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. 2021 Jul 23;11(41):25624–25627. doi: 10.1039/d1ra04425g

Access to 6-hydroxy indolizines and related imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines through the SN2 substitution/condensation/tautomerization cascade process†

Guiyun Duan 1,‡, Hao Liu 1,‡, Liqing Zhang 1, Chunhao Yuan 1, Yongchao Li 1, Yanqing Ge 1,✉
PMCID: PMC9036982  PMID: 35478892

Abstract

A simple and efficient cascade reaction was developed for the construction of hydroxy substituted indolizines from pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes and commercially available 4-halogenated acetoacetic esters. Their optical properties were also evaluated.

A simple and efficient cascade reaction was developed for the construction of hydroxy substituted indolizines from pyrrole-2-carbaldehydes and commercially available 4-halogenated acetoacetic esters.graphic file with name d1ra04425g-ga.jpg

Introduction

Indolizine, a biostere for indole, is commonly found in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals. Indolizine derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities such as anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, and anticancer activities.1–5 They are also used in dyes and optical materials owing to their bright colors.6–11 As a consequence, much effort has been devoted to their synthesis and functionalization, and thus many methods have been developed.12–14 In addition to classical Scholtz or Tschichibabin reactions, a variety of straightforward and efficient methods have been reported in recent years15–20 including 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of pyridinium salts and intramolecular cyclization catalyzed by transition metals and intermolecular cyclization. Despite the efficiency of these methods, they suffer from the requirement of specific preorganized substrates, necessity of expensive metal catalysts, multistep synthesis, and a lack of product diversity. Moreover, no method has been reported for the preparation of indolizines bearing a hydroxyl group.

Recently, we synthesized a series of indolizine and related N-bridgehead heterocycles via a cascade reaction (Scheme 1a).21 To achieve the related pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyridines through a shorter and convenient route, a simple and efficient synthetic method was also reported subsequently using commercially accessible starting materials (Scheme 1b).22 Based on the results obtained in our laboratory, we expected that a cascade reaction of pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde 1 with 4-halogenated acetoacetic ester 2 might be successful in the presence of a weak base (Scheme 1). In continuation of our effort to search for new fluorophores for imaging,23–26 herein, we report a simple and efficient method for the synthesis of hydroxy substituted indolizines via an SN2 substitution/condensation/tautomerization cascade process in a metal-free fashion. Their optical properties were also evaluated.

Scheme 1. Access to indolizines via a cascade reaction.

Scheme 1

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Results and discussion

Initially, commercially available pyrrole-2-formaldehyde and ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate 2a were selected for the experimental design. However, only the dimerization product of 2a was obtained. Subsequently, we optimized the reaction conditions using 4-propionyl-pyrrole-2-formaldehyde 1a and ethyl 4-chloro-3-oxobutanoate 2a as the model substrates. To our delight, the desired cyclized product 3a was obtained in an acceptable 56% yield in the presence of K2CO3 (Table 1, entry 1). The reaction even progressed very well at room temperature (entry 2). Other bases such as DBU, Cs2CO3, NaOH, t-BuOK, NaOAc, and CsOAc were then evaluated. However, the yields decreased, especially for a weak base (NaOAc) (entries 3–8). Regarding the effect of solvents, no improvement in the yield was obtained when the reaction was carried out in DMF, EtOH, and acetone (entries 9–11).

Optimization of reaction conditionsa.

graphic file with name d1ra04425g-u1.jpg
Entry Base T (°C) Solvent Time Yield (%)
1 K2CO3 50 MeCN 6 h 56
2 K 2 CO 3 25 MeCN 6 h 70
3 DBU 25 MeCN 6 h 54
4 Cs2CO3 25 MeCN 6 h 63
5 NaOH 25 MeCN 6 h 42
6 t-BuOK 25 MeCN 6 h 59
7 NaOAc 25 MeCN 6 h 12
8 CsOAc 25 MeCN 6 h 26
9 K2CO3 25 DMF 6 h 67
10 K2CO3 25 EtOH 6 h 60
11 K2CO3 25 Acetone 6 h 62
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a

1 mmol 1a, 2 mmol 2a, 3 mmol base, and 10 mL solvent were used.

Then, the reactions of various substituted pyrrole-2-formaldehyde were tested (Scheme 2). Generally, the desired products were obtained in moderate-to-good yields when the pyrroles contained electron-withdrawing groups at the 4- or 5-position. However, no product was obtained for pyrrole-2-formaldehyde, presumably due to the reduction of nucleophilicity of the pyrrole ring. The structure of compound 3k was confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis (Fig. 1, CCDC 2081693†).

Scheme 2. Substrate scope of pyrrole-2-formaldehyde. Reaction conditions: 1 (1 mmol), 2 (2 mmol), K2CO3 (3 mmol), CH3CN (10 mL), 20 °C, 6 h.

Scheme 2

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Fig. 1. X-ray crystal structure of compound 3k.

Fig. 1

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Next, the applicability of this cascade reaction was expanded to the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine, furnishing the desired product 5a in 61% yield. The scope of the 4-halogenated acetoacetic ester was also evaluated (Scheme 3). The results indicate that the halogen and alkyl groups on position 4 and the ether group hardly influenced the yields.

Scheme 3. Substrate scope studies of 4-halogenated acetoacetic ester. Reaction conditions: 4 (1 mmol), 2 (2 mmol), K2CO3 (3 mmol), CH3CN (10 mL), 20 °C, 6 h.

Scheme 3

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Based on the above mentioned results and our previous work, we propose a mechanism as shown in Scheme 4. First, SN2 substitution of 4-halogenated acetoacetic ester 2 and pyrrole-2-formaldehyde 1 yields intermediate 6. Subsequently, cyclized intermediate 7 is formed through intramolecular nucleophilic substitution. Finally, the desired products 3 are obtained through dehydration and tautomerism.

Scheme 4. The proposed mechanism.

Scheme 4

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To advance our efforts to search for new fluorophores for cell imaging and their strong luminescence, we investigated the UV-vis and fluorescence spectra of these new compounds (Fig. 2). Compounds 3a–3l show similar absorptions at ca. 250 nm (Table S1†), which should be assigned to the π–π* electronic transition originating from the indolizine ring. Notably, the substituent and their position on the indolizine ring slightly affect these absorption peaks. However, the weak absorption bands between 290 nm and 445 nm due to n–π* electronic transition are especially different for compounds 3h and 3i containing a strong electron-withdrawing group (NO2). The maximum emission bands of 3c, 3e, and 3f are similar (425–455 nm, Table S1†), while those of 3a, 3b, and 3d are 540 nm, 535 nm, and 505 nm, respectively, with a much higher red shift.

Fig. 2. UV-vis and FL spectra of compounds 3a–3l.

Fig. 2

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Conclusions

In summary, we developed an efficient cascade reaction to construct indolizines and related imidazo[1,5-a]pyridines with a hydroxyl group, which is difficult to introduce through other methods. The structure was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compounds showed strong fluorescence in a dilute solution. Further studies on the optical properties of these indolizines are in progress.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Supplementary Material

RA-011-D1RA04425G-s001
RA-011-D1RA04425G-s002

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Innovative Research Programs of Higher Education of Shandong Province (2019KJC009), the Science Fund of Shandong Province for Excellent Young Scholars (ZR2017JL015) and the Natural Science Foundation of China (21801180).

†

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra of compounds 3a–3l and 5a–5e. CCDC 2081693. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/d1ra04425g

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

RA-011-D1RA04425G-s001
RA-011-D1RA04425G-s001.pdf (4MB, pdf)
RA-011-D1RA04425G-s002
RA-011-D1RA04425G-s002.cif (20.3KB, cif)

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