Abstract
目的
总结并分析儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤的临床特征,提高临床早期诊断水平。
方法
选择2013年1月至2020年12月于北京大学第一医院小儿外科病房确诊为基底节区生殖细胞瘤的儿童病例资料进行回顾性分析,利用描述性统计的方法分析儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤患者的临床资料。
结果
共纳入30例患者,28例为男性, 2例为女性,发病平均年龄(9.7±2.2)岁,中位病程7个月,27例单侧发病,3例双侧发病,临床症状表现为偏侧肢体肌力下降、认知功能障碍、多饮多尿、性早熟、颅内高压、发音障碍、吞咽功能障碍。30例患者血清与脑脊液肿瘤标志物甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein, AFP)均正常,其中8例患者血清与脑脊液肿瘤标志物β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotropin, β-HCG)均正常,11例患者血清β-HCG正常但脑脊液β-HCG轻度升高, 11例患者血清与脑脊液β-HCG均轻度升高。影像学检查共发现33个病灶,病灶形态不规则,其中片状病灶15个(45.5%)、斑片状病灶10个(30.3%)、类圆形高密度病灶8个(24.2%),计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)肿瘤多呈明显高密度影,磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)扫描肿瘤T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈等或高信号,瘤周水肿轻,伴有半球萎缩、大脑脚萎缩、钙化、囊变、脑室扩张、华勒氏变性(Wallerian degeneration)。增强扫描肿瘤呈无强化或不均匀强化。
结论
儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤主要发病年龄为10岁左右,男性占绝对优势,其临床特点与影像学表现有一定的特征,二者结合有利于提高儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤的早期诊断水平。
Keywords: 生殖细胞瘤, 肿瘤标志物, X线计算机体层摄影术, 磁共振成像
Abstract
Objective
To summarize and analyze the clinical characteristics of children with basal ganglia germinoma and to improve the level of early clinical diagnosis.
Methods
The clinical data of children diagnosed with basal ganglia germinoma admitted to the Pediatric Surgery Ward of Peking University First Hospital from January 2013 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and descriptive statistics were used to analyze the clinical characteristics of children with basal ganglia germinoma.
Results
A total of 30 patients were included in the study, 28 were male, 2 were female, the mean age at onset was (9.7±2.2) years, the median disease duration was 7 months, 27 had unilateral disease, and 3 had bilateral disease. The clinical manifestations were decreased limb muscle strength, cognitive function disorders, polydipsia, precocious puberty, intracranial hypertension, dysphonia and swallowing dysfunction. The serum and cerebrospinal fluid tumor marker alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were normal in the 30 patients, and the serum and cerebrospinal fluid tumor marker β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) were normal in 8 patients.The serum β-HCG was normal in 11 patients but the cerebrospinal fluid β-HCG was slightly elevated, and the serum and cerebrospinal fluid β-HCG were slightly elevated in 11 patients. A total of 33 lesions with irregular shapes were found by imaging examination, including 15 (45.5%) patchy lesions, 10 (30.3%) patchy lesions, and 8 (24.2%) round-like high-density lesions. Tumors showed obvious high-density shadows on computed tomography (CT) scan. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the tumors showed low or isointensity on T1WI and isointensity on T2WI, accompanied by mild peritumoral edema, hemispheric atrophy, cerebral peduncle atrophy, calcification, cystic degeneration, ventricular dilatation and wallerian degeneration. On contrast-enhanced scans, the tumor showed no enhancement or heterogeneous enhancement.
Conclusion
The main age of onset of germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia in children is about 10 years old, and males are absolutely dominant. The clinical features and imaging manifestations have certain characteristics. With both combined, the early diagnosis of germ cell tumors in the basal ganglia can be improved.
Keywords: Germinoma, Tumor maker, X-ray computed tomography, Magnetic resonance imaging
颅内生殖细胞瘤是一种少见的恶性肿瘤,约占颅内肿瘤的0.22%~3.00%,好发于松果体区与鞍区[1]。基底节区生殖细胞瘤,又称为异质性生殖细胞瘤,非常少见,约占颅内生殖细胞瘤的5%~10%[2]。基底节区生殖细胞瘤早期症状轻,易误诊或漏诊,晚期肿瘤常伴脑脊液播散,如果延误治疗或晚期治疗常导致不可逆神经功能障碍[3]。此外,生殖细胞瘤对放射治疗与化学治疗敏感,联合放射治疗与化学治疗可取得良好的治疗效果[4],因此,基底节区生殖细胞瘤的早期诊断非常重要。本研究旨在分析儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤的发病年龄、性别、病程、临床表现、肿瘤标志物以及计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)特点,总结儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤的临床特征,提高临床医生对本病的认识,提高早期诊断水平,避免误诊、漏诊。
1. 资料与方法
1.1. 一般资料
收集2013年1月至2020年12月北京大学第一医院小儿外科经手术病理证实及诊断性放射治疗确诊为基底节区生殖细胞瘤的30例患者资料,其中2例患者经活检病理诊断明确,28例患者根据临床特点、影像学检查和肿瘤标志物等特征高度怀疑基底节生殖细胞瘤,给予诊断性放射治疗,剂量4 Gy (0.8 Gy/5次),放射治疗后影像学表现为完全缓解或大部分缓解(>80%),从而确立临床诊断。
1.2. 检查方法
CT检查使用NeuViz Prime 64层螺旋CT,MRI检查使用PHILIPS 3.0T超导MRI系统。图像由2名高年资儿童影像医师进行分析,意见不同时经协商后达成一致。颅内生殖细胞瘤在CT扫描中多呈现高密度影,增强后均匀强化,边界模糊,可伴钙化、囊变。在MRI扫描中T1WI信号略低于或等于灰质,而T2WI信号大多高于灰质,部分T2WI信号与灰质等强度信号。通过对比增强,超过50%的肿瘤具有囊肿包膜,信号增强也不均匀[5-6]。
1.3. 实验室检查及病理学检查
所有患者的血清及脑脊液β-人绒毛膜促性腺激素(β-human chorionic gonadotropin,β-HCG)、甲胎蛋白(alpha-fetoprotein,AFP)均来自北京大学第一医院检验科。β-HCG检测正常值小于2.0 IU/L,AFP检测正常值小于10.9 mg/L。颅内生殖细胞瘤血清及脑脊液肿瘤标志物AFP正常,β-HCG≤50 IU/L[7]。手术标本分别行HE和免疫组织化学染色,切片由2名病理科医生共同完成诊断。
2. 结果
2.1. 临床特征
共收集30例儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤患者,男性28例,女性2例,男女比例14 ∶1,发病年龄5.5~14.2岁,平均年龄(9.7±2.2)岁,中位年龄9.6岁,病程10 d至40个月,中位病程7个月。27例患者为偏侧基底节区病变,3例患者为双侧基底节区病变。主要临床表现:单侧肢体肌力下降(Ⅰ~Ⅳ级)29例,认知功能障碍6例,多饮多尿4例,性早熟2例,颅内高压1例,发音障碍3例,吞咽困难2例。30例患者血清与脑脊液AFP均正常,其中8例患者血清与脑脊液β-HCG均小于2.0 IU/L,11例患者血清β-HCG小于2.0 IU/L,但脑脊液β-HCG在2.0~50.0 IU/L, 11例患者血清与脑脊液β-HCG均在2.0~50.0 IU/L。
2.2. 影像学特点
30例儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤患者经影像学检查共发现病灶33个,病灶特点:(1)病灶形态不规则,其中类圆形团块状病灶8个(肿瘤最大直径大于3 cm者4个,1~3 cm者4个),小片状/片状病灶15个,斑片状病灶10个;(2)钙化5个;(3)囊变4个,其中2个呈多发囊变;(4)病灶均无明显边界;(5)12例患者存在大脑脚萎缩呈华勒氏变性(Wallerian degeneration),8例存在半球萎缩;(6)脑沟增宽8例;(7)脑室扩张6例。
CT扫描影像特点:病灶主要表现为稍高或减低密度影。30例患者中,25例患者病灶呈高密度影,4例患者病灶呈低密度影,1例患者颅内未见明显异常病灶。MRI扫描影像特点:病灶在T1WI上表现出不均匀的低或等信号,T2WI上表现出等或高信号。增强扫描上表现为无强化、不均匀、部分或显著强化。30例患者中, 13例患者在T1WI表现出低信号,T2WI表现出稍高/高信号, 17例在T1WI表现出等信号,T2WI表现出高信号, 20例患者行增强扫描其中2例表现为显著强化,6例表现为不均匀强化,4例表现为点状强化,4例表现为斑片状/环状强化,4例表现为无强化(图 1、2)。
图 1.
典型病例1(男性,10岁,肿瘤早期)
Typical case 1(male, 10 years old, early tumor)
A, CT plain scan showed a slightly density mass in the left basal ganglia, with a CT value of about 41 HU, and the boundary was unclear; B, the mass in the left basal ganglia was hypo-intense on T1WI; C, the mass in the left basal ganglia was hyper-intense on T2WI; D, contrast-enhanced on axial T1WI showed inhomogeneous enhancement; E, caudex encephali was atrophy on axial T2WI.Arrow show the tumors.
图 2.
典型病例2(男性,10岁,肿瘤晚期)
Typical case 2(male, 10 years old, advanced tumor)
A, CT plain scan showed a high density mass in the left basal ganglia, with cystic degeneration; B, the mass in the left basal ganglia was iso-intense on T1WI; C, the mass in the left basal ganglia was hyper-intense on T2WI, with no obvious peritumoral brain edema; D, enhanced MR enhanced lesion showed heterogeneous enhancement. Arrow show the tumors.
3. 讨论
颅内生殖细胞瘤对放射治疗与化学治疗敏感,早期诊断与早期治疗可以达到患者临床症状部分或完全恢复。基底节区生殖细胞瘤发病率低、隐匿起病、早期影像学特征不典型,早期诊断该疾病具有极大挑战性,而晚期治疗或延误治疗可能导致不可逆的神经功能障碍,因此,有必要详细介绍儿童基底神经节区生殖细胞瘤的临床及影像学特征,提高该疾病早期诊断水平。
基底节区生殖细胞瘤多见于男性儿童,男女发病率有明显差异[(6~27) ∶1],发病隐匿,病程常以年为单位,病程可持续1个月至4.5年[8-9],有研究报道1例基底节区生殖细胞瘤患儿病程持续8年才被确诊[10]。在本研究30例患者中28例为男性,2例女性,男女比例14 ∶1。30例患者中位年龄9.6岁,较其他研究中位年龄[11-12]偏低,30例患者病程10 d至40个月,中位病程7个月,与其他研究相符[9]。偏侧肢体肌力进行性下降是最常见的症状,基底节区生殖细胞瘤易影响豆状核和内囊,使偏侧肢体肌力下降成为首发症状[13]。如果肿瘤靠近内囊后肢,患者可表现为轻微但渐进性的锥体束征,包括痉挛、无力或亢进,基底神经节和丘脑的缓慢浸润可导致锥体外束体征如舞蹈手足徐动症,当涉及到深层边缘结构时,则出现神经精神症状,如逐渐认知退化、人格改变和精神疾病等[14]。本组研究30例患者中29例患者出现偏侧肢体肌力下降,6例患者出现认知功能障碍。29例偏瘫患者经放射治疗与化学治疗后肿瘤完全消失,但22例患者依然存在不同程度偏瘫,本研究考虑与患者病程及肿瘤浸润生长程度有关,在其他研究[14-15]中也观察到这种运动功能恢复率差的现象,因此早期诊断和早期治疗极其重要。
根据《2016年世界卫生统计报告》,颅内生殖细胞肿瘤分为以下7种类型:纯生殖细胞瘤、胚胎癌、卵黄囊瘤、绒毛膜癌、畸胎瘤、畸胎瘤伴恶性转化和混合生殖细胞肿瘤[16]。生殖细胞瘤通常指纯生殖细胞瘤,肿瘤标志物的产生与肿瘤成分密切相关,在脑脊液和血清中检测β-HCG和AFP可帮助确定肿瘤的类型。研究表明,脑脊液中β-HCG的含量明显较高,而血清中AFP的含量略高,AFP升高(AFP> 10 mg / L)的“分泌型”患者通常表现为卵黄囊瘤或恶性畸胎瘤(包括未成熟的畸胎瘤和具有恶性转化的畸胎瘤),β-HCG升高(β-HCG> 50 IU/L)的“分泌型”患者通常患有绒毛膜癌[17]。在生殖细胞瘤中,血清与脑脊液β-HCG和AFP通常不会升高,然而,由于有合胞体滋养层细胞,生殖细胞瘤中的β-HCG可轻度升高,但绝大多数β-HCG不会超过50 IU/L的阈值[7]。本组30例患者血清与脑脊液AFP均正常,8例患者血清与脑脊液β-HCG正常,11例患者血清β-HCG正常但脑脊液β-HCG轻度升高, 11例患者血清与脑脊液β-HCG均轻度升高,因此,如果有可能均应取得血清及脑脊液肿瘤标志物。
基底节区生殖细胞瘤因其发病率低、发作隐匿,早期影像学表现不典型容易延误诊断。生殖细胞瘤呈浸润性生长,无包膜,基底节区生殖细胞瘤早期即使导致患者出现神经系统症状,但CT扫描亦可正常。随着肿瘤生长,基底节区生殖细胞瘤表现为不规则形,呈斑片状、片状,生长较大时呈类圆形,CT扫描病灶多呈等密度或轻度高密度影,可伴有出血、钙化[5]。MRI扫描病灶早期呈小片状,T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI呈等或高信号,增强扫描无强化或弱强化[6]。基底节区生殖细胞瘤疾病晚期CT与MRI扫描通常表现为不规则占位性病变,增强扫描实性部分可强化。本组30例患者中25例患者病灶CT扫描呈高密度影,其中5例伴有明显钙化,4例有囊变。肿瘤实质部分T1WI呈低或等信号,T2WI稍高或高信号,肿瘤囊变部分在T2WI、T1WI表现同脑脊液信号,增强后可见不同程度不均匀强化,呈斑点状、片状、环形及分隔样强化,强化特点与文献[18-19]报道一致。此外,生殖细胞瘤还有另一特征表现为半球萎缩、大脑脚萎缩,对脑萎缩的识别对该疾病的诊断非常重要。在一研究报道中,17例患者中5例患者在MRI观察到有半脑萎缩[20]。本研究30例患者中有12例患者表现为同侧大脑脚萎缩,8例患者有半球萎缩。虽然这种现象长期以来被认为与基底节区生殖细胞瘤有关,但令人惊讶的是很少有病例被报道。有研究认为生殖细胞瘤引起其附近的神经节细胞和神经纤维变性,随后皮质脊髓束和丘脑皮质束的浸润导致同侧大脑半球继发性顺行和逆行华勒氏变性,从放射冠延伸至内包膜和脑干[21]。
手术活检是生殖细胞瘤确诊的金标准,但基底节区生殖细胞瘤早期病变不明显,位置深, 取材困难,即使获得小块组织,对于确诊依然困难,特别是对于混合生殖细胞肿瘤。2015年对中枢神经系统生殖细胞肿瘤的治疗达成共识:对于临床症状典型、与影像学表现一致、β-HCG升高的患者可以在不进行活检的情况下开始治疗[22]。此外,生殖细胞瘤对放射治疗敏感,小剂量放射治疗即可使肿瘤完全或大部分消失,因此对于早期诊断困难的情况可行放射治疗辅助诊断[23]。
基底节区生殖细胞瘤早期临床表现与影像学特征不典型,检测血清和脑脊液肿瘤标志物有助于得出正确的诊断。早期主要与脱髓鞘病、胶质瘤鉴别:(1)自身免疫性脱髓鞘病:脱髓鞘病起病急,主要表现为精神和认知功能异常,可伴有肢体无力、记忆力下降。基底节区生殖细胞瘤起病缓慢,早期症状轻且进展缓慢。脱髓鞘病在CT上呈低密度影,而生殖细胞瘤呈高密度影,伴有囊变、出血、钙化;MRI增强扫描时脱髓鞘病常可见到“开环样”强化,且强化随着病程的进展越来越不明显,而基底节区生殖细胞瘤多为点状或片状强化,随着病程的进展强化越来越明显[24]。另外,药物治疗是区别脱髓鞘病和基底节区生殖细胞瘤的试验性诊断方法。本组有6例患者外院初步诊断为炎性脱髓鞘病,药物治疗无效后于北京大学第一医院确诊为生殖细胞瘤。(2)胶质瘤:胶质瘤常位于丘脑或基底节区,症状与生殖细胞瘤类似,但性别分布差异无统计学意义,CT扫描呈高密度影,MRI扫描T1WI、T2WI呈稍高或高信号,增强扫描肿瘤呈无明显强化、不均匀强化或环状强化,占位效应合并明显瘤周水肿[25]。生殖细胞瘤常合并囊性变、瘤内出血、钙化,病变晚期尽管肿瘤体积较大,但生殖细胞瘤瘤周水肿和占位效应通常比同等大小的胶质瘤更轻[26]。
综上所述,儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤好发于10岁左右男性儿童,主要表现为偏侧肢体肌力下降,血清与脑脊液AFP正常,β-HCG轻度升高。CT扫描肿瘤形态不规则,呈无明显边界高密度影,伴有钙化、囊变,MRI扫描肿瘤呈T1WI低或等信号,T2WI多呈高信号,无明显占位效应,瘤周脑水肿轻,增强扫描无强化或呈不均匀强化,伴有同侧大脑脚、半脑萎缩。总之,儿童基底节区生殖细胞瘤早期诊断必须把临床、实验室检查及影像学资料相结合起来,这样有利于早期诊断及治疗,以避免不可逆神经功能障碍的发生。
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