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. 2022 Apr 11;11(8):1294. doi: 10.3390/cells11081294

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

The three roles of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in cancer–nerve crosstalk are: (a) cancerous EV-delivered miRNAs (a combination of increasing miR-21, miR-324, and a lack of miR-34a) induce nerve reprogramming and neuritogenesis, which facilitates tumorigenesis; (b) cancerous EV-delivered axon guidance proteins (EphrinB1) promote sensory nerve neuritogenesis, which facilitates tumorigenesis; and (c) sensory neuritogenesis promotion by cancer EVs facilitates tumorigenesis, tumor-associated pain, and chemotherapeutic resistance. OSCC: oral squamous cell carcinoma: EV: extracellular vesicle; NE: noradrenaline; HNSCC: head and neck squamous cell carcinoma; HGSOC: high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma.