir No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Ganciclovir/valganciclovir No interaction expected Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment
Other drugs
Thyroid hormone therapy Decrease in thyroid hormone exposure particularly if antiviral treatment duration is more than 5 days Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment Thyroïd clinical and biological monitoring,
Hormonal contraception whatever the route of administration Decrease in hormonal contraception exposure Paxlovid possible without modification of the associated treatment Use an additional contraceptive method (mechanical) during the combination and one complete cycle after the antiviral dscontinuation
Ergot alkaloids Ergotism risk Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Domperidone Large increase in domperidone exposure. Heart rythm disorders. Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Naloxegol Large increase in Naloxegol exposure Paxlovid contra-indicated with the comedication
Open in a new tab

Recommendations for drugs/therapeutic classes aiming to secure prescription of nirmatrelvir/ritonavir in patients treated for Covid-19 [5], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28].

Discussion

Nirmatrelvir combined with ritonavir is a first line option for the oral treatment of patients developing a COVID-19 infection with a subsequent risk of severe disease. Despite its seducing efficacy, the drug has some limitations due to safety. Among them, data in severe renal or hepatic failure and on the high risk of DDI related to ritonavir are lacking. Given this concern on DDI and in cases where the combination of the PAXLOVID™ with commonly prescribed drugs is impossible, other pharmacological options are available taking into account the viral ecology. Sotrovimab is a monoclonal antibody neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 and has shown a 85% decrease in hospitalization and death in infected patients [29]. This drug can also be proposed in patients at-risk of severe disease infected by susceptible virus strains. Another alternative is remdesivir, a nucleotide inhibitor of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, which has been reported to decrease the death and hospitalization rates of 87% [30]. However, while they do not carry the DDI risk, none of these drugs can be administered in both inpatients and outpatients. For patients in who nirmatrelvir/ritonavir is considered the best option, the recommendations of the French Society of Pharmacology and Therapeutics aim at guiding the clinicians’ prescription to alleviate the risk of adverse drug reaction due to DDI. This risk is mainly subsequent to the use of ritonavir as a pharmacokinetic booster, already used in the field of HIV and HVC treatments. Ritonavir is well known as a potent CYP3A4 inhibitor but it is also expected to inhibit CYP2C9, CYP2D6, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) [31]. DDI studies showed that the magnitude of these latter interactions may be lower than expected. For example, ritonavir only leads to a 60% increase of desipramine, a reference substrate of CYP2D6 [32]. Limited interaction is therefore expected with most neuropsychiatric drugs. When associated with dabigatran, a reference substrate for intestinal P-gp, at the dose of 100 mg, ritonavir has few effects on the anticoagulant exposure [33]. However, P-gp renal inhibition might be a bit more pronounced, as digoxin exposure may increase from 30 to 80% according to different studies. Ritonavir is also expected to induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C19 and UDP-glucuronyl transferases (UGTs) [31]. CYP2C19 induction may lead to significant decrease in drug exposure as highlighted by the data on voriconazole [34].

The induction of UGT may be different according to isoenzymes. Indeed, if a lower exposure in lamotrigine, which is metabolized by UGT1A4, is expected, a much lower impact has been described on mycophenolic acid, a drug metabolized by UGT1A9 and 2B7 [20], [35].

Interestingly, contra-indications in the SmPC of ritonavir have been extensively maintained in SmPC of PAXLOVID™. Ritonavir was approved in 1996 and many DDI studies have been conducted since then, shedding a light on its pharmacokinetics [25]. Hence, some contra-indications seem quite conservative, and may result from the speed with which the dossier was urgently compiled for the rolling review. For example, the association of PAXLOVID™ with clozapine which is mainly metabolized by the CYP1A2 is contra-indicated even though minimal interaction is expected. Another example is amiodarone, metabolized into an equipotent metabolite, for which no major clinical impact is therefore expected when associated with ritonavir [36]. Nevertheless, as contra-indications in SmPCs are enforceable, we chose to strictly report these contra-indications in our recommendations.

Conclusion

As specialists of both pharmacokinetics and adverse drug reactions evaluation, clinical pharmacologists are at the very heart of professional expertise to help clinicians with the prescription of drugs in a context of DDI. These recommendations intend to be a help for clinicians willing to prescribe nirmatrelvir/ritonavir and to prevent DDI leading to adverse drug reactions or loss of efficacy. They constitute a guideline for primary care situations. Of course, some complex situations may require expert advices and here, again, clinical pharmacologists are at the forefront in providing therapeutic advice.

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

Contributor Information

ANRS-MIE AC-43 Clinical Pharmacology Committee, joint working group:

Sihem Benaboud, Laurent Chouchana, Jean-Luc Cracowski, Milou-Daniel Drici, Rodolphe Garraffo, Romain Guilhaumou, Annie-Pierre Jonville-Bera, Mathieu Molimard, Patric Muret, Gilles Peytavin, Vincent Richard, and Caroline Solas

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