Abstract
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused wide-reaching change to many aspects of life on a worldwide scale. The impact of these changes on peer-reviewed research journals, including those dedicated to urology, is still unknown.
Material and methods
The Web of Science database was queried to retrieve all COVID-19 urological articles written in English language and published between January 1st, 2020 and December 10th, 2021. Only original and review articles were considered. A bibliometric analysis of the total number of papers, citations, institutions and publishing journals was performed. Non-COVID-19 publications were also retrieved to compare the duration of publication stages.
Results
A total of 428 COVID-19 articles and 14,874 non-COVID-19 articles were collected. Significant differences in the duration of all the publication stages were found between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles (all p <0.001). The most productive countries were the USA (100 articles), Italy (59 articles) and the United Kingdom (55 articles). The published literature has focused on four topics: COVID-19 genitourinary manifestations, management of urological diseases during the pandemic, repercussions on quality of life and impact on healthcare providers.
Conclusions
A significant reduction in peer review time for COVID-19 articles might raise concerns regarding the quality of peer review itself. USA, Italy and UK published the highest number of COVID-19 related articles. Restrictive measures taken by governments to reduce the spread of infection had a strong impact on mental stress and anxiety of patients and healthcare professionals. A coerced deferral of diagnosis and treatment of emergencies and uro-oncological cases represented the most challenging task from a clinical standpoint.
Keywords: COVID-19, coronavirus, bibliometric analysis, urology, trends
INTRODUCTION
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic posed an unprecedented series of challenges to worldwide healthcare systems and severe repercussions were also recorded on urologists and urological patients [1]. In most countries, practice has been limited for several months to emergent procedures and non-deferrable cancer surgeries, while other procedures have been largely discouraged with a tendency to postpone or not perform outpatient visits, interrupt follow-up programs or omit in-person clinic appointments [2, 3]. Despite difficult times, Urology researchers have been eager to publish on this topic and several journals provided expedited review and publication processes for COVID-19 related articles.
A bibliometric analysis of the literature produced in two years of pandemic was performed to investigate publication trends and emerging issues regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the urology literature.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The Web of Science database was queried on December 2021 to retrieve all COVID-19 urological articles written in English language and published between January 1st, 2020 and December 10th, 2021. Research area of urology was defined using the WC=(Urology & Nephrology) field tag. Only original and review articles were considered, whereas editorials, letters, and comments were excluded. Ultimately, the following search string was used to collect COVID-19 articles: TS=(‘2019-nCoV’ OR ‘COVID-19’ OR covid19 OR ‘SARS-CoV-2’ OR ‘HCoV-2019’ OR ‘hcov’ OR ‘NCOVID-19’ OR ncovid19 OR ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2’ OR ‘severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2’ OR ‘coronavirus’ OR ‘corona virus’) AND WC=(Urology & Nephrology) AND PY=(2020-2021) AND LA=(English) AND (DT=(Article) OR DT=(Review) OR DT=(EARLY ACCESS) OR DT=(NEWS ITEM)).
Bibliometric analysis was performed to quantitatively assess the total number of papers, citations, institutions and publishing journals. Non-COVID-19 publications in 2020 and 2021 were also retrieved for a comparative analysis. Publishing institution and country were defined based on the corresponding author data. Date of submission, revision, acceptance and online publication were obtained from the PUBMED database by using PHST and DEP fields. Differences in days between publication stages are reported as mean ±standard deviation and compared by using the Mann-Whitney U test.
The bibliometrix R package was used for data extraction and analysis [4].
RESULTS
A total of 428 COVID-19 articles and 14,874 non-COVID-19 articles were published between January 2021 and December 2021. COVID-19 related publications included 341 original articles and 87 reviews (Table 2).
Table 2.
Main characteristics of COVID-19 articles
| Description | Results |
|---|---|
| Timespan | Jan. 2020–Dec. 2021 |
| Sources (journals, books, etc.) | 54 |
| Documents | 428 |
| Average years from publication | 0.393 |
| Average citations per documents | 6.911 |
| Average citations per year per documents | 4.48 |
| References | 8307 |
| Document types | |
| Article | 304 |
| Article; early access | 35 |
| Article; proceedings paper | 2 |
| Review | 78 |
| Review; early access | 9 |
| Document contents | |
| Keywords plus (ID) | 483 |
| Top-10 IDs impact, care, management, risk, time, covid-19, outcomes, cancer, health, men | |
| Author's keywords (DE) | 813 |
| Top-10 DEs covid-19, urology, coronavirus, sars-cov-2, pandemic, telemedicine, prostate cancer, surgery, education, bladder cancer | |
| Authors | |
| Authors | 2691 |
| Author appearances | 3491 |
| Authors of single-authored documents | 14 |
| Authors of multi-authored documents | 2677 |
| Authors collaboration | |
| Single-authored documents | 19 |
| Documents per author | 0.159 |
| Authors per document | 6.29 |
| Co-authors per documents | 8.16 |
| Collaboration index | 6.55 |
ID – Keywords plus; DE – Author keywords
Significant differences were found between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles in the days required for all stages of publication, including the time from submission to review, from review to acceptance, and from acceptance to publication (all p <0.001) (Table 3).
Table 3.
Duration of publication stages for COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles published between January 2020 and December 2021
| Publication stage | COVID-19 related | Mean | SD | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Submission-revision | 0 1 |
84.455 64.827 |
59.962 43.855 |
<0.001 |
| Revision-acceptance | 0 1 |
16.011 12.357 |
15.623 16.675 |
<0.001 |
| Acceptance-publication | 0 1 |
30.549 23.000 |
29.913 21.250 |
<0.001 |
| Submission-publication | 0 1 |
131.016 100.184 |
74.125 55.927 |
<0.001 |
SD – standard deviation
Overall, 428 articles received 2,958 citations, with a mean of 6.9 citations per article, which was near 5-times more than contemporaneous non COVID-19 articles (1.46 citations per article). The 10 most cited articles are shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Most globally cited COVID-19-related articles published by urological journals in 2020–2021.
The countries most involved in COVID-19 research are shown in Table 1. The highest citation impact values, defined as the ratio of citations received to the number of publications produced, were attributed to China, Italy, and United Kingdom. The most cited countries were Italy (810 citations), USA (587 citations) and China (517 citations). The most productive institutions are showed in Figure 2.
Table 1.
Top 10 most productive countries in COVID-19 literature
| Country | Articles | Total citations | Citation impact |
|---|---|---|---|
| USA | 100 | 587 | 5.9 |
| Italy | 59 | 810 | 13.7 |
| United Kingdom | 55 | 145 | 12.6 |
| Turkey | 38 | 139 | 3.7 |
| China | 29 | 517 | 17.8 |
| Brazil | 17 | 105 | 6.2 |
| Germany | 15 | 155 | 10.3 |
| Canada | 1 | 24 | 24 |
| India | 10 | 2 | 0.2 |
| Iran | 9 | 54 | 6 |
Figure 2.
The top 10 institutions that published most of COVID-19 related articles.
In the authorship pattern analysis, 19 articles were classified as single-authored and 409 as multi-authored documents. Between multi-authored articles, analysis of collaboration network found that the most frequent cooperation was between USA and UK (23 articles) and Italy and USA (20 articles) (Figure 3).
Figure 3.
Country collaboration map.
Keyword and topic analysis
The analysis of most frequently used keywords and their co-occurrence network identified 4 clusters (Figure 4), representing the following publication topics:
Figure 4.
Thematic Map. Keywords were grouped according to the frequency of co-occurrence; for each cluster, the most used keywords were highlighted in a larger font.
Urological manifestations of COVID-19 infection
Early evidence of the presence of the virus in semen and urine fuelled research on urogenital organ involvement in COVID-19 infection, including testis, kidney and bladder [5, 6, 7]. Studies have been further conducted on the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying COVID-19 urological symptoms or their influence in pre-existing urological diseases. The frequent reporting of COVID-related orchitis, possibly due to the high concentration of ACE-2 receptors in the testes, led the authors to explore the extent of testicular damage, frequently finding a significant inflammatory response but rarely associated with the direct presence of the virus in the testicles [8].
The relationship between male reproductive hormones and COVID-19 has been extensively investigated in studies on the risk of mortality or adverse outcomes in men with COVID-19 infection and testosterone deficiency or in androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) [9]. The use of ADT to lower TMPRSS2 expression in the lungs to prevent viral entry and to reduce the severity and duration of infection has been investigated, especially in prostate cancer patients [10]. BCG vaccination and PDE5 drugs were tested as protective factors for COVID-19 mortality [11, 12].
Elevated renal ACE-2 expression and the presence of viral mRNA in urine have shown possible mechanisms of COVID-19 kidney damage, mostly mediated by the activation of a cytokine storm and immune complex deposition [13]. The increased mortality and ICU admission for patients with COVID-19 infection and chronic kidney disease (CKD) and/or acute kidney injury (AKI) prompted investigations on the association between COVID-19, CKD, haemodialysis, and other kidney disorders [14]. Worse COVID-19 outcomes in immunosuppressed patients have raised concerns about the management of kidney transplant recipients and renal cell carcinoma patients who deserved or were already undergoing immunotherapy during the pandemic [15].
Indirect effect of COVID-19 on urological conditions
These studies evaluated how the enforced safety measures applied have affected the management of urological diseases. During the pandemic, the referral patterns of people seeking help for urological conditions changed quantitatively and qualitatively [16]. Various Authors reported that major procedures and follow-up visits were more than halved, including emergencies [17]. Diagnostic delay or misdiagnosis may have a major impact on disease extent, clinical presentation and treatment, as well as risk of progression and survival in case of cancer.
Numerous studies focused on prioritization strategies for oncological or non-oncological procedures and produced general recommendations for deferring treatment or resumption of elective surgeries [2, 18–23]. Several authors described the adverse outcomes of delaying emergent cases of urinary stones and drew up guidelines for perioperative evaluation and treatment choice [24, 25]. The oncological and functional risk of treatment deferral for intermediate and high risk prostate cancer patients has been extensively studied [26]. Bladder cancer management was strongly influenced by the reorganization of surveillance schedules for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and delay of chemioradioterapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer [27]. To cope with the sharp decrease in admissions to surgery and outpatient services, researchers investigated alternative forms of assistance, mainly through telemedicine, evaluating which urological conditions were amenable to its use and the degree of acceptance by patients and healthcare professionals [28, 29, 30].
Repercussions on mental health, quality of life and sexuality
Studies focused on the effects of social distancing on sexual desire, activity and satisfaction, which led to anxiety, depression, especially in women and elderly [31, 32].
Impact on healthcare providers
High impact on mental stress, anxiety, and changes in sexual attitudes was reported also among health professionals [33]. Several studies assessed the safety and protection measures adopted by urologists, including knowledge of protocols, use of protective devices and strategies to reduce the risk of viral transmission [34]. Attention was paid to high-risk procedures, such as minimally invasive surgery, during which the infection could spread through fumes or CO2 pneumoperitoneum [35].
The impact on training, particularly for residents, was weighted by the decrease in outpatient caseload, surgical exposure and the adoption of digital learning methods to compensate for training disruption [36, 37, 38].
DISCUSSION
As within other areas of scientific knowledge, an impressive number of COVID-19 (n = 428) articles have been published in urology in the past two years. For the same time frame, 14,874 non-COVID-19 urological articles were retrieved. These numbers demonstrate the effort made by the urological community to collect evidence and disseminate knowledge
Of the 428 COVID-19 articles, a relatively high proportion (20%) consisted of narrative or systematic reviews. The high average citation rate (6.9 citations per article) suggests worldwide attention on this topic and how researchers and clinicians have sought to gather all available evidence to summarize and address emerging needs. A ratio of 0.34 was calculated between local citations (citations received from another urological article on COVID-19) and global citations (citations received from any other publication). This relatively high ratio can be explained by the high number of reviews, which tend to increase local citations mostly by synthesizing evidence gathered from other articles. However, this may also reflect how little these articles have contributed to increasing knowledge of pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatments of COVID-19.
Significant differences were found between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 articles in the days required for all stages of publication, including the time for review, for acceptance and for publication. The overall time from submission to publication was 100 ±56 days for COVID-19 and 131 ±76 days for non-COVID-19 related articles (p <0.001). The faster peer review and publication process reflects the unique nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, however it could profoundly affect the accuracy and quality of the articles [39].
Higher number of citations and citation impact values were attributed to the countries who experienced the first (China) and secondary (Europe and USA) spread of COVID-19 [40]. These results are in line with findings in bibliometric studies in other areas. Likewise, the most productive institutions belonged to the same geographic areas.
In multi-authored documents, Italy and USA and UK were the countries that collaborated the most. The high rate of international collaboration between the Americas and Europe demonstrates the need to find shared solutions to the same problems between countries with similar health systems.
This bibliometric analysis was performed using the WOS database. The search strategy was as comprehensive as possible, and the data was thoroughly analysed. However, the results may differ according to other databases (e.g. Scopus) or by including different search terms. Given the importance of the topic and the current trend of increasing number of COVID-19 publications, the quantitative results provided by this analysis are bound to inevitably change in the coming months.
CONCLUSIONS
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted the Urology literature over the past two years. A significant reduction in peer review time might raise concern regarding the quality of peer review processes, and it certainly reflects the exceptional features of the pandemic. Urology researchers have investigated on topics related to the impact of COVID-19 at different levels and within different domains. Restrictive measures taken by governments to reduce the spread of infection had a strong impact on several aspects of urological practice, including mental stress and anxiety of patients and healthcare professionals. A coerced deferral of diagnosis and treatment of several urological emergencies and uro-oncological cases represented the most challenging task from a clinical standpoint. USA, Italy and UK published the highest number of COVID-19 related articles, mirroring the geographic dissemination of the virus over different time frames. Trends in literature are likely to change over time as researchers remain motivated to understand how the virus affects the urological community and clinical practice.
CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
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