Evolution of corneal transplantation techniques and their indications in a French corneal transplant unit in 2000–2020

Vianney Malleron; Florian Bloch; Yinka Zevering; Jean-Charles Vermion; Axelle Semler-Collery; Christophe Goetz; Jean-Marc Perone

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263686

. 2022 Apr 29;17(4):e0263686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263686

Evolution of corneal transplantation techniques and their indications in a French corneal transplant unit in 2000–2020

Vianney Malleron ¹, Florian Bloch ¹, Yinka Zevering ¹, Jean-Charles Vermion ¹, Axelle Semler-Collery ¹, Christophe Goetz ², Jean-Marc Perone ^3,^*

Editor: Timo Eppig⁴

PMCID: PMC9053824 PMID: 35486609

Abstract

Purpose

This retrospective cohort study assessed the evolution of corneal transplantation and its indications in the last 21 years (2000–2020) in a specialized ophthalmology department in a tertiary referral center in France.

Methods

The surgical techniques and indications, patient age and sex, and postoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) 6 months after keratoplasty were extracted.

Results

In total, 1042 eyes underwent keratoplasty in 2000–2020. Annual numbers of corneal transplantations increased by 2.2-fold. Penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) was the sole technique for the first 11 years. Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) were introduced in 2011 and 2014, respectively. Cases of both quickly increased, accounting for 28% and 41% of cases in 2015–2020, respectively. Eventually, DSAEK and DMEK were respectively used for most pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and all Fuchs endothelial cell dystrophy (FECD) cases. PKP cases declined to 27%. Deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) was rare (3% of all cases). These changes associated with rises in PBK and particularly FECD cases, and a strong decline in keratoconus, causing FECD, PBK, and keratoconus to move from being the 4^th, 1^st, and 3^rd most common indications to the 1^st, 2^nd, and 6^th, respectively. On average, BCVA improved by 0.1–0.3 logMAR. Patient age dropped steadily over time. Female predominance was observed.

Conclusions

The invention of DSAEK and then DMEK precipitated an enormous change in clinical practice and a large expansion of keratoplasty to new indications. This study confirms and extends previous findings in other countries.

Introduction

Corneal transplantation is currently the most widely performed tissue transplant procedure in the world: in 2019, 5,032 and 84,921 people in France and the USA received a corneal transplant, respectively [1, 2]. This surgery has a history spanning several centuries but first became clinically useful in 1905, when Eduard Konrad Zirm in Olomouc in Central Europe conducted the first successful full-thickness human corneal transplantation [3]. For much of the 20^th century thereafter, Zirm’s technique (denoted penetrating keratoplasty [PKP]) remained the treatment of choice for a wide range of corneal disorders that affected one or more of the corneal layers.

Later in the 20^th century, the prominent clinical role of PKP began to be challenged by developments in lamellar keratoplasty techniques, where only the diseased corneal layer is replaced by a graft. While this concept was first forwarded in 1888 [4] and revived in 1956 by a successful case of posterior lamellar endothelial keratoplasty [5], it did not become a viable clinical option until the 1970s, when Anwar proposed deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for keratoconus. This technique involves completely or partially replacing the corneal stroma of the patient while preserving the healthy endothelium [6]. At present, the most commonly used DALK technique is the one that was published by Anwar and Teichmann in 2002, where the stroma is dissected and separated by injecting an air bubble between the pathological stroma and the healthy Descemet membrane [6].

The next major change in the lamellar keratoplasty field came around the same time as the publication of the air bubble DALK technique: in 1998–2000, Melles proposed a method for replacing the diseased endothelium in corneal diseases such as bullous keratopathy and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). This method was termed deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and involves (i) dissecting a posterior lamellar disc from the recipient cornea, (ii) inserting a folded donor corneal disc consisting of posterior stroma, Descemet membrane, and endothelium into a self-healing 5-mm tunnel incision, (iii) unfolding the disc, and (iv) then securing it against the recipient tissue with an air bubble [7–9]. However, while DLEK surpassed PKP in terms of outcomes and complications, it remained a challenging technique [10, 11]. Therefore, in 2004, Melles proposed that the diseased Descemet membrane and its endothelium could be selectively removed with a reversed Sinskey hook (a procedure known as descemetorhexis), after which the folded graft used in DLEK would be introduced into the anterior chamber [12]. Gorovoy and colleagues then simplified this procedure by introducing an automated microkeratome that dissected the donor posterior lamella in a standardized manner [13]. This so-called Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) procedure rapidly started replacing PKP worldwide because its lower invasiveness and complication rates meant that it could be offered to the patient before the disease had advanced; this resulted in significantly superior outcomes [14]. Around this time, however, Melles refined the procedure further by only transplanting Descemet membrane and endothelium [15]. This Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) technique yields superb visual outcomes compared even to DSAEK and allows the remaining anterior layers of the donor cornea to be used for DALK [16, 17]. While DMEK is a more complex procedure that associates with higher rates of postoperative graft dehiscence, surgeon experience can overcome this issue [18, 19].

Several studies suggest that these technical developments have led to significant changes globally in the use of keratoplasty techniques and their indications (S1 and S2 Tables) [2, 20–37]. For example, when Tan et al. analyzed their 2002–2011 series, they found that the introduction of DSAEK into clinical practice in 2007 associated with a marked drop in PKP surgeries and FECD moving from the third most common keratoplasty indication to the first [30]. However, few studies have examined the changes after 2015. In addition, the impact of DMEK on clinical practices and indications has not been clearly described to date. Moreover, there is little information about current practices in France.

The present retrospective study analyzed the cases of all consecutive patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2020 in a French corneal transplantation unit to elucidate how the inventions of DALK, DSAEK, and DMEK have affected the surgical landscape, the main indications for corneal transplantation, and the surgical outcomes.

Patients and methods

Study design and ethics

This retrospective single-center study was performed in the Regional Metz-Thionville Hospital Center, Grand Est, France. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the French Society of Ophthalmology (IRB 00008855 Société Française d’Ophtalmologie IRB#1). The need for explicit consent from the patients to use their anonymized surgery-related data was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.

Patient selection and data collection

The study cohort consisted of all consecutive patients who underwent corneal transplantation in a tertiary referral center (Regional Metz-Thionville Hospital Center) between January 2000 and December 2020. All surgeries were conducted by a single surgeon (JMP). The indications for surgery, the surgical techniques that were used, patient age, sex, and the best-corrected postoperative visual acuity (BCVA) 6 months after keratoplasty were extracted retrospectively from the medical records and the French corneal transplantation waiting list (Agence Française de Biomédicine). BCVA data were only available from 2010 onwards because that was when they started to be routinely and prospectively recorded in the medical database. FECD was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and specular microscopy. Bullous keratopathy was diagnosed when pseudophakic or aphakic patients exhibited corneal endothelial decompensation, often due to underlying FECD. Viral, bacterial, parasitic, and fungal infectious pathologies were diagnosed on the basis of the clinical signs and microbiological cultures. When an eye underwent another cornea transplant due to failure of the previous graft, the indication was surgical revision; the original indication was no longer applied.

Statistical analyses

The data were recorded prospectively and were complete for all patients. Continuous and categorical data were expressed as mean±standard deviation or n (%), respectively. Trends in the collected variables over time were analyzed by using the Mann-Kendall Trend test. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS software (version 9.3, SAS Inst., Cary, NC, USA). The significance threshold was set at 5%.

Results

Between January 2000 and December 2020, 1084 eyes underwent corneal transplantation in our hospital. Of these, the vast majority (n = 1042; 96%) were conducted for pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK), FECD, keratoconus, trauma, infectious pathologies, and regrafts after graft failure. The remaining (n = 42) were conducted for neurotrophic keratitis, corneal congenital anomaly, and stromal dystrophy (n ranging from 3 to 18). The latter cases were removed from the database to help identify major temporal changes in clinical practice. Thus, the study cohort consisted of 1042 eyes.

The predominant technique has changed markedly over time from PKP to DMEK

On average, 49±23 (range, 15–97) transplants were performed annually. The annual number of corneal transplantations increased by 2.2-fold between 2000–2010 and 2011–2020 (Fig 1).

Fig 1 — DALK, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty; DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

Four techniques were used: in order of the most to least frequently used over the 21 years, they were PKP (60% of 1042 surgeries), DSAEK (19%), DMEK (18%), and DALK (3%). Other techniques were not used. Apart from a few DALK cases in 2006–2007, PKP was the only technique that was used for the first 11 years. In 2011, the first cases of DSAEK (n = 2) were conducted. This was followed by a large and enduring increase in both DSAEK cases and total cases. In 2014, the first cases of DMEK (n = 3) were performed. The numbers of annual DMEK cases then grew so strongly that two years later (2016), DMEK was the most commonly performed technique (46% vs. 27% and 26% for DSAEK and PKP, respectively). DMEK case numbers remained relatively constant from 2016 onwards. Since the numbers and frequencies of annual DSAEK cases remained relatively steady, the growth in DMEK cases tended to come at the expense of PKP cases, which dropped from ~100% in 2000–2010 to 27% in 2020. This drop was significant, as determined by a Mann-Kendall Trend test (p = 0.042) (Fig 1). DALK cases remained infrequent throughout (Fig 1).

The predominant indication has changed markedly over time from PBK to FECD

In order from the most to the least common, the keratoplasties over the 21 years were conducted for PBK (31%), FECD (24%), regraft (21%), keratoconus (11%), infectious pathologies (8%), and trauma (5%).

Until 2013, PBK was the main indication for corneal transplantation (42%/year), followed by keratoconus (16%), regraft (15%), FECD (10%), infections (10%), and trauma (7%). This changed in 2013–2016: regraft initially became the most predominant indication but then was strongly overtaken by FECD. PBK eventually became the second most predominant indication, followed by regraft. In 2016–2020, FECD, PBK, and regraft accounted for 43%, 24%, and 21% of cases per year, respectively. Around this time, there was also a marked decrease in keratoconus cases to 3% in 2016–2020, making it now the least common indication. Trauma and infection cases did not show substantial changes over time (Fig 2).

Fig 2 — DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; FECD, Fuchs endothelial cell dystrophy; PBK, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy.

Treatment for PBK switched largely from PKP to DSAEK

All PBK cases were treated with PKP until 2011, when one case was treated with DSAEK. From then on, the vast majority of PBK cases were treated with DSAEK. At that timepoint, there was also an enduring rise in PBK cases from on average 13/year in 2000–2011 to 19/year in 2012–2020. In 2014, a PBK case was treated with DMEK for the first time. However, while DMEK was employed for PBK occasionally in later years, DSAEK remained the mainstay of treatment for this indication (Fig 3).

Fig 3 — DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

FECD cases were initially rare and treated with PKP but are now very common and treated with DMEK

Until 2010, only a handful of FECD cases were treated with keratoplasty every year (range, 1–7 cases/year), and all were treated with PKP. In 2011, the first FECD case was treated with DSAEK. DSAEK then became the preferred treatment for the next three years. Around this time, the annual FECD cases started rising. In 2014, the first FECD case was treated with DMEK. Thereafter, DMEK quickly became the preferred treatment for FECD and DSAEK fell out of favor. These changes are associated with an increase in the number of FECD cases (up to 44 annually) (Fig 4). As a result, FECD cases went from being the fourth to the first most common indication (Fig 2).

Fig 4 — DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; FECD, Fuchs endothelial cell dystrophy; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

Keratoconus cases were increasingly being treated with DALK but have now become rare

Until 2015, there were seven cases of keratoconus per year on average. All cases were treated with PKP until 2006, when five cases were treated with DALK. Thereafter, PKP remained the treatment of choice until 2012, at which point keratoconus started to be increasingly treated with DALK and keratoconus cases started rising. However, starting in 2015, the number of keratoconus cases that underwent keratoplasty dropped sharply to an average of 2 per year (Fig 5).

Fig 5 — DALK, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

Regraft cases have risen sharply and are increasingly being treated with DSAEK or DMEK

Over the 21 years, 221 keratoplasties were conducted for failure of a first transplant (20%; this includes a 10% total graft rejection and 10% total graft failure rate). The regraft cases started to emerge in 2003 but remained low (1–9/year; mean, 6/year) until 2012. At that point, revision keratoplasties almost tripled. These numbers generally remained high thereafter (mean, 19/year). The increase in regraft cases directly reflects the advent of DSAEK and DMEK. PKP was responsible for nearly all of the graft rejections in the cohort (due to its thick and therefore more immunologically provocative graft) but only 1% of the graft failures. PKP rejections and failures were initially treated with a second PKP until 2012, which was when DSAEK was first used for revision keratoplasty. Thereafter, DSAEK was increasingly used after PKP rejection/failure. By contrast, while the DSAEK and especially DMEK grafts were rarely rejected (due to their thinness), 16% and 11% of these grafts failed, respectively. The DSAEK failures were mostly caused by excessive stromal damage that could not be improved sufficiently with DSAEK. Most were repaired with PKP. The DMEK failures were mostly caused by graft detachment that significantly affected graft function and could not be reversed with rebubbling. These cases were generally reoperated with a second DMEK or a DSAEK. Thus, DSAEK was increasingly performed for regraft; in 2019, it was used for 44% of all revision cases. DMEK was first used for revision keratoplasty in 2014 and its use in regrafts rose modestly over time to 24%. Nonetheless, throughout these changes, PKP remained a favored option for revision cases (Fig 6).

Fig 6 — DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

Average patient age dropped over time

On average, the patients were 74±6 years old. There is a U-curve in the age data: patients were consistently older than 75 years on average until around 2010: at that point, average age started to fall below 75 years to nadirs of 62 and 64 years in 2013 and 2016, respectively. Thereafter, average age climbed to between 70 and 75 years. This pattern partly reflects the use of PKP in increasingly younger patients: until 2010, the average patient undergoing PKP was 79 years old but in the next 11 years, the average patient age was 70 years. This drop in age of PKP cases over time was statistically significant (p = 0.005) (Fig 7).

Fig 7 — DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

The increase in whole cohort age that started around 2017 reflects the strongly increasing rates of DSAEK and especially DMEK in this period: both techniques were conducted in older patients (average age, 77 years for DSAEK and 75 years for DMEK). However, as with the PKP subgroup, patient age also tended to fall in the DSAEK subgroup (from 83 years in 2011 to 74 years in 2020) and the DMEK subgroup (from 81 years in 2014 to 73 years in 2020) (Fig 7).

The patients who received DALK were the youngest of all patients (47±11 years).

Women predominated at most timepoints

Women constituted 58% of the total cohort; in 18 of the 21 years (the exceptions were 2000, 2002, and 2014), women formed ≥50% of the yearly cohort. This was also observed for the PKP (mean, 53%) and especially the DSAEK (67%) and DMEK (72%) subgroups (S1–S4 Figs).

Postoperative BCVA improved over time for all keratoplasty techniques

Fig 8 shows the BCVA at 6 postoperative months in 2010–2020 for all keratoplasty techniques. Postoperative visual acuity improved over time by 0.1–0.3 logMAR on average for all techniques. DMEK associated with the best visual outcomes (mean, 0.16 logMAR), followed by DALK (0.3 logMAR) and DSAEK (0.4 logMAR). PKP had the poorest outcomes (0.6 logMAR) (Fig 8).

Discussion

The present retrospective study examined how corneal transplantation methods and their indications have changed over the last 21 years in a specialized ophthalmology department in France. Fig 9 summarizes the major changes that have occurred in the field and the department. Thus, up until the beginning of the 21^st century, PKP was the sole treatment of choice in the field for the predominant indications for keratoplasty then. The publication of air bubble DALK for anterior opacities in 2002 and the invention of first DSAEK for endothelial pathologies in 2004 and then its technically more challenging counterpart DMEK in 2006 has completely revolutionized the field with enormous speed: this is clearly demonstrated by our department’s experiences, which are depicted in the present study.

Fig 9 — DALK, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty; DSAEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty; DMEK, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty; FECD, Fuchs endothelial cell dystrophy; PBK, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy; PKP, penetrating keratoplasty.

Changes in PKP, DSAEK, and DMEK case numbers and indications

In 2011, our department tried DSAEK for the first time in one PBK and one FECD case. The good visual outcomes and shorter recovery durations caused us to switch largely from using PKP for PBK to DSAEK in the following year (2012). The year 2012 was also when annual PBK cases rose by 220%; this increase has largely endured. Thus, the invention of DSAEK expanded the number of PBK cases that could be effectively treated with keratoplasty.

Another marked change started the next year (2013): PKP was largely abandoned in favor of DSAEK for FECD as well. At this point, the total annual FECD cases started rising sharply; most were treated with DSAEK. Then, in the following year, the surgeon performed DMEK for the first time in a few PBK, regraft, and FECD cases. This led to a rapid switch from DSAEK to DMEK for FECD in the following year. By 2017, all FECD cases were being treated with DMEK. This switch to DMEK associated with a huge 3-fold increase in the annual number of FECD cases. As a result, FECD changed from being the fourth most common indication to the first. This associated with a drop in PBK from first to second place. Thus, the invention of DSAEK and then DMEK hugely expanded the number of FECD cases that could be effectively treated with keratoplasty.

These changes were accompanied by a large and sustained rise in regraft cases. This reflects the complications of the DSAEK and DMEK techniques.

Due to the increased numbers of PBK, FECD, and regraft cases, the total annual cases of keratoplasty rose by 2.2-fold from 2000–2010 to 2011–2020; this increase started in 2012, one year after DSAEK was first tried.

During this time, keratoconus dropped from third to last place as a keratoplasty indication. This is partly because of improvements in rigid and scleral lenses but also because of the rise of cross-linking (CXL) treatment, which was first used to manage keratoconus in 2003. CXL involves instilling riboflavin and then irradiating the cornea with UVA [38–40]. This induces covalent bonds between the corneal collagen fibers, thus stiffening the cornea. Since this prevents further progression of keratoconus in 90% of cases, CXL reduces the need for corneal transplantation, which is now generally only conducted in the few cases that evince keratoconus progression [41–46].

Thus, over the space of 6 years, the keratoplasty landscape in our clinical practice changed radically (Fig 9). Rather than PKP being used for every indication and FECD being treated only rarely, PKP has been largely supplanted by especially DMEK (now used for all FECD cases) but also DSAEK (now used for most PBK and some regraft cases), and total annual keratoplasty, FECD, and PBK cases have increased markedly.

Changes in other countries

Keratoplasty evolution studies and internet reports show that most of the trends we observed have also been found in other countries, although there are some differences (S1 and S2 Tables) [2, 20–37]. These studies are nearly all based on national eye bank or transplant registry data and most cover the periods before, during, and after 2004–2006 (when DSAEK and then DMEK emerged). Study durations range from 10 to 27 years. Half report up to 2009–2012 while all but one of the rest report up to 2014–2017: the most recent data were reported by the Eye Bank Association of America (2005–2019) [2]. All but one relate to industrialized countries: the exception is Iran [23].

Increase in annual case numbers

The literature shows that annual keratoplasty cases increased on average by 1.6-fold after 2005 (cf. 2.2-fold in our study). Most increases ranged from 1.3- to 2.0-fold. The Netherlands showed a large increase in annual cases (3-fold), possibly reflecting the fact that a Dutchman invented both DSAEK and DMEK [7, 8, 12, 15]. A Polish study also recorded a 4.6-fold increase between 1989 and 2014; these changes may reflect legal and infrastructural changes as well as the inventions in lamellar keratoplasty [27]. A French national database study covering the period 2004–2015 reported only a 1.1-fold increase; this may reflect the fact that the study start year was also the year endothelial keratoplasty was introduced in France [24]. Canada reported increases of 1.1-, 1.1-, and 2.6-fold, possibly reflecting regional differences (S1 and S2 Tables) [20, 30, 34].

Uptake of DSAEK and DMEK

Nearly all countries introduced DSAEK by 2008. DMEK entered clinical practice more slowly: while Australia and Germany introduced it in 2008–2009, the USA, Singapore, New Zealand, Iran, and Greece first started using it in 2011–2015. The French national database study does not discriminate between DSAEK and DMEK, so it is not clear when DMEK was first used; however, endothelial keratoplasty started in 2004 (S1 and S2 Tables). In our hospital study, DSAEK and DMEK were introduced in 2011 and 2014, respectively; this apparent lateness reflects the fact that nearly all previous studies were based on eye bank or transplant registry data that registered the earliest attempts at these new techniques nationally. The slower uptake of DMEK internationally probably reflects the fact that this procedure is technically more challenging than DSAEK due to the thinness of the graft and its tendency to roll up and dehisce from the graft bed; consequently, mastering DMEK requires a steeper learning curve [19, 47–49].

In the literature, the uptake of DSAEK at the last study timepoint ranged from 9% to 59% (average, 31%; cf. 27% in our study). In two German studies, DSAEK was almost immediately supplanted by DMEK [21, 29]. None of the studies directly reported DMEK rates. DALK either started around the time DSAEK and DMEK appeared or was already in use. Like in our series, DALK was rarely conducted in Canada, Germany, and the USA. The UK, New Zealand, and Italy reported an increase in DALK cases from 0% to 12–15% of total keratoplasties while Singapore reported a strong increase from 0% to 44%, and Iran reported a decrease from 17% to 1% (S1 and S2 Tables). These findings are largely consistent with those of Tan et al., who obtained and analyzed the 2011–2012 corneal transplant data from 12 national and two supranational corneal/organ transplant registries or eye banks. Thus, they observed that endothelial keratoplasty adoption rates were higher in industrialized countries (41–52%) and low in less economically developed countries like Thailand, Philippines, India, and China (1–4%). By contrast, DALK ranged widely from 28% (Singapore, China, and Brazil) to 1% (Philippines) and did not show a distinct difference between industrialized and economically developing countries. This may partly reflect the fact that DALK is still largely dependent on manual skills and less on instrumentation, making it less dependent on the economic status of the country [36]. Moreover, keratoconus rates also vary geographically and some countries have religious strictures against the use of donor material [50, 51]. Low uptake of DALK may also reflect the technical difficulties associated with DALK and the fact that PKP may yield slightly better visual outcomes for keratoconus [52, 53].

Changes in indications and their treatments

The international studies also observed that the introduction of DSAEK and DMEK associated with changes in the most common indications, particularly the more recent studies. Thus, FECD went from last to first place in the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, and in the 2004–2015 national registry study in France. In addition, regraft became more common in Canada, New Zealand, Greece, the USA, and the French study. Both PBK and keratoconus dropped in rank over time in nearly all countries (S1 and S2 Tables).

In early studies, before DMEK was introduced, these indication changes associated with a switch from PKP to DSAEK for PBK (average, 63%; range 21–90%; cf. 90% in our study), FECD (70%; 63–90%; cf. 0% in our study), and regraft (27%; 22–30%; cf. 44% in our study). The four studies that were conducted after the introduction of DMEK reported that PKP was abandoned in favor of endothelial keratoplasty for most FECD cases (91%; 70–100%; cf. 100% DMEK in our study); however, it is not clear whether DSAEK or DMEK was performed (S1 and S2 Tables).

Patient age and sex

We observed that age at keratoplasty dropped over the 21 years from 82 to 62 years of age with a U-curve. This reflects the introduction of DSAEK and especially DMEK, which can and should be offered to younger patients since it has been observed that early management of endothelial dysfunction with DMEK yields better postoperative results compared to waiting for disease progression [54, 55]. Interestingly, we noted that even before we started using DSAEK and DMEK, the PKP patients started getting younger. This may reflect surgeon experience, which led to younger patients being offered PKP.

None of the international studies examined change in average patient age over time, and only an early (1999–2009) British study has comprehensively analyzed the effect of DSAEK and DMEK on patient age and sex. They observed that age had a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 20–40 and 60–80 years, and that this was especially prominent for men and did not change over their study period [31]. Another early study in New Zealand (1990–2009) also observed a similar bimodal age distribution for the whole cohort [32]. However, when this group extended the study time period to 1999–2015, they found that while a bimodal distribution in age was still observed overall, the younger peak dropped over time while the older peak rose [25]. Moreover, recent Australian and American studies show a unimodal age distribution, with a peak at 70–80 years [2, 28]. When we examined how age distribution changed between 2000–2010 and 2011–2020, we also observed a mild bimodal distribution in the early period (a small peak at 41–50 and a large peak at 91–100) that changed into a unimodal distribution with a peak at 71–80 years (S5 Fig). This change from a bimodal to unimodal age distribution probably reflects the fact that keratoconus (which is predominant in young people) is increasingly not being treated with keratoplasty.

In terms of sex, Canadian, Dutch, and Italian studies showed a female predominance whereas British, Australian, New Zealand, Singaporean, and Iranian studies showed a male predominance. Interestingly, a Greek study observed that after DSAEK was introduced, the male predominance shifted to a female predominance. We also observed a female predominance, especially for DSAEK and DMEK patients, whereas the French registry study, which covered the period up to 2015, observed a male predominance. Thus, a shift to female predominance in keratoplasty patients may be occurring. This trend probably reflects the large increase in cases treated for FECD, which has a strong female predominance and is also a known contributor to the development of PBK [56].

Ongoing improvements in postoperative BCVA for all techniques

The postoperative visual acuity of our patients who received DMEK was superior to other surgical techniques; it reached 0.15 logmar in 2019 against 0.3 and 0.6 logmar for DSAEK and PKP in 2019, respectively. This has also been observed elsewhere [57–64]. These better postoperative results associate with greater patient satisfaction and better quality of life and make DMEK the technique of choice for managing endothelial dysfunction [65].

Study limitations

This study has several limitations. First, it is based on retrospective data, which are inherently prone to bias. However, the database from 2010 onwards was maintained prospectively. Second, it is a single center study. However, all lamellar keratoplasties were performed by the same experienced surgeon, which prevented differences between surgeons from confounding the temporal trends.

Conclusions

The present study shows clearly and comprehensively how the advent of DSAEK and DMEK has created an enduring and expanding revolution in the keratoplasty field, not only in our department but also globally. In fact, the outcomes of these techniques were so convincing that within only a few years, they largely supplanted PKP for PBK and especially FECD. The better outcomes of DMEK compared to DSAEK also mean that DMEK is the method of choice for FECD (especially before the disease decompensates into bullous keratopathy), and cases where the posterior capsule is intact and the anterior segment anatomy is normal. However, DSAEK remains the preferred option for moderate/severe bullous keratopathy and other complex cases where the anterior chamber of the eye is shallow, poorly visualized, or communicates with the vitreous cavity. These changes have also greatly increased the number of patients who are now eligible for eyesight-restoring keratoplasty.

Thus, the inventions of DSAEK and DMEK have enormously advanced the medical field and are greatly improving patient outcomes.

Supporting information

S1 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in the whole cohort.

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S2 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in PKP.

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S3 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in DSAEK.

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S4 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in DMEK.

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S5 Fig. Change in patient age distribution between 2000–2010 and 2011–2021.

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Click here for additional data file.^{(43.4KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Summary of the literature studying the evolution of keratoplasty techniques and indications before and after DSAEK and DMEK were introduced.

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Click here for additional data file.^{(35.5KB, docx)}

S2 Table. International changes in PKP, DSAEK, and DMEK use and indications.

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Click here for additional data file.^{(31.3KB, docx)}

Data Availability

The data are publicly available on doi 10.5281/zenodo.5913083.

Funding Statement

The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

References

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263686.r001

Decision Letter 0

Timo Eppig

10 Nov 2021

PONE-D-21-29757Evolution of Corneal Transplantation Techniques and Their Indications in a Specialized French Ophthalmology Department in 2000–2020PLOS ONE

Dear Dr. Perone,

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Reviewer #1: Dear editor,

Dear authors,

thank you for inviting me to review this manuscript which summarizes indications and techniques of corneal transplantation in a French ophthalmology department over a period of 21 years.

My comments are as follows:

1) Line 64: typo “Tillett“ and “Barraquer“

2) Line 73: The air bubble is injected to separate Descemet’s membrane from the corneal stroma. Descemet’s membrane is preserved and, therefore, this sentence describing an “air bubble between …. stroma and … endothelium“ should be reworded.

3) Line 78: FECD refers to “Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy“. This abbreviation should be used consistently and not redefined.

4) Line 79: typo “of“

5) The introduction summarizes the historical development of keratoplasty techniques. When evaluating different keratoplasty techniques over time, these techniques must of course be presented. Nevertheless, I think that the individual development steps reported in the introduction could be shortened – as this article is not a historical review of keratoplasty techniques.

6) Line 130: Bullous keratopathy was diagnosed based on corneal endothelial decompensation in pseudophakic or aphakic eyes. It therefore may include eyes with underlying FECD (compare line 420).

7) Line 149: Despite excluding these eyes, the authors may would like to specify “other corneal degeneration“.

8) Line 167: “This drop was significant“ compared to what ? Presumingly the number of PKP in 2019 ?

9) As pointed out in comment 6), PBK may then include eyes with endothelial decompensation because of underlying FECD ?

10) Line 174: “Until 2015, PBK was the main indication for corneal transplantation (38%/year),

175 followed by regraft (20%), keratoconus (17%), FECD (10%), infections (10%), and trauma

176 (6%).“

Considering the length of the bars in Figure 2, this is not true: The main indication in 2013 and 2014 was regraft (“second graft“) followed by PBK.

11) Line 176: “This changed in 2015: FECD became the most predominant indication while PBK was

now the second most predominant indication“.

Considering the length of the bars in Figure 2, this is also not true: In 2015, the main indication was again regraft (“second graft“) followed by FECD.

12) The subheadings are successful and point to the next illustration, respectively.

13) Lines 246-251: How was BSCVA assessed – using spectacles or contact lenses ? The abbreviation BSCVA implicates that spectacles were used (“best spectacle corrected visual acuity“), however, this is not stated within the manuscript – even not when introducing the abbreviation BSCVA in lines 31-32 and 126.

14) Line 279: The authors might would like to specify whether the rise of regrafts was attributable to a specific keratoplasty technique.

15) Line 289: I would suggest using “further progression“ instead of “further degeneration“ in the context of corneal crosslinking treatment to stabilize keratoconus.

16) The literature review is well written.

Reviewer #2: The authors present a fascinating article assessing the evolution of types of corneal transplants. The duration of the analysis is 21 years, from 2000 to 2020. The treatments were performed in a clinic specializing in corneal transplants in France. This is a retrospective cohort study. The authors assess indication, surgical techniques, demographic data, and BCVA 6 months after surgery. The total number of patients included in the analysis was 1,042 in the last 20 years.{For the first ten years, only Penetrating grafts have been performed for the 10 first years of analyzing, and then lamellar grafts have started. New procedures have launched in 2011 ( DMEK, DSAEK, DALK). The main indication for keratoplasty changed from Keratoconus to pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and all Fuchs

endothelial cell dystrophy (FECD). The proportion of penetrating to lamellar corneal grafts in the last year was 27 to 78 percent. The Authors observed improvement of BCVA in all cases.

In conclusion, the authors state that the introduction of lamellar grafts to corneal surgery was essential in the change in the treatment of corneal disease,

The authors are asked to clarify some issues.

Title line 3 : explain the word,, specialized “ is it Corneal Transplant Unit or Corneal Transplant Center ? And change the title.

Abstract:

Line 43 ,, age dropped steadily over time.” Age of whom?

In the abstract is a lack of numbers ( BCVA before and after),

Line 49 key words : look for more appropriate ones ( indication, surgical technique)

Introduction: line 56 when Eduard Konrad Zirm put ,, in Olomouc in Central Europe. “

Line 72 by Anwar and Teichmann in 2002 insert and published in 2002 y. ( They invented this technique earlier before 2000)

Line 74 dissected separated

Line 75-76 The extensive bubble technique is described above, and DELK should be described here, invented by Gerit Melles.

Line 106 insert Aim of the study:

Line 115 This is unclear to me. The study is retrospective. In that case, did the patient know what he agreed to? Was such consent then necessary?

Ethics Committee of the French Society of Ophthalmology (Approval No. 00008855). Is it a number of approval for this study or all these kinds of studies in France?

Line 124 Put initials of a surgeon ( author of the article?)

Line 128 The date are incomplete BCVA only from 2010 why?

Line 129 Do you have data of the thickness of the cornea ?

Line 251 How many graft rejections occurred in this cohort? How many rebuilding after DSAEK and DMEK occurred?

Line 258 big bubble was not invented in 2002.

Discussion

Line 258 not only CXL

• Please consider to add : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.01.056

• Line 350 Please consider to add : 10.3390/jcm10112421

Conclusion

Please add one ending sentence as a conclusion

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PLoS One. 2022 Apr 29;17(4):e0263686. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263686.r002

Author response to Decision Letter 0

16 Dec 2021

Point-by-Point Response to reviewers’ Comments

We are grateful for the reviewers for their thorough review of our paper and their thoughtful and helpful comments. We have addressed all points to the best of our ability and believe the revisions have improved our paper.

Reviewer #1

thank you for inviting me to review this manuscript which summarizes indications and techniques of corneal transplantation in a French ophthalmology department over a period of 21 years.

Reply: Thank you very much for your thorough review of our paper and pertinent comments. We have addressed all points to the best of our ability and believe the revisions have improved our paper. Please note that underlines indicate changed texts in the cited texts below.

My comments are as follows:

1) Line 64: typo “Tillett“ and “Barraquer“

Reply: We deleted these names to address point #5 below.

Reply: We have rewritten the sentence as follows:

“At present, the most commonly used DALK technique is the one that was published by Anwar and Teichmann in 2002, where the stroma is dissected and separated by injecting an air bubble between the pathological stroma and the healthy Descemet membrane [6].” Page 3, lines 69–72

3) Line 78: FECD refers to “Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy“. This abbreviation should be used consistently and not redefined.

Reply: We have made the correction. Page 3, line 76

4) Line 79: typo “of“

Reply: The sentence was unwieldy and was rewritten as follows:

“This method was termed deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and involves (i) dissecting a posterior lamellar disc from the recipient cornea, (ii) inserting a folded donor corneal disc consisting of posterior stroma, Descemet membrane, and endothelium into a self-healing 5-mm tunnel incision, (iii) unfolding the disc, and (iv) then securing it against the recipient tissue with an air bubble [7–9].” Pages 3–4, lines 76–80

Reply: We removed some historical detail. The paragraph now reads as follows:

“Later in the 20th century, the prominent clinical role of PKP began to be challenged by developments in lamellar keratoplasty techniques, where only the diseased corneal layer is replaced by a graft. While this concept was first forwarded in 1888 [4] and revived in 1956 by a successful case of posterior lamellar endothelial keratoplasty [5], it did not become a viable clinical option until the 1970s, when Anwar proposed deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty (DALK) for keratoconus. This technique involves completely or partially replacing the corneal stroma of the patient while preserving the healthy endothelium [6]. At present, the most commonly used DALK technique is the one that was published by Anwar and Teichmann in 2002, where the stroma is dissected and separated by injecting an air bubble between the pathological stroma and the healthy Descemet membrane [6].” Page 3, lines 63–72

6) Line 130: Bullous keratopathy was diagnosed based on corneal endothelial decompensation in pseudophakic or aphakic eyes. It therefore may include eyes with underlying FECD (compare line 420).

Reply: Indeed, many patients with pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (at least 30–50%) had underlying FECD. This point was added:

“Bullous keratopathy was diagnosed when pseudophakic or aphakic patients exhibited corneal endothelial decompensation, often due to underlying FECD.” Pages 5–6, lines 128–130

7) Line 149: Despite excluding these eyes, the authors may would like to specify “other corneal degeneration“.

Reply: We decided to remove the text “other corneal degeneration” since it meant “corneal stromal dystrophies”. The text now reads:

“The remaining (n=42) were conducted for neurotrophic keratitis, corneal congenital anomaly, and stromal dystrophy (n ranging from 3 to 18).” Page 6, lines 148–149

8) Line 167: “This drop was significant“ compared to what ? Presumingly the number of PKP in 2019 ?

Reply: A Mann-Kendall Trend test was conducted to determine whether the drop in PKP cases over the 21 years was statistically significant. The text was changed as follows to make this clear:

“Since the numbers and frequencies of annual DSAEK cases remained relatively steady, the growth in DMEK cases tended to come at the expense of PKP cases, which dropped from ~100% in 2000–2010 to 27% in 2020. This drop was significant, as determined by a Mann-Kendall Trend test (p=0.042) (Figure 1).” Page 7, lines 165–168

9) As pointed out in comment 6), PBK may then include eyes with endothelial decompensation because of underlying FECD ?

Reply: Yes, 30–50% of PBK patients had underlying FECD.

10) Line 174: “Until 2015, PBK was the main indication for corneal transplantation (38%/year),

175 followed by regraft (20%), keratoconus (17%), FECD (10%), infections (10%), and trauma

176 (6%).“

Considering the length of the bars in Figure 2, this is not true: The main indication in 2013 and 2014 was regraft (“second graft“) followed by PBK.

11) Line 176: “This changed in 2015: FECD became the most predominant indication while PBK was now the second most predominant indication“.

Considering the length of the bars in Figure 2, this is also not true: In 2015, the main indication was again regraft (“second graft“) followed by FECD.

Reply to #10 & 11: Yes, indeed, these texts are incorrect (the text related to an earlier draft of the figure). They have been corrected as follows:

“Until 2013, PBK was the main indication for corneal transplantation (42%/year), followed by keratoconus (16%), regraft (15%), FECD (10%), infections (10%), and trauma (7%). This changed in 2013–2016: regraft initially became the most predominant indication but then was strongly overtaken by FECD. PBK eventually became the second most predominant indication, followed by regraft. In 2016–2020, FECD, PBK, and regraft accounted for 43%, 24%, and 21% of cases per year, respectively. Around this time, there was also a marked decrease in keratoconus cases to 3% in 2016–2020, making it now the least common indication. Trauma and infection cases did not show substantial changes over time (Figure 2).” Page 7–8, lines 175–182

12) The subheadings are successful and point to the next illustration, respectively.

Reply: Thank you.

Reply: Thank you for pointing this out. Indeed, correction was occasionally conducted with contact lens rather than with spectacles. We have changed “BSCVA” to “BCVA” throughout the manuscript.

14) Line 279: The authors might would like to specify whether the rise of regrafts was attributable to a specific keratoplasty technique.

Reply: The increase in regraft cases is indeed due to the advent of both DSAEK and DMEK. When only PKP could be offered, surgery was conducted as late as possible because the surgery is more invasive and the expected results were relatively limited. By contrast, because DSAEK and DMEK are less invasive, they can be offered earlier, when the patient is less likely to have severe disease and the outcomes are much better. However, because these grafts are extremely fragile, they fail significantly more often than PKP grafts and must be replaced with another graft; depending on the case, it could be a DMEK, DSAEK, or PKP graft. To address this comment, the following texts have been added:

Introduction: “This so-called Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) procedure rapidly started replacing PKP worldwide because its lower invasiveness and complication rates meant that it could be offered to the patient before the disease had advanced; this resulted in significantly superior outcomes [14].” Page 4, lines 87–90

Results: “Over the 21 years, 221 keratoplasties were conducted for failure of a first transplant (20%; this includes a 10% total graft rejection and 10% total graft failure rate). The regraft cases started to emerge in 2003 but remained low (1–9/year; mean, 6/year) until 2012. At that point, revision keratoplasties almost tripled. These numbers generally remained high thereafter (mean, 19/year). The increase in regraft cases directly reflects the advent of DSAEK and DMEK. PKP was responsible for nearly all of the graft rejections in the cohort (due to its thick and therefore more immunologically provocative graft) but only 1% of the graft failures. PKP rejections and failures were initially treated with a second PKP until 2012, which was when DSAEK was first used for revision keratoplasty. Thereafter, DSAEK was increasingly used after PKP rejection/failure. By contrast, while the DSAEK and especially DMEK grafts were rarely rejected (due to their thinness), 16% and 11% of these grafts failed, respectively. The DSAEK failures were mostly caused by excessive stromal damage that could not be improved sufficiently with DSAEK. Most were repaired with PKP. The DMEK failures were mostly caused by graft detachment that significantly affected graft function and could not be reversed with rebubbling. These cases were generally reoperated with a second DMEK or a DSAEK. Thus, DSAEK was increasingly performed for regraft; in 2019, it was used for 44% of all revision cases. DMEK was first used for revision keratoplasty in 2014 and its use in regrafts rose modestly over time to 24%. Nonetheless, throughout these changes, PKP remained a favored option for revision cases (Figure 6).” Page 9–10, lines 214–232

15) Line 289: I would suggest using “further progression“ instead of “further degeneration“ in the context of corneal crosslinking treatment to stabilize keratoconus.

Reply: The change has been made. Page 12, line 300

16) The literature review is well written.

Reply: Thank you.

Reviewer #2

The authors present a fascinating article assessing the evolution of types of corneal transplants. The duration of the analysis is 21 years, from 2000 to 2020. The treatments were performed in a clinic specializing in corneal transplants in France. This is a retrospective cohort study. The authors assess indication, surgical techniques, demographic data, and BCVA 6 months after surgery. The total number of patients included in the analysis was 1,042 in the last 20 years.{For the first ten years, only Penetrating grafts have been performed for the 10 first years of analyzing, and then lamellar grafts have started. New procedures have launched in 2011 ( DMEK, DSAEK, DALK). The main indication for keratoplasty changed from Keratoconus to pseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK) and all Fuchs endothelial cell dystrophy (FECD). The proportion of penetrating to lamellar corneal grafts in the last year was 27 to 78 percent. The Authors observed improvement of BCVA in all cases. In conclusion, the authors state that the introduction of lamellar grafts to corneal surgery was essential in the change in the treatment of corneal disease

Reply: Thank you very much for your thorough review of our paper and pertinent comments. We have addressed all points to the best of our ability and believe the revisions have improved our paper. . Please note that underlines indicate changed texts in the cited texts below.

The authors are asked to clarify some issues.

Title line 3 : explain the word,, specialized “ is it Corneal Transplant Unit or Corneal Transplant Center ? And change the title.

Reply: We changed the title to:

“Evolution of Corneal Transplantation Techniques and Their Indications in a French Corneal Transplant Unit in 2000–2020” Page 1, lines 2–4

Abstract:

Line 43 ,, age dropped steadily over time.” Age of whom?

Reply: The line was changed as follows:

“Patient age dropped steadily over time.” Page 2, line 43

In the abstract is a lack of numbers ( BCVA before and after),

Reply: To keep the Abstract word count to ≤250 words, we altered the sentence as follows:

“On average, BSCVA improved by 0.1–0.3 logMAR.” Page 2, lines 42–43

Line 49 key words : look for more appropriate ones ( indication, surgical technique)

Reply: Since up to 50 keywords are permitted, we added the full names of the indications and surgical techniques and included DALK and evolution of surgical techniques, as follows:

“Corneal transplantation, evolution of surgical techniques, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty, DMEK, Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty, DSAEK, penetrating keratoplasty, deep anterior lamellar keratoplasty, DALK, Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy, FECD, pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, PBK, keratoconus.” Page 2, lines 49–52

Introduction: line 56 when Eduard Konrad Zirm put ,, in Olomouc in Central Europe. “

Reply: The sentence was adapted as follows:

“This surgery has a history spanning several centuries but first became clinically useful in 1905, when Eduard Konrad Zirm in Olomouc in Central Europe conducted the first successful full-thickness human corneal transplantation.” Page 3, lines 57–59

Line 72 by Anwar and Teichmann in 2002 insert and published in 2002 y. ( They invented this technique earlier before 2000)

Line 74 dissected separated

Reply to both comments: Thank you, the sentence was altered as follows:

Line 75-76 The extensive bubble technique is described above, and DELK should be described here, invented by Gerit Melles.

Reply: The original text described the DLEK procedure. To make the text easier to read, it was rewritten as follows:

“in 1998–2000, Melles proposed a method for replacing the diseased endothelium in corneal diseases such as bullous keratopathy and Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD). This method was termed deep lamellar endothelial keratoplasty (DLEK) and involves (i) dissecting a posterior lamellar disc from the recipient cornea, (ii) inserting a folded donor posterior corneal disc consisting of posterior stroma, Descemet membrane, and endothelium into a self-healing 5-mm tunnel incision, (iii) unfolding the disc, and (iv) then securing it against the recipient tissue with an air bubble [7–9].” Page 3–4, lines 74–80

Line 106 insert Aim of the study:

Reply: The Study Aim was clarified as follows:

“The present retrospective study analyzed the cases of all consecutive patients who underwent surgery between 2000 and 2020 in a French corneal transplantation unit to elucidate how the inventions of DALK, DSAEK, and DMEK have affected the surgical landscape, the main indications for corneal transplantation, and the surgical outcomes.” Page 5, lines 105–108

Line 115 This is unclear to me. The study is retrospective. In that case, did the patient know what he agreed to? Was such consent then necessary?

Ethics Committee of the French Society of Ophthalmology (Approval No. 00008855). Is it a number of approval for this study or all these kinds of studies in France?

Reply: The possibility that a patient’s surgery-related data may be used for research purposes is part of the consent form that the patient signs to agree to surgery. However, to avoid confusion, we changed the text. The number is actually the number of the Ethics Committee. The text has been corrected as follows:

“All procedures were conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the French Society of Ophthalmology (IRB 00008855 Société Française d’Ophtalmologie IRB#1). The need for explicit consent from the patients to use their anonymized surgery-related data was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.” Page 5, lines 113–117

Line 124 Put initials of a surgeon ( author of the article?)

Reply: Jean-Marc Perone conducted all the surgeries. His initials were added. Page 5, line 122

Line 128 The date are incomplete BCVA only from 2010 why?

Reply: These data were not routinely recorded prospectively in the database until 2010. To address this point, the following change was made:

“BCVA data were only available from 2010 onwards because that was when they started to be routinely and prospectively recorded in the medical database.” Page 5, lines 126–128

Line 129 Do you have data of the thickness of the cornea ?

Reply: Unfortunately, the corneal thickness measurements were not recorded in a routine manner.

Line 251 How many graft rejections occurred in this cohort? How many rebuilding after DSAEK and DMEK occurred?

Reply: The total transplant rejection rate for the entire cohort was 10%. The vast majority were PKP cases. The total graft failure rate (defined as requiring reoperation within 2 postoperative years) was 10%. Most were DSAEK (16% failure rate) and DMEK (11%) grafts. PKP associated with a graft failure rate of 1%. These points have been added to the text as follows:

“Over the 21 years, 221 keratoplasties were conducted for failure of a first transplant (20%; this includes a 10% total graft rejection and 10% total graft failure rate). The regraft cases started to emerge in 2003 but remained low (1–9/year; mean, 6/year) until 2012. At that point, revision keratoplasties almost tripled. These numbers generally remained high thereafter (mean, 19/year). The increase in regraft cases directly reflects the advent of DSAEK and DMEK. PKP was responsible for nearly all of the graft rejections in the cohort (due to its thick and therefore more immunologically provocative graft) but only 1% of the graft failures. PKP rejections and failures were initially treated with a second PKP until 2012, which was when DSAEK was first used for revision keratoplasty. Thereafter, DSAEK was increasingly used after PKP rejection/failure. By contrast, while the DSAEK and especially DMEK grafts were rarely rejected (due to their thinness), 16% and 11% of these grafts failed, respectively. The DSAEK failures were mostly caused by excessive stromal damage that could not be improved sufficiently with DSAEK. Most were repaired with PKP. The DMEK failures were mostly caused by graft detachment that significantly affected graft function and could not be reversed with rebubbling. These cases were generally reoperated with a second DMEK or a DSAEK. Thus, DSAEK was increasingly performed for regraft; in 2019, it was used for 44% of all revision cases. DMEK was first used for revision keratoplasty in 2014 and its use in regrafts rose modestly over time to 24%. Nonetheless, throughout these changes, PKP remained a favored option for revision cases (Figure 6).” Page 9–10, lines 214–232

Line 258 big bubble was not invented in 2002.

Reply: Thank you, we changed the text as follows:

“The publication of air bubble DALK for anterior opacities in 2002 and the invention of first DSAEK for endothelial pathologies in 2004 and then its technically more challenging counterpart DMEK in 2006 has completely revolutionized the field with enormous speed” Page 11, lines 268–271

Discussion

Line 258 not only CXL

Reply: We believe you meant line 285, which stated, “During this time, keratoconus dropped from third to last place as a keratoplasty indication. This is due to the rise of cross-linking (CXL) treatment, which was first used to manage keratoconus in 2003.” We agree that the advent of CXL is not the only reason, improvements in rigid and scleral lenses have also contributed. We added this point to the manuscript as follows:

“During this time, keratoconus dropped from third to last place as a keratoplasty indication. This is partly because of improvements in rigid and scleral lenses but also because of the rise of cross-linking (CXL) treatment” Page 12, lines 295–297

• Please consider to add : 10.1016/j.transproceed.2016.01.056

Reply: Thank you for alerting us to this paper. It has been added to Supplementary Tables S1 and S2 and it is included in the Discussion as Reference 27, as follows:

“A Polish study also recorded a 4.6-fold increase between 1989 and 2014; these changes may reflect legal and infrastructural changes as well as the inventions in lamellar keratoplasty [27].” Page 13, lines 323–325

• Line 350 Please consider to add : 10.3390/jcm10112421

Reply: We cited this paper as Reference 53 and changed the related text slightly, as follows:

“Low uptake of DALK may also reflect the technical difficulties associated with DALK and the fact that PKP may yield slightly better visual outcomes for keratoconus [52,53].” Page 15, lines 362–363

Conclusion

Please add one ending sentence as a conclusion

Reply: We adapted the last line and presented it as a separate paragraph:

“Thus, the inventions of DSAEK and DMEK have enormously advanced the medical field and are greatly improving patient outcomes.” Page 18, lines 439–440

Attachment

Submitted filename: Point by point response to reviewer comments .docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(41.1KB, docx)}

PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263686.r003

Decision Letter 1

Timo Eppig

25 Jan 2022

Evolution of Corneal Transplantation Techniques and Their Indications in a French Corneal Transplant Unit in 2000–2020

PONE-D-21-29757R1

Dear Dr. Perone,

We’re pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been judged scientifically suitable for publication and will be formally accepted for publication once it meets all outstanding technical requirements.

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Reviewer #1: All comments have been addressed

Reviewer #2: All comments have been addressed

**********

2. Is the manuscript technically sound, and do the data support the conclusions?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

3. Has the statistical analysis been performed appropriately and rigorously?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: N/A

**********

4. Have the authors made all data underlying the findings in their manuscript fully available?

Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #1: Yes

Reviewer #2: Yes

**********

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Reviewer #2: Dear Authors

Thank you very much for for resolving all my comments. I accept this article for publication in PLOS ONE

**********

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PLoS One. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263686.r004

Acceptance letter

Timo Eppig

8 Feb 2022

PONE-D-21-29757R1

Evolution of Corneal Transplantation Techniques and Their Indications in a French Corneal Transplant Unit in 2000–2020

Dear Dr. Perone:

I'm pleased to inform you that your manuscript has been deemed suitable for publication in PLOS ONE. Congratulations! Your manuscript is now with our production department.

If your institution or institutions have a press office, please let them know about your upcoming paper now to help maximize its impact. If they'll be preparing press materials, please inform our press team within the next 48 hours. Your manuscript will remain under strict press embargo until 2 pm Eastern Time on the date of publication. For more information please contact onepress@plos.org.

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Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

S1 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in the whole cohort.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(49.4KB, docx)}

S2 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in PKP.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(44KB, docx)}

S3 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in DSAEK.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(36.3KB, docx)}

S4 Fig. Change in patient sex over time in DMEK.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(38.2KB, docx)}

S5 Fig. Change in patient age distribution between 2000–2010 and 2011–2021.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(43.4KB, docx)}

S1 Table. Summary of the literature studying the evolution of keratoplasty techniques and indications before and after DSAEK and DMEK were introduced.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(35.5KB, docx)}

S2 Table. International changes in PKP, DSAEK, and DMEK use and indications.

(DOCX)

Click here for additional data file.^{(31.3KB, docx)}

Attachment

Submitted filename: Point by point response to reviewer comments .docx

Click here for additional data file.^{(41.1KB, docx)}

Data Availability Statement

The data are publicly available on doi 10.5281/zenodo.5913083.

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PERMALINK

Evolution of corneal transplantation techniques and their indications in a French corneal transplant unit in 2000–2020

Vianney Malleron

Florian Bloch

Yinka Zevering

Jean-Charles Vermion

Axelle Semler-Collery

Christophe Goetz

Jean-Marc Perone

Roles

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Introduction

Patients and methods

Study design and ethics

Patient selection and data collection

Statistical analyses

Results

The predominant technique has changed markedly over time from PKP to DMEK

Fig 1. Changes in surgical techniques over time.

The predominant indication has changed markedly over time from PBK to FECD

Fig 2. Changes over time in the indications for corneal grafting.

Treatment for PBK switched largely from PKP to DSAEK

Fig 3. Changes over time in the type of surgery used for PBK.

FECD cases were initially rare and treated with PKP but are now very common and treated with DMEK

Fig 4. Changes over time in the type of surgery used for FECD.

Keratoconus cases were increasingly being treated with DALK but have now become rare

Fig 5. Changes over time in the type of surgery used for keratoconus.

Regraft cases have risen sharply and are increasingly being treated with DSAEK or DMEK

Fig 6. Changes over time in the type of surgery used for regrafts.

Average patient age dropped over time

Fig 7. Changes in average patient age over time in the whole cohort and in patients undergoing PKP, DSAEK, and DMEK.

Women predominated at most timepoints

Postoperative BCVA improved over time for all keratoplasty techniques

Fig 8. Changes over time in terms of mean BCVA 6 months after keratoplasty.

Discussion

Fig 9. Timeline showing the inventions of PKP, DALK, DSAEK, and DMEK and their effects on our clinical practice and indications.

Changes in PKP, DSAEK, and DMEK case numbers and indications

Changes in other countries

Increase in annual case numbers

Uptake of DSAEK and DMEK

Changes in indications and their treatments

Patient age and sex

Ongoing improvements in postoperative BCVA for all techniques

Study limitations

Conclusions

Supporting information

Data Availability

Funding Statement

References

Decision Letter 0

Timo Eppig

Roles

Author response to Decision Letter 0

Decision Letter 1

Timo Eppig

Roles

Acceptance letter

Timo Eppig

Roles

Associated Data

Supplementary Materials

Data Availability Statement

ACTIONS

PERMALINK

RESOURCES

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