Table 2.
Sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics according to dietary diversity score among participants of the Valencia Nutrition Study in Spain (n = 1540).
| Dietary Diversity Score | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Q1 (≥1.8, <4.5) | Q2 (≥4.5, <5.4) | Q3 (≥5.4, <6.1) | Q4 (≥6.1, <8.9) | p-Value 1 | |
| DDS, n (%) | 1540 | 385 (25.0) | 385 (25.0) | 385 (25.0) | 385 (25.0) | |
| Sex = women, n (%) | 822 (53.4) | 163 (42.3) | 190 (49.3) | 215 (55.8)3 | 254 (66.0) 3 | <0.001 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 46.1 (18.1) | 44.3 (19.2) | 46.6 (19.1) | 46.3 (17.2) | 47.4 (16.6) | 0.11 |
| Education Level, n (%) | ||||||
| <Primary school | 701 (45.5) | 175 (45.4) | 176 (45.7) | 177 (46.0) | 173 (45.0) | 0.99 |
| ≥Primary school | 839 (54.5) | 210 (54.6) | 209 (54.3) | 208 (54.0) | 212(55.0) | |
| Body Mass Index (kg/m2), n (%) | ||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 635 (41.5) | 168 (43.9) | 152 (39.9) | 165 (43.0) | 150 (39.9) | 0.83 |
| 25–30 kg/m2 | 615 (40.1) | 145 (38.0) | 158 (41.5) | 150 (39.0) | 162 (42.1) | |
| >30 kg/m2 | 282 (18.4) | 69 (18.1) | 71 (18.6) | 69 (18.0) | 73 (19.0) | |
| Smoking Status, n (%) | ||||||
| Never | 763 (49.5) | 159 (41.3) | 172 (44.7) | 208 (54.0) 3 | 224 (58.2) 3 | <0.001 |
| Former | 260 (16.9) | 66 (17.1) | 62 (16.1) | 62 (16.1) | 70 (18.2) | |
| Current | 517 (33.6) | 160 (41.6) | 151 (39.2) | 115 (29.9) 3 | 91 (23.6) 3 | |
| Diabetes 2 (yes), n (%) | 120 (7.8) | 28 (7.3) | 34 (8.8) | 37 (9.6) | 21 (5.5) | 0.14 |
| Hypertension 2 (yes), (n %) | 280 (18.2) | 63 (16.4) | 73 (19.0) | 65 (16.9) | 79 (20.5) | 0.41 |
| Alcohol consumption, mean (SD) | 8.5 (16.1) | 12.5 (21.6) 3 | 8.9 (16.6) 3 | 7.0 (13.4) 3 | 5.8 (9.9) 3 | <0.001 |
| TV-watching, hours/day, mean (SD) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.9) | 2.5 (1.6) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.3 (1.6) | 0.07 |
| Sleeping time, hours/day, mean (SD) | 7.5 (1.4) | 7.4 (1.5) | 7.4 (1.4) | 7.4 (1.3) | 7.4 (1.3) | 0.88 |
Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; BMI, Body Mass Index; TV, television. 1 p-value from chi-square test (categorical variables) and ANOVA (continuous variables). 2 Self-reported diabetes (no/yes), high cholesterol (no/yes), and hypertension (no/yes). 3 These categories were statistically significant from the others in post-hoc Bonferroni test.