Abstract
目的
比较单侧双通道内镜下经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(unilateral biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,UBE-TLIF)与微创通道下TLIF(minimally invasive tubular TLIF, MT-TLIF)治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效。
方法
回顾分析2019年8月—2020年8月符合选择标准的75例腰椎退行性疾病患者临床资料,其中 UBE-TLIF组35例、MT-TLIF组40例。两组患者性别、年龄、身体质量指数、疾病类型及病程、手术节段等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。比较两组手术时间、术中失血量、术前及术后1 d血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、住院时间、并发症发生情况,以及腰痛疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)评分、腿痛VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、简明健康调查量表(SF-36量表)评分,手术节段椎间盘高度(intervertebral disc height,IDH)、矢状面Cobb角和腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL),椎间融合情况。
结果
与MT-TLIF组相比,UBE-TLIF组手术时间更长,但术中失血量减少、住院时间缩短(P<0.05)。术后1 d两组Hb均有下降,但组间手术前后差值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者均获随访,UBE-TLIF组随访时间为(14.7±2.5)个月,MT-TLIF组为(15.0±3.4)个月,差异无统计学意义(t=0.406,P=0.686)。临床疗效评价指标:术后两组腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分、SF-36量表评分及ODI均较术前改善(P<0.05);术后1个月及末次随访间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术前后各时间点两组腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分及SF-36评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1个月UBE-TLIF组ODI优于MT-TLIF组(P<0.05)。影像学评价指标:两组术后1个月IDH、Cobb角及LL均较术前改善(P<0.05),且维持至末次随访时(P>0.05)。手术前后各时间点两组IDH、Cobb角、LL比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。UBE-TLIF组33例(89.2%)、MT-TLIF组35例(87.5%)达植骨融合,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.015,P=0.901)。UBE-TLIF组发生术中硬膜撕裂1例、术后硬膜外血肿形成1例,并发症发生率为5.7%;MT-TLIF组发生术中硬膜撕裂1例、术后硬膜外血肿形成1例、切口浅表感染1例,并发症发生率为7.5%。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.234,P=1.000)。
结论
与MT-TLIF相比,UBE-TILF治疗腰椎退行性疾病除能获得相似椎间融合效果外,还具有切口小、术中出血少、住院周期短等优点。
Keywords: 单侧双通道内镜, 经椎间孔腰椎间融合术, 腰椎退行性疾病
Abstract
Objective
To compare the clinical and radiological outcomes of unilateral biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (UBE-TLIF) and minimally invasive tubular TLIF (MT-TLIF) in treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases.
Methods
A clinical data of 75 patients with lumbar degenerative diseases, who met the selection criteria between August 2019 and August 2020, was retrospectively analyzed, including 35 patients in the UBE- TLIF group and 40 patients in the MT-TLIF group. There was no significant difference in general data such as gender, age, body mass index, disease type and duration, and surgical segment between the two groups (P>0.05), which was comparable. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hemoglobin (Hb) before operation and at 1 day after operation, the length of hospital stay, incidence of complications, and visual analogue scale (VAS) score of low back and leg pain, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), Short-Form 36 Health Survey Scale (SF-36 scale), intervertebral disc height (IDH), sagittal Cobb angle, lumbar lordosis (LL), and the intervertebral fusion were compared between the two groups.
Results
Compared with MT-TLIF group, UBE-TLIF group had significantly longer operation time but less intraoperative blood loss and shorter length of hospital stay (P<0.05). The Hb levels in both groups decreased at 1 day after operation, but there was no significant difference in the difference before and after operation between the two groups (P>0.05). All patients were followed up, and the follow-up time was (14.7±2.5) months in the UBE-TLIF group and (15.0±3.4) months in the MT-TLIF group, with no significant difference (t=0.406, P=0.686). In both groups, the VAS score of low back pain, VAS score of leg pain, SF-36 scale, and ODI after operation significantly improved when compared with those before operation (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between 1 month after operation and last follow-up (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the VAS score of low back pain, VAS score of leg pain, and SF-36 scale between the two groups before and after operation (P>0.05). At 1 month after operation, the ODI in the UBE-TLIF group was significantly better than that in the MT-TLIF group (P<0.05). At 1 month after operation, IDH, Cobb angle, and LL in both groups recovered when compared with those before operation (P<0.05), and were maintained until last follow-up (P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the IDH, Cobb angle, and LL between the two groups at each time point (P>0.05). Thirty-three cases (89.2%) in the UBE-TLIF group and 35 cases (87.5%) in the MT-TLIF group achieved fusion, and the difference was not significant (χ2=0.015, P=0.901). In the UBE-TLIF group, 1 case of intraoperative dural tear and 1 case of postoperative epidural hematoma occurred, with an incidence of 5.7%. In the MT-TLIF group, 1 case of intraoperative dural tear, 1 case of postoperative epidural hematoma, and 1 case of superficial infection of the surgical incision occurred, with an incidence of 7.5%. There was no significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (χ2=1.234, P=1.000).
Conclusion
Compared with MT-TLIF, UBE-TILF can achieve similar interbody fusion in the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases, and has the advantages of smaller incision, less bleeding, and shorter length of hospital stay.
Keywords: Unilateral biportal endoscopy, transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, lumbar degenerative disease
传统腰椎后路减压融合手术需要广泛剥离双侧椎旁肌、切除椎板,术后容易发生腰背部肌肉萎缩、腰椎不稳等,甚至引起慢性腰背痛[1-2]。随着微创理念和微创技术的快速发展,脊柱内镜微创手术在临床获得广泛应用。经皮椎间孔镜下腰椎后路手术虽具有视野清晰、创伤小的优势,但工作通道和视野通道同轴导致视野缺乏立体感、视角狭窄,并且受到管道直径的限制难以施行镜下融合,不能满足临床需求。1996年,De Antoni等[3]首次报道了单侧双通道内镜(unilateral biportal endoscopy,UBE)技术,通过采用观察和操作两个相互独立的通道显著提高了手术操作灵活性和工作效率。随着双通道理论的完善、手术技术和手术器械制备工艺的进步,UBE技术目前已应用于腰椎间盘退行性疾病、腰椎管狭窄、腰椎峡部裂伴轻度腰椎滑脱症等多种脊柱疾病的治疗[4]。我院自2019年8月开始将UBE技术用于经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF),现回顾分析UBE-TLIF患者临床资料,并与同期接受微创通道下TLIF(minimally invasive tubular TLIF,MT-TLIF)患者进行比较,探讨UBE 技术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效和优势。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 患者选择标准
纳入标准:① 年龄30~80岁;② 存在下肢放射性疼痛和/或神经源性间歇性跛行临床症状;③ 术前站立位及过伸、过屈位X线片以及CT、MRI检查,提示明确的腰椎管狭窄伴或不伴退变性腰椎滑脱(Meyerding Ⅰ、Ⅱ度),轻度峡部裂性椎体滑脱(Meyerding Ⅰ、Ⅱ度),腰椎节段性不稳定(平移距离≥3 mm)和/或节段矢状面运动增加(过伸、过屈位椎间隙成角≥11°[5]);④ 经保守治疗6周以上无效;⑤ 接受单节段或双节段TLIF治疗;⑥ 术后随访达1年以上且影像资料完整。
排除标准:① 存在脊柱畸形(冠状面Cobb角>25°);② 合并其他脊柱疾病,如脊柱感染、强直性脊柱炎、脊柱肿瘤、脊柱创伤或神经系统疾病;③ 存在认知和心理障碍以及不适合参与研究的其他疾病。
2019年8月—2020年8月,共75例患者符合选择标准纳入研究,其中 UBE-TLIF组35例、MT-TLIF组40例。
1.2. 一般资料
UBE-TLIF组:男13例,女22例;年龄39~70岁,平均55.1岁。身体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)为(25.8±1.8)kg/m2。疾病类型:腰椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄15例,腰椎管狭窄12例,腰椎管狭窄伴轻度腰椎滑脱8例。病程6~60个月,中位数21个月。手术节段:单节段33例,双节段2例;L2~3 1例,L3~4 5例,L4~5 17例,L5~S1 10例,L4~S1 2例。
MT-TLIF组:男18例,女22例;年龄41~73岁,平均56.0岁。 BMI为(26.0±2.0)kg/m2。疾病类型:腰椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄9例,腰椎管狭窄15例,腰椎管狭窄伴轻度腰椎滑脱16例。病程6~42个月,中位数18个月。手术节段:单节段39例,双节段1例;L1~2 1例,L2~3 4例,L3~4 7例,L4~5 15例,L5~S1 12例,L4~S1 1例。
两组患者性别、年龄、BMI、疾病类型及病程、手术节段等一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.3. 手术方法
两组手术均由同一组术者完成。UBE-TLIF和MT-TLIF微创钉棒及微创通道均由三友医疗器械股份有限公司和富乐医疗器械有限公司提供,UBE内镜显示系统为德国Joimax椎间孔镜系统。
1.3.1. UBE-TLIF组
全身麻醉下,患者取俯卧位,双侧上肢外展上举放于支臂架,双侧腋下放置腋垫,圆柱形体位垫垫高躯干部两侧,使腹部悬空保持腹部足够空间,调整手术床使腰椎处于水平。
G臂X线机透视定位确认目标椎间隙后,以其为中心,在棘突线旁开约1 cm及上、下1.0~1.5 cm处,分别作长约8 mm和2 cm的切口,使用骨膜剥离器从椎弓峡部、椎板和小关节上轻轻剥离软组织,分别形成观察通道和工作通道。手术过程中,关节镜连接自动压力控制泵系统,并将压力设置为3.99~4.66 kPa,左手调整关节镜充分暴露视野,右手持操作器械。切除同侧上椎板下缘、下椎板上缘及责任椎间隙上位椎下关节突、下位椎上关节突内侧部分骨质,以神经剥离子、刮匙剥离并以枪钳咬除黄韧带,用神经剥离子游离硬膜外脂肪显露硬膜,应用L形拉钩牵开硬膜囊,使用神经剥离子保护神经根,切除突出的椎间盘组织。对于双侧椎管狭窄,镜下用磨钻等沿棘突根部磨除骨质,咬除黄韧带,显露对侧硬膜,找到对侧病变部位上、下关节突并行对侧减压;使用骨锉、刮匙、髓核钳等仔细处理椎间隙,刮除软骨终板后在内镜监视下植入椎间融合器并打压植骨[6]。X线机引导下经皮植入椎弓根螺钉固定手术节段。
1.3.2. MT-TLIF组
麻醉方式、手术体位与UBE-TLIF组相同。安装固定微创通道套管自由臂,沿椎弓根体表投影连线作长2~3 cm纵切口,逐层显露至腰背筋膜,锐性切开钝性分离肌间隙至关节突关节,骨膜剥离子、髓核钳等清理分离周围软组织,依次置入扩张套筒撑开至适当距离后置入通道,调整通道位置并连接固定自由臂,接通冷光源。在通道内肉眼直视下行患侧TLIF,G臂X线机透视确认椎间融合器位置满意后,经皮植入椎弓根螺钉固定手术节段。
1.4. 术后处理
两组术后处理方法一致。常规应用抗生素预防感染;应用镇痛泵48 h,去除镇痛泵后口服非甾体类解热镇痛药对症治疗。术后第2天鼓励患者佩戴支具下床活动,支具需佩戴3个月。
1.5. 疗效评价指标
1.5.1. 临床疗效评价指标
记录手术时间、术中失血量、术前及术后1 d血红蛋白(hemoglobin,Hb)、住院时间以及术后并发症发生情况。其中,手术时间从切皮开始到完成缝合结束。术前及术后1个月、末次随访时,行腰痛疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、腿痛VAS评分、Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)、简明健康调查量表(SF-36量表)评分。
1.5.2. 影像学评价指标
术前及术后1个月、末次随访时,摄标准站立侧位X线片,测量手术节段椎间盘高度(intervertebral disc height,IDH)、矢状面Cobb角和腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)。根据三维CT评估椎间融合情况。
1.6. 统计学方法
采用SPSS24.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料行正态性检验,符合正态分布时以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内手术前后比较采用配对t检验;多个时间点两组比较采用重复测量方差分析,若不满足球形检验,采用Greenhouse-Geisser法进行校正,同一组别不同时间点间比较采用 Bonferroni 法,同一时间点不同组别间比较采用多因素方差分析。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验。检验水准α=0.05。
2. 结果
两组手术均顺利完成。与MT-TLIF组相比,UBE-TLIF组手术时间更长,但术中失血量减少、住院时间缩短,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后1 d Hb 均较术前下降,但组间手术前后差值比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表1。两组患者均获随访,UBE-TLIF组随访时间为(14.7±2.5)个月,MT-TLIF组为(15.0±3.4)个月,差异无统计学意义(t=0.406,P=0.686)。
表 1.
Comparison of surgery-related parameters between the two groups (
)
两组手术相关指标比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
手术时间(min)
Operation time (minutes) |
术中失血量(mL)
Itraoperative blood loss (mL) |
Hb(g/L) | 住院时间(d)
Length of hospital stay (days) |
||
术前
Preoperative |
术后1 d
One day after operation |
差值
Difference |
|||||
UBE-TLIF | 35 | 173.7±20.6 | 173.5±30.9 | 129.5±6.7 | 119.9±6.5 | 9.6±2.9 | 7.4±1.1 |
MT-TLIF | 40 | 158.8±14.2 | 205.8±31.8 | 131.7±13.6 | 120.4±10.6 | 11.3±6.3 | 8.4±1.0 |
统计值
Statistic |
t=3.697
P<0.001 |
t=4.441
P<0.001 |
t=0.865
P=0.390 |
− |
t=1.515
P=0.134 |
t=3.764
P<0.001 |
临床疗效评价指标:① 组内比较:术后腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分、SF-36量表评分及ODI均较术前改善(P<0.05);术后1个月及末次随访间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。② 组间比较:手术前后各时间点两组腰痛VAS评分、腿痛VAS评分、SF-36量表评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);术后1个月UBE-TLIF组ODI优于MT-TLIF组(P<0.05),其余两时间点组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表2、图1。
表 2.
Comparison of clinical parameters between the two groups (
)
两组临床疗效评价指标比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
腿痛VAS评分
VAS score of leg pain |
腰痛VAS评分
Vas score of lower back pain |
|||||
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
|||
UBE-TLIF | 35 | 6.2±0.6 | 2.9±0.5 | 1.3±0.5 | 6.0±0.7 | 3.3±0.5 | 1.5±0.5 | |
MT-TLIF | 40 | 6.0±0.7 | 3.0±0.5 | 1.3±0.5 | 6.3±0.7 | 3.2±0.7 | 1.6±0.5 | |
统计值
Statistic |
时间效应F=2 749.653,P<0.001
交互效应F=5.005,P=0.012 组别效应F=0.028,P=0.868 |
时间效应F=2 235.37,P<0.001
交互效应F=5.059,P=0.010 组别效应F=0.566,P=0.454 |
||||||
组别
Group |
例数
n |
ODI(%) | SF-36量表评分
SF-36 scale |
|||||
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
|||
UBE-TLIF | 35 | 65.6±6.4 | 34.2±3.5 | 20.7±2.4 | 28.2±3.2 | 35.3±2.3 | 42.7±4.6 | |
MT-TLIF | 40 | 64.5±3.1 | 37.2±4.2 | 21.4±2.9 | 27.8±3.6 | 35.6±3.2 | 42.1±3.7 | |
统计值
Statistic |
时间效应F=2 620.047,P<0.001
交互效应F=4.243,P=0.016 组别效应F=3.506,P=0.065 |
时间效应F=444.748,P<0.001
交互效应F=0.568,P=0.515 组别效应F=0.160,P=0.690 |
图 1.
Changes of clinical parameters in the two groups
两组临床疗效评价指标变化趋势
a. 腿痛VAS评分; b. 腰痛VAS评分;c. ODI;d. SF-36量表评分
a. VAS score of leg pain; b. VAS score of low back pain; c. ODI; d. SF-36 scale
影像学评价指标:① 组内比较:两组术后1个月IDH、Cobb角及LL均较术前改善(P<0.05),且维持至末次随访时(P>0.05)。② 组间比较:手术前后各时间点两组IDH、Cobb角及LL比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。见表3、图2。UBE-TLIF组33例(89.2%)、MT-TLIF组35例(87.5%)达植骨融合,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.015,P=0.901)。见图3、4。
表 3.
Comparison of radiological parameters between the two groups (
)
两组影像学评价指标比较(
)
组别
Group |
例数
n |
IDH(mm) | Cobb角(°)
Cobb angle (°) |
LL(°) | ||||||||
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
术前
Preoperative |
术后1个月
One month after operation |
末次随访
Last follow-up |
||||
UBE-TLIF | 35 | 8.97±1.26 | 10.32±0.76 | 10.11±0.74 | 8.81±1.12 | 9.69±1.23 | 9.41±0.85 | 47.7±4.7 | 49.6±4.1 | 50.5±3.6 | ||
MT-TLIF | 40 | 8.72±1.02 | 10.29±0.77 | 10.04±0.82 | 9.41±1.93 | 10.14±1.50 | 9.25±1.53 | 48.4±5.3 | 49.3±3.7 | 50.0±3.8 | ||
统计值
Statistic |
时间效应F=273.304,P<0.001
交互效应F=1.363,P=0.253 组别效应F=0.347,P=0.558 |
时间效应F=22.747,P<0.001
交互效应F=5.280,P=0.010 组别效应F=0.972,P=0.328 |
时间效应F=20.433,P<0.001
交互效应F=1.600,P=0.205 组别效应F=0.000,P=0.997 |
图 2.
Changes of radiological parameters in the two groups
两组影像学评价指标变化趋势
a. IDH;b. Cobb角;c. LL
a. IDH; b. Cobb angle; c. LL
图 3.
A 55-year-old male patient with L3-4 intervertebral disc herniation and spinal stenosis in UBE-TLIF group
UBE-TLIF组患者,男,55岁, L3~4椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄
a、b. 术前腰椎正侧位X线片;c、d. 术前矢状位及轴位CT;e、f. 术前MRI矢状位及轴位T2加权像;g. 术中定位手术节段;h~k. 术中UBE下椎板切除、神经松解、切除椎间盘组织、椎间融合器植入;l、m. 术中透视下经皮植入椎弓根螺钉;n. 术后2 d 腰椎侧位X线片;o、p. 术后2 d矢状位及轴位CT;q. 术后6个月矢状位CT示椎间骨性融合
a, b. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the lumbar spine before operation; c, d. Sagittal and axial CT before operation; e, f. T2-weighted sagittal and axial MRI before operation; g. Intraoperative location of the surgical segment; h-k. Intraoperative laminectomy, nerve release, resection of intervertebral disc, and implantation of intervertebral cage under UBE; l, m. Percutaneous pedicle screw implantation under fluoroscopy; n. Lateral X-ray film of the lumbar spine at 2 days after operation; o, p. Sagittal and axial CT at 2 days after operation; q. Sagittal CT at 6 months after operation showed the intervertebral bony fusion
图 4.
A 73-year-old female patient with L4-5 intervertebral disc herniation and spinal stenosis in MT-TLIF group
MT-TLIF患者,女,73岁, L4~5椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄
a、b. 术前腰椎正侧位X线片;c、d. 术前矢状位及轴位CT;e、f. 术前MRI矢状位及轴位T2加权像;g~n. 术中通道下椎板切除、神经松解、切除椎间盘组织、椎间融合器植入;o. 术后2 d腰椎侧位X线片;p、q. 术后2 d矢状位及轴位CT;r. 术后6个月矢状位CT示椎间骨性融合
a, b. Anteroposterior and lateral X-ray films of the lumbar spine before operation; c, d. Sagittal and axial CT before operation; e, f. T2-weighted sagittal and axial MRI before operation; g-n. Intraoperative minimally invasive tubular retractor assisted laminectomy, nerve release, resection of intervertebral disc tissue, and intervertebral cage implantation; o. Lateral X-ray film of the lumbar spine at 2 days after operation; p, q. Sagittal and axial CT at2 days after operation; r. Sagittal CT at 6 months after operation showed intervertebral bony fusion
并发症:UBE-TLIF组发生术中硬膜撕裂1例、术后硬膜外血肿形成1例,并发症发生率为5.7%;MT-TLIF组发生术中硬膜撕裂1例、术后硬膜外血肿形成1例、切口浅表感染1例,并发症发生率为7.5%。两组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.234,P=1.000)。2例硬膜撕裂术中进行修补,术后给予补液并采用头低脚高位、持续引流并应用头孢曲松等易于透过血脑屏障的抗生素预防颅内感染,4~6 d后拔除引流管。2例硬膜外血肿无明显压迫症状,经保守治疗后均逐渐吸收。切口部位浅表感染经换药后愈合。
3. 讨论
对于需要手术治疗的腰椎疾病患者,传统开放手术创伤大、并发症多,不能完全满足患者临床需求。通过显微镜和管状牵开器系统,从单侧入路进行双侧腰椎管减压是目前治疗获得性腰椎管狭窄症患者的方法之一[7]。既往研究表明, MT-TLIF采用旁正中切口入路和管状牵开系统,可以最大程度地减少椎旁肌肉组织损伤、失血、术后疼痛、阿片类药物消耗,改善术后活动,缩短住院时间,并且与传统后路腰椎间融合术和TLIF相比,具有相似的融合率和长期随访结果[8-9]。但MT-TLIF高度依赖管状牵开器系统,由于硬质管道的限制导致有限的手术视野和频繁透视显著增加辐射量,实现充分的神经减压和椎间融合仍是一个挑战[10]。
UBE-TLIF结合了显微镜和内镜的特点,具有以下优势:① 具有独立的观察通道和工作通道。通过观察通道内灌注式关节镜,术者可直视术野,清晰分辨出神经组织周围结构;工作通道内可应用脊柱外科常规器械进行灵活操作[11],工作效率高且易于普及。② 椎旁肌肉组织剥离很少且最大程度地保留脊柱结构完整性,维持了术后脊柱稳定;紧贴椎板后方结构剥离椎旁肌建立实际的工作空间,为外科医生熟悉的解剖结构。③ 手术是在持续冲洗下进行,可以使用射频电极而非普通电刀止血,在硬膜囊周围微血管出血的情况下,可以获得无神经损伤的有效血管烧灼,不产生手术烟雾,并减少创面污染,可有效预防手术部位感染的发生[12]。④ UBE不受硬质管道限制,减压范围可探及同侧椎弓根内壁,对侧可通过切除部分棘突根部越过中线到达侧隐窝,减压后完整显露硬膜囊、双侧神经根走行根及对侧出口根,直视下实现椎管内目标区域神经精细探查、松解和减压[13]。⑤ 通过镜下放大视野可完整去除软骨终板、制备植骨床,为术后植骨融合奠定了良好的环境[11]。
本研究结果显示,两组术中神经均获得充分减压,术后患者腰腿痛症状均明显改善,末次随访时未出现腰腿痛复发情况。UBE-TLIF组患者术后1个月ODI较MT-TLIF组改善更明显,但两组末次随访时具有相似的临床结果和椎间融合率。这与Kang等[12]的研究结果一致,他们也发现术后1个月UBE组腰痛VAS评分和SF-36量表评分明显高于显微镜通道组,但术后1年组间无显著差异、末次随访时融合率相当。有学者认为UBE术中采用灌注系统对植骨床上移植物材料和成骨祖细胞等持续冲洗,可能会对脊柱融合产生负面影响,但相关研究报道腰椎间融合率达85%[12, 14-15]。本研究UBE-TLIF组也获得较高植骨融合率,与MT-TLIF组无明显差异,表明UBE下腰椎间融合同样可以获得满意融合率。
另外,与MT-TLIF组相比,UBE-TLIF组术中失血量更少,但手术时间更长,分析可能与该技术陡峭的学习曲线有关[14, 16]。Kim等[14]通过非参数回归局部加权散点平滑曲线分析了该技术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的学习曲线,结果显示至少需要34例才能达到相当熟练操作水平。本研究UBE-TLIF组虽手术时间延长,但围术期并发症发生率与MT-TLIF组无显著差异,且经对症治疗后均好转。
综上述,UBE-TLIF具有切口小、术中出血少、术后恢复快、有效保护脊柱软组织的优点,能达到与传统TLIF相似的融合率及临床效果,为腰椎退行性疾病的微创治疗提供了一种新选择。但本研究样本量有限、随访时间较短,远期椎间融合器是否下沉还需进一步随访观察。另外,肌肉损伤程度也缺少客观定量评定结果。本研究结论有待大样本、多中心前瞻性随机对照试验来进一步评估。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经河南省洛阳正骨医院(河南省骨科医院)医学实验伦理委员会批准
作者贡献声明 孔凡国、朱卉敏:研究设计,文章撰写及修改;孔凡国、张昌盛:研究实施,手术操作;乔杨、王文举、潘其鹏、周全:数据收集整理及统计分析,患者术后随访
Funding Statement
大型中医骨伤专科医院中西医结合脊柱微创外科技术体系建设项目(20-21ZY1058)
Construction of a Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery Technology System in a Large-scale Traditional Chinese Medicine Orthopaedic Hospital (20-21ZY1058)
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