Acute Stroke	A stage of stroke that starts at the beginning of symptoms and lasts for a few hours after.
ANOVA	Is an analysis tool used in statistics that splits an observed aggregate variability found inside a dataset into two parts: systematic factors and random factors.
Arrhythmia	An abnormal heartbeat.
Arteriosclerosis	A disease process, commonly called “hardening of the arteries,” includes a variety of conditions that cause artery walls to thicken and lose elasticity.
Artificial Intelligence	Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence demonstrated by machines, as opposed to the natural intelligence displayed by animals, including humans.
Atherosclerosis	A disease in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. This narrows the arteries and blocks blood flow to the brain, which increases the risk of a stroke.
Autonomic nervous system	The part of the body’s complex system of nerves that controls the involuntary activity of some of the internal organs, such as breathing or heartbeat.
Basal ganglia	These are structures located deep in the brain that are responsible for normal movement, such as walking. The basal ganglia are made up of three main parts, the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.
Bradycardia	Abnormally slow heartbeat.
Bradykinesia	Slowing down of movement. It is a major symptom of Parkinson’s.
Cardiac arrest	The stopping of the heartbeat, usually because of interference with the electrical signal.
Cardiovascular	About the heart and blood vessels that make up the circulatory system.
Carotid artery	An artery located on either side of the neck supplies the front part of the brain with blood.
Cerebellum	Part of the brain is involved in the coordination of movements.
Cerebral cortex	The largest part of the brain is responsible for thought, reasoning, memory, sensation, and voluntary movement.
Cerebrovascular Disease	One or more diseases are caused by blood flow (circulation) problems, such as blood flow restriction or a blockage or clot, in vessels that supply blood to the brain.
Chorea	A type of abnormal movement or dyskinesia, characterized by continuing, rapid, dance-like movements. May result from high doses of levodopa and/or long-term levodopa treatment.
Cognitive Impairment	Difficulty with thinking abilities such as paying attention, memory, communication, and problem-solving.
Cogwheel rigidity	Stiffness in the muscles, with a jerky quality, when arms and legs are repeatedly moved.
Congestive heart failure	A condition in which the heart cannot pump all the blood returning to it, leading to a backup of blood in the vessels and an accumulation of fluid in the body’s tissues, including the lungs.
Deep Learning	Are a type of machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) that imitates the way humans gain certain types of knowledge.
Dementia	The loss of some intellectual abilities is characterized by a loss of awareness and confusion.
Dopamine	A chemical produced by the brain; assists in the effective transmission of messages from one nerve cell to the next. People with Parkinson’s have decreased amounts of the chemical in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra, two structures located deep in the brain. Dopamine coordinates the actions of movement, balance, and walking.
DVT (Deep Vein Thrombosis)	A blood clot that forms in a vein deep in the body. It can cause a potentially life-threatening complication if the clot detaches and moves to the lungs resulting in a blockage known as a pulmonary embolism (PE).
Dysarthria	Difficulty saying words clearly due to problems with muscle strength and coordination.
Dysarthria	Speech difficulties due to impairment of the muscles associated with speech.
Dyskinesia	Abnormal muscle movements. These may appear as a side effect of long-term drug treatment in Parkinson’s and may worsen in response to stress.
Dysphagia	Difficulty with swallowing.
Edema	Swelling is caused by fluid accumulation in body tissues.
Embolic Stroke	A stroke is caused by an embolus (a free-floating mass traveling through the bloodstream). The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a ball of fat, a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), or foreign material.
Hemorrhagic Stroke	Sudden bleeding into or around the brain. It is also called a brain hemorrhage or brain bleed.
Heredity	The genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to child.
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)	Also known as “good cholesterol.” HDL helps move the “bad cholesterol” from the arteries back to the liver; thus, it can break down and leave the body.
Hypertrophy	Enlargement of tissues or organs because of increased workload.
Hypoxia	A state of decreased oxygen delivery to a cell thus that the oxygen falls below normal levels.
Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH)	A type of stroke occurs when a vessel within the brain leaks blood into the brain.
Ischemic Stroke	Damage to the brain is caused by a lack of blood flow, usually from a clot.
Levodopa	A drug containing a form of the important brain chemical dopamine commonly used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. In combination with carbidopa, it is called Sinemet; combined with benserazide, it is called Prolopa.
Lewy body	Brain cells have abnormally pigmented spheres inside them. They are found in the damaged parts of the brain in people with Parkinson’s disease.
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)	Also known as the “bad cholesterol”; a compound that carries most of the total cholesterol in the blood and deposits the excess along the inside of arterial walls.
Machine learning	Machine learning is a method of data analysis that automates analytical model building.
Myocardial infarction	A heart attack. The damage or death of an area of the heart muscle (myocardium) resulting from a blocked blood supply to the area. The affected tissue dies, injuring the heart. Symptoms include prolonged, intensive chest pain, and a decrease in blood pressure that often causes shock.
Navi byes	Naive Bayes classifiers are a family of simple “probabilistic classifiers” based on applying Bayes’ theorem with strong (naive) independence assumptions between the features.
Principal Component Analysis	Is the process of computing the principal components and using them to perform a change of basis on the data, sometimes using only the first few principal components and ignoring the rest.
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)	A blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has traveled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream. Severe cases can lead to passing out, abnormally low blood pressure, and sudden death.
Random forests	Is an ensemble learning method for classification, regression, and other tasks that operates by constructing a multitude of decision trees at training time?
Resting tremor	Shaking occurs in a relaxed and supported limb.
Rigidity	Muscular stiffness is common in people with Parkinson’s disease. It is characterized by a resistance to movement in the limbs.
Stenosis	Narrowing of an artery due to the buildup of plaque within the artery.
Stroke	Occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is suddenly interrupted or when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, spilling blood into the spaces surrounding brain cells. There are two types of stroke: ischemic (clot) or hemorrhagic (bleeding).
Support Vector Machine	Supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data for classification and regression analysis.
Thrombosis	The formation of a blood clot in one of the brain arteries of the head or neck that stays attached to the artery wall until it grows large enough to block blood flow.
Abbreviations
ACC	American College of Cardiology
AHA	American Heart Association
ANOVA	Analysis of variance
ASCVD	Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
ANS	Autonomic Nervous System
AUC	Area-under-the-curve
AI	Artificial Intelligence
BMI	Body mass index
CAD	Coronary artery disease
CAS	Coronary artery syndrome
CHD	Coronary Heart Disease
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
CT	Computed Tomography
CUSIP	Carotid ultrasound image phenotype
CV	Cross-validation
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
CVE	Cardiovascular events
DA	Endogenous Dopamine
DL	Deep learning
DM	Diabetes mellitus
EEGS	Event-equivalent gold standard
EMG	Electromyography
FH	Family history
FoG	Freezing of Gait
GT	Ground truth
HTN	Hypertension
HDL	Hybrid deep learning
ICAM	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule
VCAM	vascular cell adhesion molecule
LBBM	Laboratory-based biomarker
MedUSE	Medication use
ML	Machine learning
MRI	Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MIBG	Iodine-123 meta-iodobenzylguanidine
NPV	Negative predictive value
NB	Naive byes
NO	Nitric Oxide
nOH	Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension
Non-ML	Non-machine learning
OBBM	Office-based biomarker
OH	orthostatic hypotension
OxLDL	Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein
QTc	chaotic heartbeat
PD	Parkinson Disease
PE	Performance evaluation matrices
PPV	Positive predictive value
PCA	Principal Component Analysis
PTC	Plaque tissue characterization
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
PR	Period measured in milliseconds
RF	Random forest
ROS	Reactive Oxides Stress
RoB	Risk of bias
ROC	Receiver operating-characteristics
SCORE	Systematic coronary risk evaluation
SMOTE	Synthetic minority over-sampling technique
SVM	Support vector machine
TPA	Total plaque area
US	Ultrasound
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid