Skip to main content
NCBI home page
RSC Advances logoLink to RSC Advances
. 2019 Apr 3;9(18):10420–10424. doi: 10.1039/c9ra02321f

Total synthesis of pyrano[3,2-e]indole alkaloid fontanesine B by a double cyclization strategy†

Tomoki Itoh 1, Yuusuke Chiba 1, Shunsuke Kawaguchi 1, Yuki Koitaya 1, Yuuma Yoneta 1, Koji Yamada 1, Takumi Abe 1,✉
PMCID: PMC9062488  PMID: 35520921

Abstract

The regioselective synthesis of pyrano[3,2-e]indole alkaloid fontanesine B by two different cyclizations is described. The complete regioselectivity is controlled by the C4 Pictet–Spengler cyclization, in which an iminium ion acts as a transient directing (TDG) group. Furthermore, carbolines were constructed by a new Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization, in which an unprecedented trichloromethyl carbamate serves as a reactive group.

The regioselective synthesis of pyrano[3,2-e]indole alkaloid fontanesine B have been accomplished by C4 Pictet–Spengler cyclization and Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization of a trichloromethyl carbamate.graphic file with name c9ra02321f-ga.jpg

Fontanesines A (1), B (2), and C (3) were isolated from the stem bark and leaf fractions of Conchocarpus fontanesianus by Queiroz and co-workers in 2016 (Fig. 1).1 These compounds have a characteristic pyrano[3,2-e]indole moiety fused with quinazolinone. A crucial challenge in the synthesis of fontanesines is the regioselective formation of the pyrano[3,2-e]indole core. Although the structures were unique and unprecedented, there are no reports on their partial preparation or total synthesis.

Fig. 1. Fontanesines A (1), B (2), and C (3).

Fig. 1

Open in a new tab

The importance of a pyrano[3,2-e]indole framework in medicinal chemistry had encouraged Macor,2 Pandit,3 May,4 and Conforti5 to develop efficient methods for the regioselective construction of this framework. The majority of these methods relied on the thermal Claisen rearrangement,2–4 and Pt-mediated cyclization.5 To keep the pyran intact from earlier stage of total synthesis is difficult due to its instability.6

In our continuing efforts in the synthesis of indole alkaloids,7 we developed a novel strategy for the synthesis of azepinoindoles by C4 Pictet–Spengler reaction of serotonins8 or 5-hydroxytryptophans9 and aldehydes. This approach proved useful in the one-pot regioselective synthesis of pyrano[3,2-e]indoles.10 We considered the above facts and envisioned that the synthesis of pyrano[3,2-e]indoles by C4 Pictet–Spengler reaction would allow a rapid and regioselective formation of fontanesines, keeping the pyran intact. Herein, we report the results of our efforts to synthesize 2.

The retrosynthetic analysis of fontanesine B (2) is shown in Scheme 1. The quinazolinone moiety in 2 might be forged by a deprotection followed by condensation of anthranilic acid (11a) with carboline 9. One of the key steps in the synthetic route involved the carbonylative cyclization of pyrano[3,2-e]indole 8 to afford carboline 9. The pyrano[3,2-e]indole 8 could be accessible from aldehyde 5 and benzyl protected 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 using our developed C4 Pictet–Spengler/allylic transposition via the iminium intermediate 6 and azepinoindole 7.

Scheme 1. Retrosynthetic analysis of fontanesine B (2).

Scheme 1

Open in a new tab

Before synthetic studies, we could predict the difficulty of removing the protecting group on the nitrogen atom at the late stage. Therefore, we decided to prepare the several tryptamines 4 with different protecting groups. The synthesis was started from the benzyl protected 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (Scheme 2). It was reacted with 3-methyl-2-butenal (5) in 2-propanol/Et3N under reflux to produce the desired pyrano[3,2-e]indole 8 in a one-pot reaction. Normal Pictet–Spengler reaction occurs at the C2 position of the indole ring under the acidic conditions. All steps of this one-pot sequence take place under basic conditions, which is presumably key to its success.

Scheme 2. Synthesis of substrates 8.

Scheme 2

Open in a new tab

To test the feasibility of our approach, we resorted to the carbonylative cyclization of 8. According to the previous report on the reaction using triphosgene,11–13 which is a bench-stable solid and easy to handle,14 we investigated the conversion of 8 into 9 through intermediate 13 (ref. 15) (Scheme 3). Numerous attempts including screening of bases to achieve this have resulted in the polymerization and halogenation13 of 8 over the carbonylative cyclization.12 Upon exposure of 8c to triphosgene in the presence of Et3N followed by addition of HBr,12 the desired product 9c was obtained in low yield along with unstable brominated product 12. The acid lability of a pyrano[3,2-e]indole afforded troublesome, with polymerized materials being the major spot observed. As this polymerization presumably arises from activated urea intermediate 16, which was generated from less electrophilic acid chloride 14 (ref. 14 and 16b) or more electrophilic intermediate 15 by addition/elimination process by HBr and Et3N,16 it was clear that the Et3N14b and HBr would require to be dismissed at the cyclization step in our synthetic route.

Scheme 3. Attempted synthesis of 9. a12 was obtained in 14% yield.

Scheme 3

Open in a new tab

Because the product yield was not sufficient (up to 6% yield), further investigations were carried out. After intensive investigations, it was serendipity that we found that the treatment of 8 with triphosgene in the presence of Et3N at room temperature afforded a trichloromethyl carbamate intermediate 13b in 88% yield (Scheme 4).17 Then, after aqueous work-up to remove Et3N in the reaction media, 13b was heated in DMSO to afford 9b in 86% yield. Furthermore, by employing a stepwise method, we obtained 9 from 8 in good yield through the carbamoyl ion 17 (ref. 18) using a single column chromatography. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that an unstable trichloromethyl carbamate intermediate has been applied to the C–C bond formations.11–17 In contrast to the mild Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization developed by Saikawa and Nakata,19 and Clayden,20 our protocol does not require additives to promote the cyclization.

Scheme 4. Improved synthesis of β-carbolines 9 from 8via interrupted phosgene cyclization and Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization.

Scheme 4

Open in a new tab

Numerous attempts were made in case of benzyl-substituted lactam 9a; however, all of them led to rapid decomposition (Scheme 5). On the other hand, treatment of 9b with p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH)21 afforded the deprotected lactam 10 in 17% yield. As expected, lactam 9c could also be deprotected under the same conditions to afford 10 in 67% yield. In general, 2,4-DMB group is more easily removed than PMB group.21

Scheme 5. Removal of benzyl substituents on the nitrogen atoms in 9.

Scheme 5

Open in a new tab

With the synthetic access to 9, we were set to answer whether 9 could be deprotected keeping the alkene, pyran, and indole intact. Finally, the condensation of 10 and anthranilic acid (11a) in the presence of POCl3 (ref. 22) generated the final product 2 (Scheme 6), whose structure was determined by spectroscopic experiments. All the physical data of synthetic 2 were in good agreement with those reported for the natural product (Table 1).1

Scheme 6. Completion of total synthesis of fontanesine B.

Scheme 6

Open in a new tab

Comparison of 1H and 13C NMR data of synthetic compound 2 and natural fontanesine B.

graphic file with name c9ra02321f-u1.jpg
1H NMR (DMSO-d6, 500 MHz, δ in ppm)
Natural fontanesine B Synthetic compound 2
1.40 (6H, s, CH3-25, 26) 1.34 (6H, s, CH3-25, 26)
3.33 (2H, t, J = 6.9 Hz, H-6) 3.06 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz, H-6)
4.43 (2H, t, J = 6.9 Hz, H-5) 4.38 (2H, t, J = 6.9 Hz, H-5)
5.77 (1H, d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-23) 5.81 (1H, d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-23)
6.77 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-11) 6.53 (1H, d, J = 9.7 Hz, H-11)
6.88 (1H, d, J = 9.8 Hz, H-22) 6.93 (1H, s, H-22)
7.25 (1H, d, J = 8.7 Hz, H-12) 7.12 (1H, s, H-12)
7.47 (1H, ddd, J = 8.0, 7.1, 1.2 Hz, H-18) 7.43 (1H, td, J = 7.4, 1.2 Hz, H-18)
7.67 (1H, dd, J = 8.3, 1.2 Hz, H-16) 7.64 (1H, d, J = 8.1 Hz, H-16)
7.81 (1H, ddd, J = 8.3, 7.1, 1.5 Hz, H-17) 7.77 (1H, td, J = 6.5, 1.2 Hz, H-17)
8.16 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.5 Hz, H-19) 8.12 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz, H-19)
11.72 (1H, s, H-1) 11.71 (1H, s, H-1)
Open in a new tab
13H NMR (DMSO-d6, 126 MHz, δ in ppm)
Natural fontanesine B Synthetic compound 2
20.7 (C-6) 21.3 (C-6)
27.0 (C-25, 26) 27.5 (C-25, 26)
40.6 (C-5) 41.1 (C-5)
75.0 (C-24) 75.6 (C-24)
112.6 (C-9) 113.2 (C-9)
112.7 (C-12) 113.3 (C-12)
115.6 (C-11) 116.1 (C-11)
116.5 (C-7) 117.1 (C-7)
119.2 (C-22) 119.8 (C-22)
120.6 (C-20) 121.2 (C-20)
120.9 (C-8) 121.5 (C-8)
125.9 (C-18) 126.5 (C-18)
126.4 (C-16) 127.0 (C-16)
126.5 (C-19) 127.1 (C-19)
127.9 (C-2) 128.5 (C-2)
130.1 (C-23) 130.7 (C-23)
134.3 (C-17) 135.0 (C-17)
134.4 (C-13) 135.0 (C-13)
145.2 (C-3) 145.8 (C-3)
146.2 (C-10) 146.8 (C-10)
147.4 (C-15) 148.0 (C-15)
160.5 (C-21) 161.1 (C-21)
Open in a new tab

In conclusion, we have successfully accomplished the total synthesis of fontanesine B using C4 Pictet–Spengler/allylic transposition as the key step to construct the pyrano[3,2-e]indole core using the transient directing group (TDG). In this cyclization, the TDG played the dual important role of directing group and reagent.23 In addition, the unprecedented carbamate intermediate produced in the carbonylative cyclization could be converted into pyrano[3,2-e]pyrido[3,4-b]indoles only by heating through the Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization. Further investigations including application of the C2 and C4 cyclization strategy24 to the syntheses of other indole alkaloids is ongoing in our laboratory.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts to declare.

Supplementary Material

RA-009-C9RA02321F-s001

Acknowledgments

This work was financially supported by JSPS (KAKENHI Grant Number 16K18849 for T. A.) as a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B).

†

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Detailed experimental procedures and spectra data for all compounds, including scanned images of 1H and 13C NMR spectra. See DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02321f

Notes and references

  1. Cabral R. S. Allard P.-M. Marcourt L. Young M. C. M. Queiroz E. F. Wolfender J.-L. J. Nat. Prod. 2016;79:2270. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00379. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. (a) Macor J. E. Fox C. B. Johnson C. J. Koe B. K. Lebel L. A. Zorn S. H. J. Med. Chem. 1992;35:3625. doi: 10.1021/jm00098a005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Macor J. E. Ryan K. Newman M. E. Tetrahedron. 1992;48:1039. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)88200-4. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (c) Macor J. E. Blank D. H. Post R. J. Tetrahedron Lett. 1994;35:45. doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(94)88158-8. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (d) Macor J. E. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995;36:7019. doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(95)01453-O. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (e) Macor J. E. Langer O. D. Gougoutas J. Z. Malley M. F. Cornelius L. A. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2000;41:3541. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)00458-5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  3. Plung J. P. M. Koomen G.-J. Pandit U. K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1992;33:2179. doi: 10.1016/0040-4039(92)88171-Z. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  4. May J. A. Chen H.-H. Rusinko A. Lynch V. M. Sharif N. A. McLaughlin M. A. J. Med. Chem. 2003;46:4188. doi: 10.1021/jm030205t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Sinicropi M. S. Caruso A. Conforti F. Marrelli M. EI Kashef H. Lancelot J.-C. Rault S. Statti G. A. Menichini F. J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 2009;24:1148. doi: 10.1080/14756360802693890. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. In alkaloids synthesis, pyran formation had been conducted at a late stage. For reviews, see: ; (a) Knölker H.-J. Reddy K. R. Chem. Rev. 2002;112:3193. doi: 10.1021/cr200447s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Ishikura M. Yamada K. Abe T. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2010;27:1630. doi: 10.1039/C005345G. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Schmidt A. W. Reddy K. R. Knölker H.-J. Chem. Rev. 2012;102:4303. doi: 10.1021/cr020059j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (d) Ishikura M. Abe T. Choshi T. Hibino S. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2013;30:694. doi: 10.1039/C3NP20118J. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (e) Ishikura M. Abe T. Choshi T. Hibino S. Nat. Prod. Rep. 2015;32:1389. doi: 10.1039/C5NP00032G. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. (a) Abe T. Ikeda T. Yanada R. Ishikura M. Org. Lett. 2011;13:3356. doi: 10.1021/ol201107a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Abe T. Ikeda T. Yanada R. Ishikura M. Org. Lett. 2013;15:3622. doi: 10.1021/ol401486s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Abe T. Itoh T. Hibino S. Choshi T. Ishikura M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2014;55:5268. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.113. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (d) Itoh T. Abe T. Nakamura S. Ishikura M. Heterocycles. 2015;91:1423. doi: 10.3987/COM-15-13228. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (e) Itoh T. Abe T. Choshi T. Nishiyama T. Ishikura M. Heterocycles. 2016;92:1132. doi: 10.3987/COM-16-13465. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (f) Abe T. Yamada K. Org. Lett. 2016;18:6504. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03466. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (g) Abe T. Kida K. Yamada K. Chem. Commun. 2017;53:4362. doi: 10.1039/C7CC01406F. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (h) Itoh T. Abe T. Choshi T. Nishiyama T. Ishikura M. Heterocycles. 2017;95:507. doi: 10.3987/COM-16-S(S)5. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (i) Abe T. Suzuki T. Anada M. Matsunaga S. Yamada K. Org. Lett. 2017;19:4275. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b01940. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (j) Abe T. Yamada K. Org. Lett. 2018;20:1469. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b00330. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (k) Abe T. Terasaki M. Helv. Chim. Acta. 2018;101:e1700284. doi: 10.1002/hlca.201700284. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (l) Abe T. Heterocycles. 2018;96:490. doi: 10.3987/COM-18-13866. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  8. (a) Yamada K. Namerikawa Y. Abe T. Ishikura M. Heterocycles. 2009;77:825. doi: 10.3987/COM-08-S(F)98. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (b) Yamada K. Namerikawa Y. Haruyama T. Miwa Y. Yanada R. Ishikura M. Eur. J. Org. Chem. 2009:5752. doi: 10.1002/ejoc.200900742. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  9. (a) Abe T. Yamada K. J. Nat. Prod. 2017;80:241. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00008. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Abe T. Haruyama T. Yamada K. Synthesis. 2017;49:4141. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1588438. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  10. Yamada K. Yamaguchi S. Hatae N. Abe T. Iwamura T. Ishikura M. Heterocycles. 2011;83:815. doi: 10.3987/COM-11-12144. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  11. Phosgene cyclization of N-substituted tryptamines has not been reported. For examples of phosgene cyclization of primary tryptamines via isocyanates, see: ; (a) Bracher F. Hilderband D. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1992:1315. doi: 10.1002/jlac.1992199201216. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (b) Nicolaou K. C. Kiappes J. L. Tian W. Gondi V. B. Becker J. Org. Lett. 2011;13:3924. doi: 10.1021/ol201444t. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Zhang J. Da S. Feng X. Chen X. Jiang J. Li Y. Chin. J. Chem. 2013;31:123. doi: 10.1002/cjoc.201200986. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  12. For examples of triphosgene mediated halogenations, see: ; (a) Ayala C. E. Villalpando A. Nguyen A. L. McCandless G. T. Kartika R. Org. Lett. 2012;14:3676. doi: 10.1021/ol301520d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Villalpando A. Ayala C. E. Watson C. B. Kartika R. J. Org. Chem. 2013;78:3989. doi: 10.1021/jo400341n. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Sapotra M. A. Ngo L. Kartika R. J. Org. Chem. 2015;80:8815. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b01137. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (d) Villalpando A. Sapotra M. A. Tugwell T. H. Kartika R. Chem. Commun. 2015;51:15075. doi: 10.1039/C5CC06365E. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (e) Cleveland A. H. Fronczek F. R. Kartika R. J. Org. Chem. 2018;83:3367. doi: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b03197. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. For selected examples of coupling reactions using triphosgene, see: ; (a) Armstrong A. Edmonds I. D. Swarbrick M. E. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003;44:5335. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(03)01200-0. [DOI] [Google Scholar]; (b) Gulin O. P. Rabanal F. Giralt E. Org. Lett. 2006;8:5385. doi: 10.1021/ol0622965. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Su W. Gray S. J. Dondi R. Burley G. A. Org. Lett. 2009;11:3910. doi: 10.1021/ol9015139. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (d) Le Quement S. T. Flagstad T. Mikkelsen R. J. T. Hansen M. R. Givskov M. C. Nielsen T. E. Org. Lett. 2012;14:640. doi: 10.1021/ol203280b. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (e) Wu Z. Hu T. He L. Gong B. Org. Lett. 2012;14:2504. doi: 10.1021/ol300684j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (f) Fang L. Yao G. Pan Z. Wu C. Wang H.-S. Burley G. A. Su W. Org. Lett. 2015;17:158. doi: 10.1021/ol503388a. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (g) Leczycka-Wilk K. Dabrowa K. Cmoch P. Jarosz S. Org. Lett. 2017;19:4596. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b02198. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (h) Varjosaari S. E. Suating P. Adler M. J. Synthesis. 2016;48:43. [Google Scholar]
  14. For reviews, see: ; (a) Cotarca L. Delogu P. Nardelli A. Sunjic V. Synthesis. 1995:553. [Google Scholar]; (b) Cotarca L. Geller T. Répási J. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2017;21:1439. doi: 10.1021/acs.oprd.7b00220. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  15. (a) Bermudez J. Dabbs S. Joiner K. A. King F. D. J. Med. Chem. 1990;33:1929. doi: 10.1021/jm00169a017. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Barsanti P. A., Xia Y., Wang W., Mendenhall K. G., Langniton L. M., Ramurthy S., Phillips M. C., Subramanian S., Boyce R., Brammeier N. M., Constantine R., Duhl D., Walter A. O., Abrams T. J. and Renhowe P. A., US Pat. Appl. US 20070037853, CAN 146:251846, 2007
  16. (a) Contarca L. and Eckert H., Phosgenations – A Handbook, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany, 2003 [Google Scholar]; (b) Pasquato L. Modena G. Cotarca L. Delouge P. Mantovani S. J. Org. Chem. 2000;65:8224. doi: 10.1021/jo000820u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (c) Gumaste V. K. Deshmukh A. R. A. S. Tetrahedron Lett. 2004;45:6571. doi: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.07.046. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  17. Trichloromethyl carbamate easily decomposes to give the corresponding carbamic acid, see: ; Sosa A. C. Conway R. Williamson R. T. Suchy J. P. Edwards W. Cleary T. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2011;15:1458. doi: 10.1021/op2001172. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  18. Hwang S. Kim D. Kim S. Chem.–Eur. J. 2012;18:9977. doi: 10.1002/chem.201201649. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. For the pioneering examples of Bischler–Napieralski-type cyclization using isopropyl carbamates and P2O5, see: ; (a) Adachi S. Watanabe K. Iwata Y. Kameda S. Miyaoka Y. Onozuka M. Mitsui R. Saikawa Y. Nakata M. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2013;52:2087. doi: 10.1002/anie.201209205. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Adachi S. Onozuka M. Yoshida Y. Ide M. Saikawa Y. Nakata M. Org. Lett. 2014;16:358. doi: 10.1021/ol403142d. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. For an example of a mild Bishler–Napieralski-style cyclization using KI as a promoter, see: ; Amer M. M. Carrasco A. C. Leonard D. J. Ward J. W. Clayden J. Org. Lett. 2018;20:7977. doi: 10.1021/acs.orglett.8b03551. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Chern C.-Y. Huang Y.-P. Kan W. M. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003;44:1039. doi: 10.1016/S0040-4039(02)02738-7. [DOI] [Google Scholar]
  22. Decker M. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2005;40:305. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2004.12.003. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. During the preparation of this manuscript, Zeng and Li reported a two-in-one strategy using a transient directing group (TDG) for palladium-catalyzed functionalization. See: ; Zheng H. Wang Z. Li C.-J. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019;58:2859. doi: 10.1002/anie.201813391. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. To the best of our knowledge, the synthetic approach involving both Pictet–Spengler and Bischler–Napieralski cyclization has not been explored. For reviews, see: ; (a) Stöckigt J. Antonchick A. P. Wu F. Waldman H. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2011;50:8538. doi: 10.1002/anie.201008071. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]; (b) Chrzanowska M. Grajewska A. Rozwadowska M. D. Chem. Rev. 2016;116:12369. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00315. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Associated Data

This section collects any data citations, data availability statements, or supplementary materials included in this article.

Supplementary Materials

RA-009-C9RA02321F-s001
RA-009-C9RA02321F-s001.pdf (16.3MB, pdf)

Articles from RSC Advances are provided here courtesy of Royal Society of Chemistry

RESOURCES