Abstract
Purpose
To compare the locations and patterns of femoral head chondral damage in patients with instability in contrast to those with femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) without instability.
Methods
All consecutive hip arthroscopies were reviewed from 2013 to 2020 from a single surgeon. Intraoperative records were reviewed on all patients identified to have femoral head chondromalacia. Data were collected to include laterality, location of femoral head chondromalacia, intraoperative diagnosis (instability and/or FAI subtype), and ease of distractibility. The location of the femoral head chondromalacia was defined on the basis of intraoperative description. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests were used for categorical variables, and a two-sample t test was used for continuous variables. Statistical significance was set at P < .05.
Results
A total of 64 patients were in the study cohort, with 32 patients identified as having non-central head chondromalacia and 32 patients identified as having central head chondromalacia. Of the patients with central head chondromalacia, 81% were diagnosed with instability. Central head chondromalacia was associated with a sensitivity of 84% (71%-97%), specificity of 82% (69%-95%), and positive predictive value of 81% (67%-95%).
Conclusions
A high percentage of patients with central femoral head chondromalacia were found to have hip microinstability. These results suggest that there is a pattern of femoral head chondral damage in patients with hip microinstability.
Level of Evidence
Level III, case-control study.
Introduction
Hip microinstability is an increasingly accepted cause of young, nonarthritic hip pain.1, 2, 3, 4 Initially an ill-defined and underappreciated clinical entity, an emerging body of evidence has sought to better define hip microinstability.2,4,5 Patients with hip microinstability may experience hip joint pain, unsteadiness, or apprehension. Moreover, good results have been achieved through identifying and treating patients with instability using capsular plication techniques.6,7
Microinstability must be distinguished from general soft tissue laxity similar to other joints (i.e., shoulder, patellofemoral) where supraphysiological motion must also be associated with pain or dysfunction. Although this can develop in a post-traumatic or postsurgical state, it can also be present in a native hip secondary to bony deficiency and/or soft tissue insufficiency.2,8 Making the diagnosis of microinstability is based on a multitude of factors that are identified through a thorough history and physical exam, imaging studies, and intraoperative findings.1,2,4,5,9,10 Moreover, the diagnosis of hip microinstability can occur with normal radiographs or be a concurrent diagnosis with labral injuries, femoroacetabular impingement (FAI), hip dysplasia or borderline dysplasia. Therefore, a high index of suspicion is necessary to make the diagnosis. Toward that end, identification of intraoperative features associated with hip instability could be beneficial to the surgeon to maximize surgical outcomes.
Supraphysiological motion of the hip may result in characteristic wear or damage patterns on the femoral head, acetabulum, or labrum.5 Cadaveric models have demonstrated that the central femoral head moves relative to the acetabulum in all planes of motion at extremes of motion.11, 12, 13 Moreover, femoral head motion and subluxation have been identified in asymptomatic ballet dancers, further confirming supraphysiological motion of the hip.14, 15, 16, 17 The increased motion of the central femoral head may place this region at particular risk in patients with instability, as the femoral head may translate to, or over, the edge of the acetabular rim, potentially resulting in a shear injury to the central femoral head articular cartilage. The purpose of this study was to compare the locations and patterns of femoral head chondral damage in patients with hip microinstability, in contrast to those with FAI without instability. It is our hypothesis that patients with microinstability will demonstrate increased central femoral head chondromalacia (CM) compared with patients without microinstability.
Methods
After institutional review board approval, a retrospective review identified hip arthroscopies performed by the senior author from 2013 to 2020. A search was conducted for the diagnosis of femoral head chondromalacia within the operative record, identifying hip arthroscopies, which included this finding. Inclusion criteria included hip arthroscopy for FAI and/or instability, which specified the location of femoral head chondromalacia. Exclusion criteria included hip arthroscopy performed for non-FAI and/or instability pathology or incomplete records. The diagnosis of microinstability was established on the basis of previously defined characteristics to include intra-articular hip pain and laxity of the hip joint intraoperatively.5 Medical records and operative records were then reviewed to obtain patient demographic information to include gender, BMI, age, and race. Operative reports were reviewed and data were collected to include laterality, location of femoral head chondromalacia, intraoperative diagnosis (instability and/or FAI subtype), and ease of distractibility (number of turns to distract, residual subluxation, distraction with body weight). The location of the femoral head chondromalacia was defined on the basis of intraoperative description, which was based on an intraoperative recording sheet (Fig 1). Intraoperative viewing was performed through both anterolateral and modified anterior portals, as well as a posterolateral portal allowing full view of the femoral head (Fig 2). Imaging was reviewed to identify lateral center edge angle, α-angle, and magnetic resonance imaging interpretation of femoral head chondromalacia, as available. The diagnosis of Cam-type FAI was defined by an α-angle of greater than 55°. The diagnosis of pincer-type FAI was defined by a radiographic crossover sign and/or a lateral center edge of Wiberg of greater than 35°. Mixed FAI was defined by meeting criteria for both Cam and Pincer FAI. Ease of distractibility was determined intraoperatively on the basis of previously defined characteristics, including the amount of traction required for hip distraction and residual subluxation after release of traction.5
Fig 1.
Illustration of zones of femoral head chondromalacia when viewed arthroscopically, demonstrating central (A), posterior (B), lateral (C), anterior (D), and medial (E) chondromalacia.
Fig 2.
Intraoperative images of two patients demonstrating central head chondromalacia. (A) Right hip in the supine position viewing from a posterolateral view portal demonstrating an area of chondral softening (black arrow). (B) and (C) Images of a left hip viewed from a posterolateral portal with the acetabulum on the right and the femoral head on the right. The probe and microfracture awl are seen entering from the anterior portal. This demonstrates a central femoral head lesion after debridement (red arrow) and microfracture (star).
Chi-squared tests and Fisher’s exact tests were used to analyze the rates of central femoral head CM by gender, race, side, and other diagnoses. A two-sample t-test was used to analyze the age at surgery for central and noncentral CM patients. All analyses were completed in RStudio version 1.1.456 (Boston, MA) using a two-sided level of significance of .05.
Results
A total of 648 hip arthroscopies were performed during the study period. Seventy-four of these were for femoral head chondromalacia. We excluded 10 cases for the following reasons: 1 was a duplicate, 4 did not have femoral head chondromalacia, 1 had avascular necrosis, 1 had multiple epiphyseal dysplasias, 2 had femoral head cysts that required grafting, and 1 was diagnosed with pigmented villonodular synovitis. This left a total of 64 hips for review. Thirty-two of these had non-central head chondromalacia and 32 had central head chondromalacia (Table 1). Females were more likely than males to have central head chondromalacia, and this reached statistical significance (P < .001).
Table 1.
Demographic Data
| Non-Central CM (n = 32) | Central CM (n = 32) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n, %) | |||||
| Female | 9 | 28% | 24 | 75% | <.001 |
| Male | 23 | 72% | 8 | 25% | |
| Side (n, %) | |||||
| Left | 21 | 66% | 11 | 34% | .024 |
| Right | 11 | 34% | 21 | 66% | |
| Age at surgery (mean, SD) | 39.2 | 10.6 | 40.7 | 13.5 | .623 |
CM, chondromalacia; SD, standard deviation.
Thirty-two patients were identified with central head chondromalacia, of whom, 26 had instability. Instability was isolated in 6 cases (two of which were revisions), 11 had instability with Cam-type FAI, 4 had instability with pincer-type FAI, 5 had instability with mixed-type FAI (1 revision), 1 CAM-type FAI, 4 mixed-type FAI, and 1 frozen hip. Frozen hip was a clinical diagnosis defined by significant decreased preoperative hip range of motion, particularly external rotation, and often also decreased flexion.
Central femoral head chondromalacia was associated with a diagnosis of instability, and this reached statistical significance (Table 2). Of the patients identified to have central head chondromalacia, 81% were found to have a diagnosis of hip instability. In contrast, of those who were identified to have non-central head chondromalacia, only 16% were identified to have instability. For patients with femoral head chondromalacia in the absence of instability, they were more likely to have mixed-type FAI (58% vs 23%; P = .009). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values, and negative predictive values were calculated as outlined in Table 3.
Table 2.
Diagnoses Associated with Noncentral Versus Central Head Chondromalacia
| Non-Central CM (n = 32) | Central CM (n = 32) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Instability Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 27 | 84% | 6 | 19% | <.001 |
| Yes | 5 | 16% | 26 | 81% | |
| Cam Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 20 | 63% | 20 | 63% | >.999 |
| Yes | 12 | 38% | 12 | 38% | |
| Pincer Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 30 | 94% | 28 | 88% | .672 |
| Yes | 2 | 6% | 4 | 13% | |
| Mixed Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 15 | 47% | 23 | 72% | .075 |
| Yes | 17 | 53% | 9 | 28% | |
| No Instability (n = 33) | Instability (n = 31) | P Value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cam Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 21 | 64% | 19 | 61% | >.999 |
| Yes | 12 | 36% | 12 | 39% | |
| Pincer Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 32 | 97% | 26 | 84% | .099 |
| Yes | 1 | 3% | 5 | 16% | |
| Mixed Dx (n, %) | |||||
| No | 14 | 42% | 24 | 77% | .009 |
| Yes | 19 | 58% | 7 | 23% | |
Dx, diagnosis.
Table 3.
Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive, and Negative Predictive Values for the Diagnosis of Hip Microinstability
| Instability | No Instability | 95% Confidence Interval | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sensitivity | 84% | (71%-97%) | ||||
| Central CM | 26 | 6 | Specificity | 82% | (69%-95%) | |
| Noncentral CM | 5 | 27 | PPV | 81% | (68%-95%) | |
| NPV | 84% | (72%-97%) |
Discussion
This study demonstrates that central head chondromalacia is associated with a diagnosis of hip microinstability. In patients identified as having central head chondromalacia at arthroscopy, 81% of those were found to have a diagnosis of hip instability, with 19% of those having isolated instability. Moreover, in this cohort of chondromalacia patients, the presence of central head chondromalacia was associated with an 84% sensitivity, 82% specificity, and 81% positive predictive value for the diagnosis of microinstability. These results suggest that chondromalacia at the center of the femoral head may contribute to the intraoperative diagnosis and identification of hip microinstability.
Microinstability is increasingly gaining support as an accepted cause of young, nonarthritic hip pain. As we improve our understanding of the altered kinematics, we are able to identify patterns associated with hip microinstability. To that end, others have identified injury and movement patterns associated with the diagnosis of hip microinstability. Clinically, Rosinsky et al. described a femoral head divot sign in 14 patients, identifying a linear chondral indentation on the femoral head just lateral and parallel to the acetabular labrum in patients identified to have hip microinstability.10 They proposed that, in the setting of microinstability, this area may experience repetitive edge loading leading to the head deformation.
Our study demonstrated that central femoral head chondromalacia was associated with a diagnosis of hip microinstability. One explanation for this phenomenon would be increased movement of the femoral head relative to the acetabulum in patients with microinstability, leading to central femoral head wear, possibly as it subluxates to, or over, the posterior acetabular rim or posterior cotyloid fossa. Movement of the central femoral head relative to the acetabulum has been identified and demonstrated to increase with increasing incompetence of the surrounding soft tissues in cadaveric models.12 Similarly, in vivo studies have demonstrated femoral head translations of .69-4.1 mm during hip range of motion.17,18 Considering these models and the intraoperative findings described in this study, it would seem intuitive that the central femoral head translation and, therefore, abnormal cartilage stresses and wear, would be amplified in the setting of microinstability.
Multiple different findings have been described to aid in the diagnosis of hip microinstability. However, to date, there is no consensus on diagnostic criteria for hip instability. Physical examination findings have been used to define patients with hip instability, with the abduction hyperextension external rotation test having the highest accuracy.3,9 Moreover, when a triad of tests—abduction hyperextension external rotation, abduction-extension external rotation, and prone external rotation—were found to be positive, it represented a 95% likelihood of hip instability identified at the time of surgery.9 Generalized ligamentous laxity has been found to be associated with higher rates of labral repair and capsular plication, but it has not been found to correlate strongly with microinstability.3,8,11 Although many radiographic signs have been evaluated, a recent systemic review failed to find strong evidence for any diagnostic radiographic test and concluded that radiographic diagnosis must be in the context of clinical diagnosis.4 Finally, intraoperative criteria, which have been suggested to include ease of distractibility, location of acetabular chondral damage, and location of the acetabular labral tear.5,19 Shibata et al. found that there was a predilection for straight anterior and lateral acetabular chondral or labral damage in patients with hip microinstability.5
Considering the evidence, our current understanding of hip microinstability requires a compilation of history, clinical exam, radiographic studies, and intraoperative findings to make the diagnosis. As such, the primary purpose of this study was to help add an additional diagnostic tool to aid in the clinical diagnosis of hip microinstability. This article demonstrated that central femoral head chondromalacia was identified in a high percentage of patients found to have hip microinstability. When added to the other diagnostic findings above, this may aid the surgeon in intraoperative decision making, particularly, when it comes to capsular management and consideration of capsular plication. As we continue to expand our understanding of the multifaceted diagnostic tools, we will further expand our understanding of elements of the history, physical exam, imaging studies, and intraoperative findings, allowing us to further delineate objective findings associated with hip microinstability to inform patient-specific treatment.
Limitations
This study is not without limitations. First, it is retrospective in nature and is inherently limited by its retrospective design. Second, there is currently no universally accepted diagnostic criteria for hip microinstability, so we relied on previously defined and published criteria in this study. The diagnosis of hip microinstability in this cohort was based on a combination of preoperative history and physical, radiographic findings, and intraoperative findings associated with hip microinstability, as determined by the senior surgeon. This leaves open the possibility of observer bias in identifying these patients as having microinstability. Third, there was a significant association found between instability and gender, raising concern for confirmation bias for the diagnosis of instability. Although we are unable to account for this type of bias, it should be noted that much of the literature on microinstability report a high percentage of instability patients are female. Fourth, we found a statistically significant difference in central versus noncentral wear based on laterality. We are unable to account for this difference as the same technique is used for hip arthroscopy, irrespective of laterality. Finally, we included revision cases in our analysis, and this may conflate our analysis. We feel that this is mitigated by the small percentage of our total cases being revisions (<5%) and the mixed location of the chondral damage (2 central, 1 noncentral).
Conclusion
A high percentage of patients with central femoral head chondromalacia were found to have hip microinstability. These results suggest that there is a pattern of femoral head chondral damage in patients with hip microinstability.
Footnotes
The authors report the following potential conflicts of interest or sources of funding: M.R.S. reports personal fees from Smith & Nephew, Medacta, DJO, Stryker, Elsevier, and Lippincott. He is an unpaid consultant and has received stock options from Biomimedica, all outside the submitted work. Full ICMJE author disclosure forms are available for this article online, as supplementary material.
Supplementary Data
References
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