Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is defined as the presence of an expanded blood-cell clone without manifestation of hematological diseases. Recent reports have established that CH increases the risk for hematopoietic neoplasms and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Especially, CH with TET2 somatic mutation (TET2-CH) drastically increases the risk of CVD.1 TET2 mutations acquired in hematopoietic stem cells promote the self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells, giving their myeloid and lymphoid progeny a competitive advantage for expansion over normal clones. Thus, TET2-CH plays a crucial pathogenic role in developing both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies.2 Indeed, clinical studies demonstrated a higher prevalence of TET2-CH in patients with lymphoma (6.5%) than in the general population (0.42%).3,4 Taken together, patients with lymphoma could be predisposed to CVD. Moreover, many are treated with anthracyclines, which are associated with cardiotoxicity (anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity [AIC]).5 However, few translational studies that assess the association between TET2-CH and AIC have been performed. Therefore, we attempted to elucidate the impact of TET2-CH on AIC in patients with lymphoma.
One hundred ten adult lymphoma survivors (median age, 57.5 years; 45.5% male; Asian race), treated with anthracyclines between 1999 and 2019 in Kyushu University Hospital, were examined (Table 1). The median cumulative dosage of doxorubicin was 300 mg/m2 (IQR: 240–300 mg/m2). CH was determined by targeted capture sequencing of peripheral blood, using a gene panel including 31 genes commonly mutated in CH and hematological malignancies: DNMT3A, TET2, ASXL1, TP53, JAK2, SF3B1, CBL, SRSF2, PPM1D, U2AF1, KRAS, NRAS, NF1, PTPN11, IDH1, IDH2, KIT, FLT3, NPM1, RUNX1, CEBPA, CALR, MPL, PIGA, BCOR, BCORL1, ABL1, BCL2, ZBTB33, EZH2, and CHEK2. Processed libraries were sequenced using a NextSeq 500 system (Illumina). In all patients, peripheral blood was sampled after completion of an anthracycline-containing chemotherapy regimen. The median time from initial chemotherapy to peripheral blood collection was 4.6 years (IQR: 1.9–8.3 years). AIC was determined by echocardiography as a reduction in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥10% to <53% compared with baseline, as per cardio-oncology guidelines. In all patients, post-treatment LVEF was assessed at least 6 months after the final administration of anthracyclines.5 The median time from initial chemotherapy to post-treatment LVEF assessment was 4.3 years (IQR: 1.8–8.2 years). Smoking history included both prior or current smoking at time of blood draw. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Kyushu University Hospital (#831-01).
Table 1.
Characteristics of Patients With AIC
| All Patients (N = 110) | AIC (n = 21) | No AIC (n = 89) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at treatment, y | 57.5 (48.8–66.3) | 52.0 (46.5–59.0) | 58.0 (49.5–67.5) | 0.130 |
| Male | 50 (45.5) | 12 (57.1) | 38 (42.7) | 0.330 |
| Smoking history | 43 (39.1) | 12 (57.1) | 31 (34.8) | 0.082 |
| T-cell lymphoma | 10 (9.1) | 2 (9.5) | 8 (9.0) | 1.000 |
| Advanced stage, Ann Arbor III or IV | 80 (72.7) | 17 (81.0) | 63 (70.8) | 0.424 |
| Cumulative doxorubicin dosage, mg/m2 | 300.0 (240.0–300.0) | 300.0 (275.0–400.0) | 300.0 (240.0–300.0) | 0.088 |
| Radiation therapy | 15 (13.6) | 4 (19.1) | 11 (12.4) | 0.480 |
| Chest irradiation | 5 (4.5) | 1 (4.8) | 4 (4.5) | 1.000 |
| Auto-HSCT | 13 (11.8) | 5 (23.8) | 8 (9.0) | 0.124 |
Values are median (IQR) or n (%).
Group differences were analyzed using Wilcoxon test or Fisher’s exact test.
AIC = anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity; Auto-HSCT = autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
CH with a variant allele frequency of 0.02 to 0.39 was detected in 20 patients (18.2%). Among them, TET2-CH was most frequent, and detected in 9 patients (8.2%). Frequencies of DNMT3A-CH, PPM1D-CH, TP53-CH, ASXL1-CH, CHEK2-CH, and PTPN11-CH were 6.3%, 3.6%, 2.7%, 2.7%, 1.8%, and 0.9%, respectively.
Twenty-one patients met criteria for AIC (19.1%). Four patients with regional wall motion abnormalities did not demonstrate abnormalities in myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, and time from initial anthracycline treatment suggested that doxorubicin dose ≥400 mg/m2 (odds ratio: 3.02; 95% CI: 1.05–8.71; P = 0.041) and TET2-CH (odds ratio: 5.15; 95% CI: 1.10–24.05; P = 0.037) were associated with AIC.
This study suggests that: 1) TET2-CH was detected in 8.2% of patients with lymphoma; and 2) TET2-CH was associated with AIC in patients with lymphoma. Detecting TET2-CH may provide important information to identify lymphoma patients at increased risk of AIC.
Anthracyclines induce DNA and mitochondrial damage in cardiomyocytes, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species and tissue inflammation. TET2-mutated macrophages have been reported to up-regulate IL-1β expression, resulting in cardiac dysfunction in mouse models.1 Thus, we hypothesized that anthracyclines and TET2-mutated macrophages could coordinately promote cardiac inflammation, causing AIC. However, DNMT3A-CH, which is also associated with CVDs,1 was not related to AIC. Therefore, AIC might have a distinct pathogenesis.
Previous reports established the importance of cardioprotective drugs in AIC management.5 We hypothesize that for the early detection of AIC, it is imperative to evaluate and monitor the cardiac function of patients with lymphoma harboring TET2-CH during anthracycline treatment. Additional research is needed to understand whether the use of cardioprotective drugs might improve the clinical outcomes of AIC.
In terms of limitations, our sample size was small, and these findings require independent evaluation. Second, our study is at risk for type I error because post hoc adjustment was not performed. As such, they should be considered hypothesis generating. Third, in patients with normal LV wall motion, LVEF was primarily measured by the Teichholz method by 2 well-trained cardiologists. For patients with abnormal LV wall motion, the modified Simpson’s method was used. Fourth, we cannot exclude the possibility that CH occurred after AIC development. In multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted with time from the initial doxorubicin treatment to assess CH, TET2-CH was a risk factor for AIC. To circumvent these limitations, largescale cohort studies are needed in the future.
In summary, in this exploratory analysis, TET2-CH was associated with AIC in patients with lymphoma. Further study elucidating the role of TET2-CH and associations with AIC is an important area of future investigation.
Footnotes
This study was supported in part by Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (A) No. 16748470 (Dr Kikushige); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (S) No. 16747244 (Dr Akashi) and No. 20H05699 (Dr Maeda); Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (A) No. 17H01567 and 20H00540 (Dr Maeda); and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) No. 16674756 (T. Miyamoto) and No. 19109659 (Dr Kikushige) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan. This study was also supported in part by Grants-in-Aid for Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development No. 16768249 (Dr Kikushige) and No. 16770576 (Dr Akashi). This study was also supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for the Shinnihon Foundation of Advanced Medical Treatment Research (Dr Kikushige). This study was also supported in part by an AMED under grant number 18063889 (Dr Maeda). The authors have reported that they have no relationships relevant to the contents of this paper to disclose.
The authors attest they are in compliance with human studies committees and animal welfare regulations of the authors’ institutions and Food and Drug Administration guidelines, including patient consent where appropriate. For more information, visit the Author Center.
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