Table 1.
Oxidative-stress-related blood AD biomarkers.
| Ref | Study Cohort and Design | Plasma/Serum | Measurement Methods | Results | Cohort of Variation | Biomarker/s Proposed |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Han et al., 2021 [164] | Aβ1–42-treated PC12 cells, brain and hippocampus of APP/PS1 mouse, and the serum of AD patients | Serum | Probe 1 *, ELISA assay or LC–MS | ↑ Hcy ↓ Cys and GSH |
AD vs. HC | Hcy, Cys, and GSH changes in the serum |
| Evlice et al., 2017 [165] | 30 AD (15 females and 15 males) and 10 HC (7 males and 3 females) | Serum | Activity and quantitative G6PD kit | ↑ serum G6PD | AD vs. HC | Serum G6PD levels |
| Peña-Bautista et al., 2021 [166] |
12 preclinical AD and 31 HC | Plasma | Chromatography and mass spectrometry | ↓ lipid peroxidation -15-F2t-IsoP correlates with p-tau -15-F2t-IsoP correlates with t-tau |
AD vs. HC (non-significant) | Plasma isoprostanoids (combination of 10 biomarkers) |
| Zengi et al., 2012 [168] | 21 AD (10 men and 11 women) and 20 HC (11 men and 9 women) | Serum | PON1 activity absorbance assay | ↓ serum PON1 | AD vs. HC | Serum PON1 activity |
| López et al., 2013 [176] | 36 AD, 18 MCI, and 33 aged HC | Blood | ↑ Copper and MDA | AD and MCI vs. HC | Blood copper, MDA, and SOD | |
| Pradhan et al., 2022 [175] | 47 AD, 43 MCI, and 48 HC | Serum | SPR and Western blot | ↓ SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 | AD vs. MCI and HC | Serum SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT6 concentration |
| Cardoso et al., 2014 [170] | 27 AD, 17 MCI, and 28 HC | Plasma | Hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy | ↓ plasma Se ↓ erythrocyte Se |
-AD vs. MCI and HC -AD and MCI vs. HC |
Plasma Se levels |
| García et al., 2021 [10] | 20 MCI (13 males and 7 females), 20 AD (11 males and 9 females), and 15 PD (12 males and 3 females) and HC (age and sex matched). | Plasma | Electrochemical immunosensor | ↑ Unfolded p53 ↑ Unfolded p53 |
-MCI, AD, and PD vs. HC -AD vs. MCI and PD |
Plasma unfolded p53 |
| Peña-Bautista et al., 2021 [167] |
6 AD and 13 MCI | Plasma | LC–MS | ↑ dihomo-isoprostanes (17-epi-17-F2t-dihomo-IsoP, 17-F2t-dihomo-IsoP, Ent-7(RS)-7-F2t-dihomo-IsoP) and neuroprostanes (10-epi-10-F4t-NeuroP) | AD vs. MCI | Plasma isoprostanoids levels |
| Picco et al., 2014 [169] | 23 SCI, 28 MCI, and 34 mild AD | Plasma | Spectrophotometric analysis | ↓ eSOD activity ↓ CAT activity = GPx activity |
-AD vs. SCI -AD vs. MCI and SCI |
Plasma eSOD, CAT, and GPx activity combined with functional neuroimaging |
| Lin et al., 2021 [163] | 49 MCI and 16 HC | Plasma | Commercially available assay kit | ↓ plasma GSH | MCI vs. HC | Plasma GSH levels |
| Li et al., 2021 [173] | 839 HC | Serum | ↑ Serum uric acid = Serum uric acid in healthy individuals with or without tau pathology |
Preclinical AD vs. HC | Serum uric acid | |
| Du et al., 2019 [172] | 113 aMCI and 832 HC | Serum | Commercial ELISA kit | ↑ Serum IMA and IMA/albumin | aMCI vs. HC | Serum IMA |
| Wu et al., 2021 [171] | 88 HC, 201 with cognitive impairment and no dementia (CIND) and 207 with dementia (160 AD and 47 vascular dementia) | Plasma | LC–MS/MS | ↓ plasma | Dementia vs. CIND and HC | Plasma ergothioneine levels |
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment; APP/PS1, double transgenic mouse model of AD; CAT, catalase; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; eSOD, extracellular superoxide dismutase; G6PD, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; HC, healthy controls; Hcy, homocysteine; IMA, ischemia-modified albumin; LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; MDA, malondialdehyde; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PON1, paraoxonase 1; SCI, subjective cognitive impairment; SEC–ICP–MS, size exclusion chromatography–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry; SPR, surface plasmon resonance; * Probe 1, ethyl (E)-3-(9-chloro-11-oxo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-pyrano [2,3-f] pyrido [3,2,1-ij] quinolin-10-yl)-2-cyanoacrylate; ↓, decrease; ↑, increase.