Table 1.
Differences in socio-economic, behavioral, and HIV testing and prevention among Black and White men who have sex with men (MSM) living in states with versus without HIV criminalization laws (n = 7392) – NHBS, 2017.
| HIV law statusa | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 7392) | Law (n = 4931) | No law (n = 2461) | ||||||||
| No. | %b | 95% CI | No. | %b | 95% CI | No. | %b | 95% CI | P-value | |
| Race/ethnicityc | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Black | 3844 | 49.7 | 46.7, 52.6 | 2963 | 56.6 | 52.8, 60.5 | 881 | 40.7 | 36.5, 44.8 | |
| White | 3548 | 50.3 | 47.4, 52.3 | 1968 | 43.4 | 39.5, 47.2 | 1580 | 59.3 | 55.2, 63.5 | |
| Age (years) | 0.33 | |||||||||
| 18–29 | 2860 | 39.8 | 37.5, 42.1 | 1917 | 38.6 | 35.8, 41.5 | 943 | 41.3 | 37.6, 45.1 | |
| 30–39 | 2118 | 28.9 | 27.2, 30.5 | 1388 | 28.6 | 26.5, 30.6 | 730 | 29.2 | 26.5, 31.9 | |
| 40–49 | 1113 | 15.2 | 13.8, 16.6 | 759 | 15.5 | 13.7, 17.3 | 354 | 14.7 | 12.6, 16.8 | |
| 50+ | 1301 | 16.2 | 14.5, 17.8 | 867 | 17.3 | 15.1, 19.4 | 434 | 14.7 | 12.4, 17.1 | |
| Povertyd | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Above poverty level | 5905 | 84.6 | 83.0, 86.3 | 3725 | 80.6 | 78.3, 82.9 | 2180 | 89.9 | 87.8, 91.9 | |
| At or below poverty level | 1424 | 15.3 | 13.8, 17.0 | 1159 | 19.4 | 17.1, 21.7 | 265 | 10.1 | 8.1, 12.2 | |
| Incarceration history | 0.01 | |||||||||
| Never incarcerated | 5636 | 78.9 | 77.3, 80.5 | 3636 | 76.9 | 74.8, 79.0 | 2000 | 81.5 | 79.2, 83.8 | |
| Incarcerated over 12 months ago | 1371 | 16.2 | 14.8, 17.5 | 1000 | 17.4 | 15.7, 19.1 | 371 | 14.5 | 12.4, 16.7 | |
| Incarcerated, past 12 months | 384 | 4.9 | 4.1, 5.8 | 294 | 5.7 | 4.5, 6.8 | 90 | 4.0 | 2.8, 5.2 | |
| Homeless, past 12 months | 0.02 | |||||||||
| No | 6756 | 92.3 | 91.2, 93.3 | 4448 | 91.2 | 89.7, 92.7 | 2308 | 93.7 | 92.3, 95.1 | |
| Yes | 636 | 7.7 | 6.7, 8.8 | 483 | 8.8 | 7.3, 10.3 | 153 | 6.3 | 4.9, 7.7 | |
| Regione | 0.06 | |||||||||
| South | 3035 | 41.1 | 38.1, 44.1 | 2121 | 38.7 | 34.5, 42.8 | 914 | 44.2 | 40.2, 48.3 | |
| Non-South | 4357 | 58.9 | 55.9, 61.9 | 2810 | 61.3 | 57.2, 65.5 | 1547 | 55.8 | 51.7, 59.8 | |
| Ever received an HIV test | 0.22 | |||||||||
| No | 260 | 3.7 | 3.1, 4.4 | 168 | 3.4 | 2.6, 4.2 | 92 | 4.2 | 3.1, 5.3 | |
| Yes | 7125 | 96.3 | 95.6, 96.9 | 4759 | 96.6 | 95.8, 97.4 | 2366 | 95.8 | 94.7, 96.9 | |
| HIV test, past 12 months | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Not tested, HIV-negative | 1344 | 17.1 | 15.6, 18.5 | 840 | 15.1 | 13.4, 16.8 | 504 | 19.5 | 17.1, 22.0 | |
| Not tested, HIV+ over 12 months ago | 1447 | 19.5 | 17.7, 21.3 | 1102 | 22.4 | 19.9, 24.9 | 345 | 15.8 | 13.3, 18.3 | |
| Tested, past 12 months | 4560 | 63.4 | 61.5, 65.4 | 2958 | 62.5 | 59.8, 65.2 | 1602 | 64.7 | 61.7, 67.6 | |
| Awareness of HIV statusf | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Unaware of HIV infection | 291 | 3.2 | 2.5, 3.8 | 239 | 3.6 | 2.8, 4.5 | 52 | 2.6 | 1.7, 3.5 | |
| Aware of HIV infection | 1447 | 19.4 | 17.6, 21.3 | 1108 | 22.5 | 19.9, 25.1 | 339 | 15.5 | 13.0, 18.0 | |
| HIV-negative | 5002 | 69.6 | 67.5, 71.6 | 3141 | 66.3 | 63.6, 69.0 | 1861 | 73.8 | 70.7, 76.8 | |
| Talked to a counselor about HIV prevention, past 12 months | 0.38 | |||||||||
| No | 5074 | 71.2 | 69.3, 73.1 | 3257 | 70.4 | 68.0, 72.9 | 1817 | 72.2 | 69.3, 75.1 | |
| Yes | 2318 | 28.8 | 26.9, 30.7 | 1674 | 30.0 | 27.1, 32.0 | 644 | 27.9 | 25.0, 30.7 | |
| Visited a provider, past 12 months | 0.6 | |||||||||
| No | 918 | 12.7 | 11.4, 13.9 | 613 | 13.0 | 11.4, 14.6 | 305 | 12.3 | 10.3, 14.3 | |
| Yes | 6472 | 87.3 | 86.1, 88.6 | 4316 | 87.0 | 85.4, 88.6 | 2156 | 87.7 | 85.7, 89.7 | |
| Participant was asked to give partner names after HIV+ test for notification | 0.23 | |||||||||
| No | 488 | 34.6 | 30.5, 38.8 | 352 | 36.5 | 31.1, 41.8 | 136 | 31.4 | 25.0, 37.8 | |
| Yes | 1019 | 65.4 | 61.3, 69.5 | 791 | 63.5 | 58.2, 68.9 | 228 | 68.6 | 62.2, 75.0 | |
| Participant gave partner names for notification (HIV+ only) | 0.68 | |||||||||
| No | 648 | 45.9 | 41.6, 50.2 | 462 | 46.6 | 41.0, 52.2 | 186 | 44.7 | 38.3, 51.1 | |
| Yes | 856 | 54.1 | 49.8, 58.4 | 679 | 53.4 | 47.8, 59.1 | 177 | 55.3 | 48.9, 61.7 | |
| Discussed PrEP with a provider, past 12 months (HIV-negative only) | 0.62 | |||||||||
| No | 2970 | 57.0 | 54.7, 59.4 | 1904 | 57.6 | 54.5, 60.7 | 1066 | 56.4 | 52.8, 59.9 | |
| Yes | 2028 | 43.0 | 40.6, 45.3 | 1234 | 42.4 | 39.3, 45.5 | 794 | 43.6 | 40.0, 47.2 | |
| Used PrEP, past 12 months (HIV-negative only) | 0.52 | |||||||||
| No | 3709 | 72.9 | 70.6, 75.2 | 2346 | 72.1 | 69.3, 75.0 | 1363 | 73.7 | 70.0, 77.4 | |
| Yes | 1289 | 27.1 | 24.8, 29.4 | 792 | 27.9 | 25.1, 30.7 | 497 | 26.3 | 22.6, 30.0 | |
| Knew last sex partner’s HIV status, past 12 months | 0.38 | |||||||||
| No | 2351 | 32.0 | 30.2, 33.7 | 1543 | 31.3 | 29.0, 33.5 | 808 | 32.8 | 30.1, 35.6 | |
| Yes | 4997 | 68.0 | 66.3, 69.8 | 3353 | 68.7 | 66.5, 71.0 | 1644 | 67.2 | 64.4, 70.0 | |
| Anal sex with last partner, past 12 months | 0.20 | |||||||||
| Used condoms, concordant partner | 6137 | 82.9 | 81.5, 84.4 | 4106 | 84.0 | 82.2, 85.7 | 2031 | 81.6 | 79.3, 84.0 | |
| Condomless sex, discordant partner | 386 | 5.7 | 4.7, 6.6 | 263 | 5.6 | 4.5, 6.8 | 123 | 5.7 | 4.2, 7.2 | |
| Condomless sex, unknown HIV status partner | 831 | 11.4 | 10.2, 12.6 | 532 | 10.4 | 8.9, 12.0 | 299 | 12.7 | 10.7, 14.6 | |
| Exchange sex, past 12 monthsg | 0.06 | |||||||||
| No | 6655 | 91.4 | 90.3, 92.5 | 4370 | 90.5 | 89.0, 91.9 | 2285 | 92.7 | 91.0, 94.4 | |
| Yes | 2458 | 8.6 | 7.5, 9.7 | 558 | 9.5 | 8.1, 11.0 | 173 | 7.3 | 5.6, 9.0 | |
CI, confidence interval; MSM, men who have sex with men; NHBS, National HIV Behavioral Surveillance; PrEP, preexposure prophylaxis.
State had any HIV criminalization law as of August 2017 according to the Center for HIV Law & Policy.
Column percentages are weighted; not all percentages sum to 100 due to missing or suppressed values; values suppressed if the coefficient of variance was >0.30.
Black people may identify as Hispanic/Latino ethnicity or other races; White people are single-race, non-Hispanic.
Poverty defined by 2017 DHHS federal poverty guidelines: https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/01/31/2017-02076/annual-update-of-the-hhs-poverty-guidelines.
Southern states: AL, AR, DE, DC, FL, GA, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA, WV.
Columns do not sum to 100% because invalid test results were not reported.
Gave or receive sex in exchange for drugs/money with another man in the past 12 months.