Table 3.
Data extracted from the studies included for meta-analysis.
| Author, Year | Study Location | Study Design | Study Period | Study Instrument | Number of Food Parameters | Sample Size | Range of DII Scores | Type of Data and Comparison | Measures of Association | Adjustment Factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abulimiti et al., 2020 [21] | China | Case control | 2010–2019 | 81-item FFQ 1 | 34 | 2502 cases | −5.96 to +6.01 | Categorical | OR = 1.40 (95% CI 1.16, 1.68) | Age, sex, marital status, residence, education level, occupation, income, BMI 2, smoking status, family history of CRC, comorbidities |
| 2538 controls | Quartile 4 vs. Quartile 1 | |||||||||
| Brouwer et al., 2017 [29] | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | 2006–2012 | 183-item FFQ | 28 | 457 | −11.7 to +8.4 | Categorical | HR = 1.37 (95% CI 0.80, 2.34; p > 0.05) | Age, smoking status, education level |
| Tertile 3 (0.3 to 8.4) vs. Tertile 1 (−11.7 to <−1.8) | ||||||||||
| Byrd et al., 2020 [22] | United States | Case control | 1991–2002 | 126-item FFQ | 19 | 765 cases | (controls): −0.7 ± 2.4 | Categorical | OR = 1.31 (95% CI 0.98, 1.75) | Age, sex, education, NSAIDs 3 use, hormone use, family history of CRC, smoking status, BMI, alcohol intake, physical activity |
| 1986 controls | (cases): −0.5 ± 2.4 | Quintile 5 vs. Quintile 1 | ||||||||
| Cho et al., 2019 [23] | Korea | Case control | 2010–2013 | 106-item FFQ | 35 | 632 cases | (controls): 0.94 ± 2.24 | Categorical | OR = 1.38 (95% CI 1.12, 1.71) | Age, sex, family history of CRC, education level, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol intake |
| 1295 controls | (cases): 1.77 ± 1.97 | High vs. Low | ||||||||
| Harmon et al., 2017 [30] | United States | Prospective cohort | 1993–2010 | 169-item FFQ | 28 | 190,963 | −6.64 to +4.95 | Categorical | HR = 1.21 (95% CI 1.11, 1.32) | Age, sex, race, comorbidities, smoking status, BMI, family history of CRC, education level, aspirin use, hormones use |
| Quartile 4 (−0.52 to 4.95) vs. Quartile 1 (−6.64 to −3.66) | ||||||||||
| Niclis et al., 2018 [14] | Argentina | Case control | 2008–2015 | 127-item FFQ | 22 | 144 cases | −3.15 to +3.77 | Categorical | OR = 1.56 (95% CI 1.20, 2.03) | Age, sex, BMI, smoking status, socioeconomic status, physical activity, NSAIDs use |
| 302 controls | Tertile II (0.6–1.86) vs. Tertile 1 (<0.65) | |||||||||
| Obon-Santacana et al., 2019 [24] | Spain | Case control | 2008–2013 | 140-item FFQ | 30 | 1852 cases | (men): −5.11 to 5.47 | Continuous DII (per one unit increase) | OR = 1.14 (95% CI 1.10, 1.18) | Sex, age, education level, study area, family history of CRC, smoking status, physical activity, BMI, NSAIDs use |
| 3447 controls | (women): −5.64 to 5.12 | |||||||||
| Rafiee et al., 2019 [25] | Iran | Case control | 2017–2018 | 148-items FFQ | 21 | 134 cases | −4.23 to +3.89 | Categorical | OR = 2.64 (95% CI 1.40, 4.99) | Age, sex, physical activity, salt intake, comorbidities, smoking, family history of CRC, cooking method, supplement intake |
| 240 controls | Tertile 3 (>0.04) vs. Tertile 1 (<−1.13) | |||||||||
| Ratjen et al., 2019 [31] | Germany | Prospective cohort | 2009–2011 | 112-item FFQ | 27 | 1404 | −3.99 to +4.11 | Continuous DII (per one unit increase) | HR = 1.08 (95% CI 0.97, 1.20) | Sex, age at diet assessment, BMI, physical activity, survival time, tumor location, metastasis, other type of cancers, therapy, smoking status, alcohol intake |
| Sharma et al., 2017 [26] | Canada | Case control | 1999–2003 | 169-item FFQ | 29 | 547 cases | −5.19 to +6.93 | Categorical | OR = 1.65 (95% CI 1.13, 2.42) | Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, comorbidities, family history of CRC, smoking status, alcohol intake, NSAIDs use |
| 685 controls | Quartile 4 (≥0.3582) vs. Quartile 1 (<−2.036) | |||||||||
| Wesselink et al., 2021 [34] | Netherlands | Prospective cohort | 2010–2017 | 204-item FFQ | 28 | 1478 | −12.2 to +8.5 | Categorical | HR = 0.98 (95% CI 0.94, 1.04; p > 0.05) | Age, sex, staging, BMI, smoking status, NSAIDs use, comorbidities |
| Tertile 3 (1.2 to <8.5) vs. Tertile 1 (−12.2 to <−1.0) | ||||||||||
| Shivappa et al., 2017 [27] | Jordan | Case control | 2010–2012 | 90-item FFQ | 18 | 153 cases | −2.25 to +2.86 | Continuous DII (per one unit increase) | OR = 1.45 (95% CI 1.13, 1.85) | Age, sex, education level, physical activity, BMI, smoking status, family history of CRC |
| 202 controls | ||||||||||
| Tabung et al., 2017 [32] | United States | Prospective cohort | 1993–2014 | 122-item FFQ | 32 | 87,042 | −6.62 to +5.39 | Categorical | HR = 1.06 (95% CI 0.90, 1.26) | Age, race, education level, smoking status, comorbidities, regular NSAIDs use, estrogen use, BMI, physical activity |
| Quintiles 5 vs. Quintiles 1 | ||||||||||
| Yuan et al., 2021 [28] | United States | Case control | 2005–2015 | 175-item FFQ | 34 | 587 cases | −5.9 to +4.6 | Continuous DII (per one unit increase) | OR = 1.07 (95% CI 0.97, 1.19) | Age, gender, race, BMI, education level, smoking status, comorbidities, NSAIDs use, family history of CRC, supplements use |
| 1313 controls | ||||||||||
| Zheng et al., 2020 [33] | United States | Prospective cohort | 1993–2015 | 122-item FQ | 32 | 161,808 | −6.80 to +3.25 | Categorical | HR = 0.72 (95% CI 0.46, 1.12) | Age, race, smoking status, income levels, cancer staging, education level, physical activity, BMI |
| Tertile 1 | ||||||||||
| (−5.96 to −2.25) vs. Tertile 3 (−0.18 to 3.82) |
1 FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; 2 BMI, body mass index; NSAIDs 3, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.