I₂-catalyzed intramolecular oxidative amination of C(sp³)–H bond: efficient access to 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines under neat condition

Abstract

An efficient and “green” protocol for the synthesis of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through intramolecular oxidative α-amination of carbonyl compounds has been developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly utilizing I₂ as a catalyst and H₂O₂ as an oxidant under neat condition with broad substrate scope. Several complex nitrogen-containing fused rings are conveniently constructed, which are not easy to access by traditional methods.

An efficient and green protocol for the synthesis of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines utilizing I₂ as a catalyst and H₂O₂ as an oxidant under neat condition or in water was developed.

Intramolecular C–H bond activation to build C–X (N/O) bonds is of great significance in the construction of heterocyclic scaffolds, which could afford wide application for the direct synthesis of biologically active molecules and drug candidates.¹ In contrast to unsaturated C–H bond activation reactions, transformations of Csp³–H bond to Csp³–X bonds are still limited.² Over the past decades, several groups have developed transition-metal-catalysed intramolecular aliphatic C–H aminations and oxygenations, affording an atom-economic and efficient access to a series of N/O-containing heterocyclic compounds.³ Nevertheless, most of these methods face the limitations of transition metal residuals, expensive ligands, harsh conditions and narrow substrate scope. Recently, more environmentally-benign iodide-catalysed reactions for the preparation of heterocyclic compounds utilizing inexpensive and readily available TBHP or H₂O₂ as an oxidant have attracted enormous attention.⁴ For example, Ishihara and co-workers reported an intramolecular oxidative C–H bond α-oxygenation reaction of carbonyl compounds catalysed by in situ generated tetrabutylammonium (hypo)iodite with either hydrogen peroxide or tert-butyl hydroperoxide as a green oxidant (Scheme 1, eqn (1) and (2)).⁵ However, the application of this “green” catalytic cycle (iodide as the catalyst and H₂O₂ as the oxidant) for intramolecular α-amination of the carbonyl compounds, to the best of our knowledge, has been barely documented,⁶ although which allows a facile and “green” formation of a great bioactive N-heterocycles.

Scheme 1. Intramolecular α-oxygenation and α-amination of carbonyl compounds.

Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine represents an important heterocyclic scaffold with broad ranges of biological activities.⁷ Many commercially available drugs such as zolpidem, alpidem, zolimidine, olprinone, saripidem, and necopidem contain the core structure of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine.⁸ Therefore, a variety of synthetic methods, including intramolecular aminooxygenation of alkenes or alkynes,⁹ tetrabutylammonium iodide catalyzed oxidative coupling reactions,¹⁰ copper-catalyzed aromatic aminations,¹¹ three component couplings,¹² and silver-catalyzed oxidative cross-coupling reactions,¹³ have been developed for the preparation of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives. However, there are still some drawbacks which require to be solved in the traditional synthetic methods such as the use of complex starting materials, metal vestigial, narrow substrate scopes and harsh conditions. Therefore, the development of a metal-free, “green” and efficient method for the construction of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine scaffold is still necessary.

Herein, we develop a convenient, efficient and “green” approach for the construction of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through intramolecular oxidative α-amination of carbonyl compounds, which utilizing I₂ as a catalyst and H₂O₂ as the only oxidant. To point out, the reaction proceeds under neat condition and the use of H₂O₂ as an oxidant generates H₂O as the only by-product, which fully meet the requirement of green chemistry. Besides pyridine as a nitrogen source, the reaction undergoes equally efficiently with other N-heterocycles such as quinoline, pyrimidine, pyridazine and benzo[d]thiazole, thus providing a facile and environmentally sustainable pathway to prepare more complex nitrogen-containing fused rings.

Initially, the reaction was carried out by using 1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propan-1-one 1a as a model substrate in toluene with I₂ as a catalyst and TBHP as an oxidant at 50 °C under air condition (Table 1, entry 1). Pleasingly, the reaction of 1a in the presence of 20 mol% catalyst with 2 equiv. of the oxidants gave the desired 2a in 71% yield. After screening various oxidants, H₂O₂ was found to be the most effective and provided 2a in 75% yield (entries 1–4). Replacing the catalyst I₂ with other iodides such as TBAI, NaI did not improve the reaction (entry 5 and –6). Subsequently, various solvents were also evaluated and toluene revealed the best (entries 7–10). A further improvement was achieved upon elevating the temperature to 80 °C, allowing the reaction yield up to 87% (entry 11). The more important thing was that, the reaction could even undergo in water or under neat condition, giving a similar yield of 85% and 88% (entry 12–13). We also investigated the influence of the loadings of the catalyst on the reaction, and it revealed that increasing the amount of catalysts to 30 mol% did not improve the reaction, however, decreasing the amount of catalysts to 10 mol% resulted in a lower yield (entry 14 and 15). The blank experiments demonstrated that both catalyst and oxidant were essential for this reaction (entry 16 and 17). Consequently, the optimum reaction conditions were determined to be 1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propan-1-one 1a in the presence of I₂ (20 mol%) as well as H₂O₂ (2 equiv.) under neat condition or in water at 80 °C.

Optimization of reaction conditions^a.

Entry	Catalyst	Oxidant	Solvent	T [°C]	Yieldb [%]
1	I2	TBHP	Toluene	50	71
2	I2	H2O2	Toluene	50	75
3	I2	TBPBc	Toluene	50	15
4	I2	DTBPd	Toluene	50	11
5	TBAI	H2O2	Toluene	50	56
6	NaI	H2O2	Toluene	50	54
7	I2	H2O2	THF	50	61
8	I2	H2O2	DCM	50	63
9	I2	H2O2	CH3CN	50	52
10	I2	H2O2	DMF	50	Trace
11	I2	H2O2	Toluene	80	87
12	I 2	H 2 O 2	H 2 O	80	85
13	I 2	H 2 O 2	Neat	80	88
14e	I2	H2O2	H2O	80	86
15f	I2	H2O2	H2O	80	67
16g	I2		H2O	80	trace
17h		H2O2	H2O	80	trace

^aReaction conditions: 1a (0.2 mmol), catalyst (20 mol%), oxidant (0.4 mmol) in solvent (1 mL), air. TBHP (70 wt% in H₂O), H₂O₂ (30 wt% in H₂O).

^bIsolated yields.

^cTBPB = t-butylperoxybenzoate.

^dDTBP = di-tert-butyl peroxide.

^eCatalyst (30 mol%).

^fCatalyst (10 mol%).

^gWithout oxidant.

^hWithout catalyst.

With optimized conditions in hand, various substituents at pyridine component of 1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propan-1-ones 1b–1i were first tested under standard conditions to form the corresponding imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-yl(phenyl)methanone 2b–2i. As showed in Table 2, pyridines bearing electron-rich groups (2b, 2h–2i) such as methyl, methoxy at the meta- or para-position underwent an oxidative cycloamination process smoothly to afford the desired products in good yields (81–93%). Slightly lower yields were achieved for weak electron-withdrawing groups at pyridine component such as fluoro, chloro, bromo substituents, maybe due to the electronic effect (2c–2e). Several strong electron-withdrawing groups, such as trifluoromethyl (2f) and ester (2g) substituents, the yield sharply decreased to 48% and 67%, respectively. These results indicated that electronic effect exerted by the substituents in pyridine component had an important influence on this reaction. In addition, further transformations could be made for halogen-substituent in pyridine component through the cross-coupling reactions.

Substrate scope with substituents at the pyridine component^a,b.

^aReaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), I₂ (0.04 mmol), H₂O₂ (0.4 mmol), at 80 °C for 0.5–6 h.

^bIsolated yields.

The substrates bearing various substituents at the carbonyl terminal position were subsequently evaluated (Table 3). Groups such as electron-rich methyl, electron-withdrawing fluoro, chloro, bromo substituents on the arene ring were tolerant well and afforded the desired products in similar yields (2j–2n), suggesting that electronic effect exerted by the substituents at the terminal of the carbonyl component had almost no effect on this reaction. Exchanging the phenyl ring to other aromatic rings, such as thiophene, gave the product 2o in 83% yield. Furthermore, alkyl substituents were also compatible with this reaction and received the target products in moderate to excellent yields (2p–2q). However, the reaction did not proceed when the substrate carried with the ester substituent at the terminal (2r).

Substrate scope with substituents at the carbonyl terminal position^a,b.

^aReaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), I₂ (0.04 mmol), H₂O₂ (0.4 mmol), at 80 °C for 0.5–6 h.

^bIsolated yields.

To elaborate the substrate universalities of this strategy for the intramolecular oxidative amination reaction, substrates bearing other azaheterocyclic arenes other than the pyridine were also prepared and the results were displayed in Table 4. The substrate carrying with quinoline ring 2s gave the desired product in excellent yield under standard conditions. Other nitrogen-containing hexatomic rings, such as pyrimidine and pyridazine, delivered the target outcomes 2t and 2u in 74% and 83% yields, respectively. In addition, the five-membered azaheterocyclic arene such as benzo[d]thiazole, also was tolerant well and obtained the desired products 2v in 82% yields. The above-mentioned nitrogen-containing fused ring derivatives 2s–2v were not easy to prepare in conventional methods.

Substrate scope with other azaheterocyclic arenes^a,b.

^aReaction conditions: 1 (0.2 mmol), I₂ (0.04 mmol), H₂O₂ (0.4 mmol), at 80 °C for 0.5–6 h.

^bIsolated yields.

Further elaborations of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines were subsequently conducted; several representative examples were provided in Table 5. The acyl group could be transformed to the methylene, as well as several functionalization were effectively received in α position of carbonyl groups, such as bromination, arylation, alkenylation, amination and iodization.

Diversification of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

^aReaction conditions: 2a (0.2 mmol), N₂H₄ (2 equiv.), toluene (1 mL), μW; then KOH (7 equiv.), μW.

^b2p (0.2 mmol), NBS (1.2 equiv.), p-TsOH·H₂O (0.2 equiv.), CH₃CN (1 mL), 60 °C.

^c2p (2 equiv.), PhI (0.1 mmol), t-BuOK (5 equiv.), DMF (1 mL), 60 °C.

^d2p (0.1 mmol), DABCO (0.5 equiv.), K₂S₂O₈ (2 equiv.), DMSO (1 mL), 120 °C.

^e2p (0.2 mmol), NBS (1.4 equiv.), PTSA (1 equiv.), CH₃CN (1 mL), 60 °C; then morpholine (3 equiv.), K₂CO₃ (2.5 equiv.), CH₃CN (1 mL), rt.

^f2p (0.2 mmol), NBS (1.4 equiv.), PTSA (1 equiv.), CH₃CN (1 mL), 60 °C; then NaI (1.1 equiv.), acetone (1 mL), rt.

The scalability of this approach was verified by running the reaction of 1a on both 4 and 10 mmol scales (Scheme 2). 2a was isolated in acceptable yields in both of the cases.

Scheme 2. Large-scale synthesis of 2a.

The mechanism for this intramolecular oxidative amination reaction was subsequently studied. Firstly, model substrate 1a was subjected to the hypervalent iodide reagents PhI(OAc)₂ or Bu₄NIO₃ or Bu₄NIO₄, and the targeted molecule 2a was not detected along with recovery of 1a in 91% yield (page S24,† eqn (1)). Subsequently, increasing the loadings of I₂ from 0.2 equiv. to 2 equiv. in the absence of H₂O₂, the reaction turned out to be messy (page S24,† eqn (2)). Furthermore, when TEMPO, a radical scavenger, was added into the system, the reaction was not suppressed and the targeted product 2a was delivered in 73% yield (S5,† eqn (3)), which indicated that the reaction probably didn't involve a radical process.

Based on the above results and previous reports,¹⁴ a plausible mechanism pathway for I₂/H₂O₂-catalyzed synthesis of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines 2a starting from 1-phenyl-3-(pyridin-2-ylamino)propan-1-one 1a is depicted in Scheme 3. In the first step, I₂ or the released HI is oxidized by H₂O₂ to form HOI. In the second step, 1a reacts with HOI to produce a possible intermediate A or B, which then experiences a similar SN₂ process to receive a cyclic intermediate C with release of HI. The intermediate C is oxidized by HOI and finally obtain the target product 2a.

Scheme 3. Proposed mechanism.

In summary, we have developed a general and efficient method for the construction of 3-acylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines through intramolecular oxidative α-amination of carbonyl compounds under metal-free conditions. The reaction proceeded smoothly with I₂ as a catalyst and H₂O₂ as an oxidant under neat condition. This protocol exhibits general substrate scope and several complex nitrogen-containing fused rings could be conveniently accessed via this approach.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.