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. 2022 Mar 31;10(4):172. doi: 10.3390/toxics10040172

Table 6.

Ameliorative effects of nTiO2 application against the phytotoxicity of several environmental contaminants.

Contaminant Salt; Concentration nTiO2 Crystalline Phase; Concentrations Used; Primary (PS) or Hydrodynamic Size (HS) Plant Species Application Method Ameliorative Effects Ref.
Cu CuSO4·5H2O;
1, 2 mg L−1
Anatase; 10 mg L−1; HS 374 nm (1 h in suspension); HS 1064 nm (48 h in suspension) Glycine max L. Hydroponic system (6 days) Decreased the translocation factor of Cu [159]
Pb Pb(NO3);
10 mg kg−1
P25; 5 mg kg−1; HS ~130 nm Lactuca sativa L. In soil (12 days) Decreased the relative membrane permeability; increased pigment contents; promoted gas exchange, including the net photosynthetic rate [155]
Al AlCl3·6H2O;
50 mg kg−1
P25; 5 mg kg−1; HS ~130 nm Lactuca sativa L. In soil (12 days) Decreased the relative membrane permeability; promoted gas exchange; increased the effective efficiency of photosystem II [155]
Sb K2H2Sb2O7⋅4H2O;
not stated
Not stated; 100–250 mg kg−1; PS 15–40 nm Sorghum bicolor In soil (80 days) Increased the germination rate [156]
As Sodium arsenate;
10 µmol L−1
Not stated; Chemical NPs: 2500 mg L−1; HS 64.3 nm. Green NPs: 1000 mg L−1; HS 53.2 nm Vigna radiata L. Seeds treated prior germination and during the germination period Increased biomass and seedling length; decreased H2O2 and MDA contents; increased the protein content, and gene expression of SOD and CAT [166]
2,4-Dichloro phenoxyacetic acid 1000 µM Not stated; PS < 100 nm; HS 260 nm Azolla pinnata R.Br Pre-treatment with TiO2 (3 days) followed by exposure to 2,4-D in a hydroponic system Modulated K, N, P accumulation; increased biomass; increased the activity of the enzyme invertase; promoted the nitrogen metabolism [167]
Tetracycline 1, 5, 10 mg L−1 Rutile; 40, 100, 200 mg L−1; PS 5–15 nm Arabidopsis thaliana L. Hydroponic system (12 days) Increased fresh biomass (40 mg L−1); altered the activity of antioxidant enzymes; changed the expression of genes encoding GST, MDHAR, GR, SiR, APR, APT [161]
5–20 mg L−1 Anatase; 500, 1000, 2000 mg L−1; PS 10–25 nm Oryza sativa L. Hydroponic system (10 d) Increased shoot and root biomass; decreased tetracycline content in shoots and roots; modulated nutrient accumulation; decreased antioxidant enzymes activity; showed antagonist effect with tetracycline [160]