. 2022 Mar 31;10(4):172. doi: 10.3390/toxics10040172

Table 5.

Ameliorative effects of nTiO₂ application against the phytotoxicity of Cadmium (Cd).

Salt; Concentration	nTiO₂ Crystalline Phase; Concentrations Used; Primary (PS) or Hydrodynamic Size (HS)	Plant Species	Application Method	Ameliorative Effects	Ref.
CdCl₂; 50 mg kg⁻¹	Not stated; 40, 80, 160 mg L⁻¹; PS < 100 nm	Coriandrum sativum L.	Seed priming (24 h)	Decreased Cd uptake and improved germination rate, plant growth and biomass; increased pigment contents; improved gas exchange parameters; increased CAT, SOD and APX activity; increased proline level; decreased MDA content and electrolyte leakage; improved seed yield	[164]
Cd(NO₃)₂; 13.95 mg kg⁻¹	Not stated; 100–1000 mg k⁻¹; PS 15–40 nm	Trifolium repens	In soil (80 d)	Increased plant length and biomass	[153]
CdCl₂; 10 mg kg⁻¹	Not stated; 100, 200 mg L⁻¹; PS 100 nm	Vigna unguiculata	Foliar spray in 21 days-old plants	Increased chlorophyll b; decreased in Cd uptake and translocation; MDA decrease; stimulated the antioxidant enzyme activity; increased Zn, Mn and Co in seeds	[162]
1.03, 2.46, 5.06 mg kg⁻¹	Not stated; 50, 100, 500 mg kg⁻¹; PS 20–40 nm	Oryza sativa L.	In soil (30, 60, 90 d)	Increased the plant height in tillering and booting growth stages; decreased MDA content and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, mostly when plants were treated with the higher doses of TiO₂	[152]
50 µM	Anatase; 100; 250 mg L⁻¹; PS 6.5 nm; HS 310–421 nm in foliar spay; HS 700–1880 nm in hydroponics	Zea mays L.	Foliar spray in 19 days-old plants (for 14 days evenly) and hydroponic system	Foliar spray: increased the membrane integrity (250 mg L⁻¹); decreased Cd content in roots (100 mg L⁻¹) and shoots (both); downregulated amino acid metabolic pathways Hydroponics: increased membrane integrity (250 mg L⁻¹); decreased Cd content in roots (250 mg L⁻¹); upregulated carbohydrates metabolic pathways	[157]
8.5 mg L⁻¹	Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate-coated and uncoated nTiO₂; 100, 200, 500, 1000 mg L⁻¹; HS 260–350 nm	Triticum aestivum L.	Seedlings In petri dishes with moistened filter paper (5 days)	The highest doses increased root length	[165]
CdCl₂; 10, 20 mg L⁻¹	Not stated; 10, 100, 1000 mg L⁻¹; PS 18–166 nm	Oryza sativa L.	Hydroponic system (10 days)	Stimulated plant growth; decreased Cd uptake; stimulated the net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content; decreased the MDA and modulated the antioxidant response	[158]
CdCl₂; 100 mg kg⁻¹	Not stated; 100, 200, 300 mg kg⁻¹; PS < 100 nm	Glycine max L.	In soil (30–60 days after sowing)	Decreased proline content; increased protein content; increased chlorophyll b content	[154]
Contaminated soil; 7.86 mg kg⁻¹	5, 10, 20, 30 mg L⁻¹; PS 20–30 nm;	Oryza sativa L.	Foliar spray at 26, 33 and 40 d after sowing	Stimulated plant growth; promoted gas exchange; increased chlorophyll contents; decreased MDA, electrolyte and H₂O₂ contents in both roots and leaves; stimulated antioxidant enzyme activities; decreased Cd accumulation and translocation	[163]