Table 2.
Multivariable logistic regression investigating associations with COVID-19 hospitalization and death among persons with omicron infection. Qatar, December 19, 2021 to February 6, 2022.
| Predictors | COVID-19 severity based on hospital admission criteria |
COVID-19 severity based on WHO classification for infection severity |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any hospital admission with COVID-19* vs. mild/asymptomatic infection |
ICU/mechanical ventilation/death with COVID-19 vs. mild/asymptomatic infection |
Severe‡ COVID-19 vs. mild/asymptomatic infection |
Critical‡ COVID-19 vs. mild/asymptomatic infection |
Fatal‡ COVID-19 vs. mild/asymptomatic infection |
||||||
| aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | aOR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Vaccination status§ | ||||||||||
| Unvaccinated | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| One dose | 1.66 (1.23–2.23) | 0.001 | 0.90 (0.22–3.75) | 0.883 | 0.83 (0.20–3.51) | 0.801 | 1.74 (0.22–13.5) | 0.597 | 2.13 (0.26–17.13) | 0.478 |
| Two doses | 0.75 (0.69–0.81) | <0.001 | 0.33 (0.24–0.46) | <0.001 | 0.27 (0.19–0.37) | <0.001 | 0.13 (0.06–0.30) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.05–0.28) | <0.001 |
| Three doses | 0.69 (0.60–0.79) | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.09–0.29) | <0.001 | 0.12 (0.06–0.21) | <0.001 | 0.07 (0.02–0.34) | 0.001 | 0.03 (0.00–0.25) | 0.001 |
| Prior infection¶ | ||||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | NA | NA | ||||
| Yes | 0.93 (0.82–1.04) | 0.287 | 0.69 (0.38–1.24) | 0.206 | 0.24 (0.09–0.65) | 0.005 | 0.31 (0.04–2.26) | 0.246 | NA | NA |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| 0–5 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| 6–11 | 0.21 (0.16–0.29) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.15–1.10) | 0.077 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| 12–17 | 0.40 (0.31–0.53) | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.04–0.90) | 0.036 | 0.32 (0.03–3.10) | 0.326 | 1.05 (0.15–7.61) | 0.959 | NA | NA |
| 18–29 | 0.85 (0.69–1.04) | 0.113 | 0.29 (0.12–0.72) | 0.008 | 0.51 (0.12–2.15) | 0.355 | 0.23 (0.02–2.70) | 0.245 | NA | NA |
| 30–39 | 0.81 (0.66–0.99) | 0.038 | 0.38 (0.17–0.87) | 0.023 | 0.62 (0.16–2.38) | 0.483 | 0.37 (0.05–2.85) | 0.341 | NA | NA |
| 40–49 | 0.76 (0.62–0.94) | 0.010 | 0.65 (0.29–1.49) | 0.309 | 1.72 (0.48–6.11) | 0.402 | NA | NA | 0.49 (0.03–8.43) | 0.621 |
| 50–59 | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.228 | 1.09 (0.48–2.46) | 0.84 | 2.85 (0.81–9.96) | 0.101 | 1.01 (0.16–6.51) | 0.995 | 0.95 (0.07–12.81) | 0.967 |
| ≥60 | 1.80 (1.45–2.24) | <0.001 | 4.67 (2.15–10.15) | <0.001 | 17.43 (5.22–58.25) | <0.001 | 3.36 (0.57–19.92) | 0.183 | 9.56 (0.93–98.06) | 0.057 |
| Sex | ||||||||||
| Female | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| Male | 0.72 (0.67–0.77) | <0.001 | 2.01 (1.47–2.74) | <0.001 | 1.96 (1.42–2.71) | <0.001 | 1.75 (0.84–3.66) | 0.135 | 1.83 (0.85–3.92) | 0.123 |
| Nationality | ||||||||||
| Qatari | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| CMW nationalities** | 0.78 (0.71–0.85) | <0.001 | 0.72 (0.49–1.08) | 0.11 | 0.52 (0.32–0.85) | 0.009 | 0.47 (0.15–1.49) | 0.199 | NA | NA |
| Other nationalities | 0.87 (0.80–0.94) | 0.001 | 0.67 (0.47–0.96) | 0.031 | 0.82 (0.57–1.18) | 0.291 | 0.45 (0.17–1.16) | 0.097 | 0.81 (0.34–1.91) | 0.63 |
| Comorbidity count | ||||||||||
| None | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | |||||
| 1–2 | 2.35 (2.12–2.60) | <0.001 | 1.39 (0.77–2.53) | 0.275 | 1.95 (0.99–3.82) | 0.052 | 4.83 (1.27–18.36) | 0.021 | NA | NA |
| ≥3 | 3.46 (3.11–3.85) | <0.001 | 5.90 (3.84–9.07) | <0.001 | 6.64 (4.14–10.65) | <0.001 | 15.39 (4.08–58.07) | <0.001 | 9.26 (2.43–35.33) | 0.001 |
Abbreviations: aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; CMW, craft and manual workers; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; ICU, intensive care unit; NA, not applicable; WHO, World Health Organization.
**These include Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Nepalese, Sri Lankan, and Sudanese due to large proportions of these nationals being craft and manual workers.
†ICU/mechanical ventilation/death refers to hospitalization with COVID-19 that required ICU admission or mechanical ventilation, or that resulted in death.
Hospital admission with COVID-19 refers to any severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection that was associated with hospitalization.
These include Indians, Pakistanis, Bangladeshis, Nepalese, Sri Lankan, and Sudanese due to large proportions of these nationals being craft and manual workers.
Vaccination status was ascertained at time of infection diagnosis.
Prior infection status refers to any record of a PCR-positive or rapid-antigen-positive test ≥ 90 days before the study test.