Table 1.
MSC-derived EVs of different origins with different effects in various diseases.
| EV Origin | Target Disease | Mechanisms & Characteristics | Animals Used | Ref. No. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Wound healing | Promoting M2 polarization of macrophages miR-223 wound healing by transferring EV-derived microRNA |
6–8 weeks old female C57BL/6 J mice | [28] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | Alzheimer’s disease | Evaluating mouse cognitive deficits Stimulating neurogenesis in the subventricular zone Alleviating beta amyloid 1−42-induced cognitive impairment |
7–8-week-old C57BL/6 mice | [36] |
| Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells | Cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury | Protection of animals from death due to cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury | 6-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats | [37] |
| Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells | Pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus | Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects Increasing normal hippocampal neurogenesis and cognitive and memory function |
6–8-week-old C57BL/6 mice | [38] |
| Mesenchymal stromal cells | A newborn rat model of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) induced by 14 days of neonatal hyperoxia exposure (85% O2) | Protecting from apoptosis, inhibiting inflammation, and increasing angiogenesis Preventing the disruption of alveolar growth, increasing small blood vessel number, and inhibiting right heart hypertrophy at P14, P21, and P56 |
Newborn rats | [39] |
| Embryonic mesenchymal stem cells | Critical-sized osteochondral defects (1.5 mm diameter and 1.0 mm depth) | Complete restoration of cartilage and subchondral bone | 8-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats | [40] |
| Umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells | Perinatal brain injury (hypoxic-ischemic and inflammatory with lipopolysaccharide) | Inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory molecules and preventing microgliosis in rats with perinatal brain injury Decreasing TNF-α and IL-1β expression in injured brains |
2-day-old Wistar rat pups | [41] |
| Umbilical Cord mesenchymal stem cells | CCl4-induced liver injury | Suppressing the development of liver tumors Inhibiting oxidative stress in liver tumors Reducing oxidative stress and inhibiting apoptosis in liver fibrosis |
4–5-week-old female BALB/c mice | [42] |
| Mesenchymal stromal cells | Cavernous nerve injury (CNI) | Enhancing smooth muscle content and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the corpus cavernosum Improving erectile function after CNI Increasing penile nNOS expression and alleviating cell apoptosis |
10-week-old male Sprague Dawley rats | [43] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) with a 20 mm cylindrical impactor hemorrhaged over 12.5 min using a Masterflex pump |
Lowering Neurological Severity Score (NSS) (p < 0.05) during the first five days post-injury Faster full neurological recovery |
35–45 kg female Yorkshire swine | [44] |
| Mesenchymal stem cells | UV-irradiated skin | Attenuating UV-induced histological injury and inflammatory response in mouse skin Preventing cell proliferation and collagen deposition in UV-irradiated mouse skin Increasing antioxidant activity |
newborn and adult Kunming mice | [45] |