Abstract
目的
探讨肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定治疗新鲜骨性Bankart损伤疗效。
方法
2017年1月—2021年5月,使用肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定治疗12例外伤导致的新鲜骨性Bankart损伤。男10例,女2例;年龄21~64岁,平均38.8岁。受伤至入院时间7~30 d,平均15.8 d。术前美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分(44.9±17.4)分,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分(13.1±5.5)分。肩关节活动度:前屈上举(130.8±11.8)°、体侧外旋(25.0±7.9)°、体侧内旋9.2±1.6。患肩CT扫描联合三维重建检查示,骨折块面积小于关节盂1/4 者10例,1/4~1/2者2例。记录手术时间,随访时以ASES评分、UCLA评分、Rowes评分以及肩关节活动度评价疗效,肩关节CT扫描及三维重建评估骨折位置和愈合情况。
结果
手术时间50~150 min,平均85.5 min。所有患者均获随访,随访时间3~18个月,平均9.1个月。术后3例发生肩关节粘连,无感染、血栓形成、肩关节再脱位等严重并发症发生。末次随访时,肩关节活动度:前屈上举(162.1±30.3)°、体侧外旋(37.5±11.2)°、体侧内旋7.8±0.8,均较术前改善(t=3.331,P=0.003;t=3.153,P=0.005;t=2.716,P=0.013)。ASES评分为(89.7±11.8)分、UCLA评分为(32.8±2.4)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=7.368,P<0.001;t=11.370,P<0.001)。Rowes评分75~100分,平均92.9分;其中,优9例、良3例,优良率达100%。CT复查示11例骨折线消失,骨折对位可;1例骨折块面积介于关节盂1/4~1/2者骨折块对位欠佳。
结论
对于骨折块面积不超过关节盂1/4、骨折块下方盂唇-关节囊复合体完好、非粉碎性新鲜骨性Bankart损伤,经肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定可获得较好疗效,具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快等优势。
Keywords: 肩关节, 骨性Bankart损伤, 关节镜, 带线锚钉
Abstract
Objective
To investigate the effectiveness of a single threaded anchor fixation under shoulder arthroscopy in the treatment of fresh bony Bankart injury.
Methods
Between January 2017 and May 2021, 12 patients with fresh bony Bankart injury caused by trauma were treated with a single threaded anchor fixation under shoulder arthroscopy. There were 10 males and 2 females with an average age of 38.8 years (range, 21-64 years). The time between injury and operation ranged from 7 to 30 days (mean, 15.8 days). Preoperative American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score was 44.9±17.4, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) score was 13.1±5.5; the forward supination, lateral external rotation, and lateral internal rotation of shoulder were (130.8±11.8)°, (25.0±7.9)°, and 9.2±1.6, respectively. CT scan and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction showed that the fracture fragment area was less than 1/4 of the glenoid area in 10 cases, and 1/4-1/2 in 2 cases. The operation time was recorded. During follow-up, ASES score, UCLA score, Rowes score, and shoulder range of motion were used to evaluate the effectiveness, and shoulder CT scan and 3D reconstruction were used to evaluate the fracture position and healing.
Results
The operation time ranged from 50 to 150 minutes (mean, 85.5 minutes). All patients were followed up 3-18 months (mean, 9.1 months). There was no serious adverse effect such as infection, re-dislocation, or thrombosis. Three patients had shoulder adhesions after operation. At last follow-up, the forward supination of shoulder [(162.1±30.3)°], lateral external rotation [(37.5±11.2)°], and lateral internal rotation (9.2±1.6) significantly improved when compared with those before operation (t=3.331, P=0.003;t=3.153, P=0.005;t=2.716, P=0.013). The ASES score was 89.7±11.8 and the UCLA score was 32.8±2.4, which significantly increased when compared with those before operation (t=7.368, P<0.001;t=11.370, P<0.001). The Rowes score ranged from 75 to 100 (mean, 92.9). Among them, 9 cases were excellent and 3 cases were good, with an excellent and good rate of 100%. CT re-examination showed that the fracture line disappeared in 11 cases, and the fracture alignment was good; the alignment of the fracture fragment was poor in 1 case whose fracture fragment area was between 1/4 and 1/2 of the glenoid area.
Conclusion
For the fracture fragment area not exceeding 1/4 of the glenoid, the labrum-capsule complex at the lower end of the bone fragment intact, and the non-comminuted fresh bony Bankart injury, a single threaded anchor fixation under shoulder arthroscopy can achieve better effectiveness, has the advantages of less trauma and faster postoperative recovery.
Keywords: Shoulder, bony Bankart injury, arthroscopy, threaded anchor
肩关节骨性Bankart损伤是由于急性原发损伤或者肩关节反复半脱位、脱位导致的肩胛盂前缘撕脱性骨折[1-2]。骨性Bankart损伤在首次肩关节前脱位患者中发生率为 8.6%~41%,在复发性不稳定患者中发生率为50%~86%[3-6]。骨性Bankart损伤使关节盂失去了原本正常结构,造成肩关节前方不稳定,导致患肩功能受限[7-8]。骨性Bankart损伤时间超过1年的患者中,骨折块常出现骨吸收现象[9-10],因此早识别和早治疗至关重要。既往常用开放性手术修复骨性Bankart损伤,骨折能达到解剖复位且固定牢固[4],但存在手术创伤大、恢复时间长等问题。肩关节镜下微创手术可以有效解决上述问题[10-11]。目前,肩关节镜下骨折块固定方法多样,例如单排锚钉、双排锚钉、“双滑轮”固定技术等。这些固定方式均能获得较好疗效,对于较大骨折块也能达到可靠固定强度,但都需要多枚带线锚钉固定[12-20]。与单枚带线锚钉固定术式相比,增加锚钉数量一定程度上增加了手术时间、手术创伤和患者经济负担;另外,缝线数量增加也会加重术后肱骨软骨磨损[21]。2017年1月—2021年5月,我们采用肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定治疗12例肩关节新鲜骨性Bankart损伤,获较好疗效。报告如下。
1. 临床资料
1.1. 一般资料
本组男10例,女2例;年龄21~64岁,平均38.8岁。左肩4例,右肩8例。致伤原因:撞击伤7例,牵拉伤5例。受伤至入院时间7~30 d,平均15.8 d。术前美国肩肘外科协会(ASES)评分(44.9±17.4)分,美国加州大学洛杉矶分校(UCLA)评分(13.1±5.5)分。肩关节活动度:前屈上举(130.8±11.8)°、体侧外旋(25.0±7.9)°、体侧内旋9.2±1.6。患肩CT扫描联合三维重建检查示,骨折块面积小于关节盂1/4 者10例,1/4~1/2者2例。
1.2. 手术方法
手术均由同一术者完成。患者全身麻醉后取健侧卧位,手臂外展45°,前屈牵引,牵引质量约为5 kg。手术过程中需控制性降压,尽量维持平均动脉压为95 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),保证术中视野清晰。
于肩关节肩峰后外角下方2 cm处,经常规后入路进入盂肱关节间隙探查,评估骨折和肩袖损伤情况。另作一前方入路充分清理关节腔内血肿,用抓线器移动骨折块,检查骨折块及后方盂唇结构是否连续完整。若骨折块下端盂唇-关节囊复合体连续,采用抓线器牵拉骨折块确定其能否牵拉复位,如牵拉复位困难,则进一步松解剥离骨折块与前内方软组织,确保骨折块牵拉复位。术中进行上述操作时注意避免损伤骨折块下端盂唇-关节囊复合体的连续性。
于肩关节盂骨折线内侧上缘植入1枚带线锚钉,位于骨折面上方且尾端不得突出于骨折面。于骨折块前方盂肱下韧带复合体内植入2根 PDS线,可通过牵拉此线明确骨折块复位情况。用2根PDS线分别将带线锚钉的双股线经前方穿过盂肱下韧带复合体贴骨折块边缘包绕骨折块。此时用抓线器向上牵拉骨折块解剖复位后打结固定。其中1根缝线采取三星结(SMC结)打结,即选一端尾线为柱线,另一端尾线为环绕线,两端尾线同时收紧后再将环绕线绕柱线2次后穿过中间孔,此时拉动柱线即可滑动收紧线结复位骨折块。该操作需注意以绕过骨折块前方的尾线作为柱线,因撕脱骨折块由于前方软组织牵拉会有一定内翻,以前方尾线为柱线,在滑动收紧过程中可以纠正骨折块内翻移位。线结收紧骨折块复位后可继续打结4~5次,防止SMC结滑脱。另1根缝线采用方结,进一步固定骨折块。检查骨折块解剖复位、缝线固定牢固、骨折块稳定性好,关闭切口。见图1。
图 1.
Schematic diagram of surgical operation
手术操作示意图
a. 清除血肿;b. 植入锚钉;c. 复位骨折块并打结固定;d. 检查固定
a. Removal of the hematoma; b. Inserted the anchor; c. Reduction and knot fixation of fracture; d. Examined the firmness of fracture

1.3. 术后处理
术后使用吊臂带固定肩部6周。3周后开始肩关节被动活动直至前屈100°、外展90°,但避免外旋。6周拆除外固定物后开始辅助主动活动,包括前屈和外展,加强肩胛稳定肌锻炼和外旋运动。3个月后复查CT确定骨折块愈合后开始非接触性运动,6个月后开始接触性运动。
1.4. 疗效评价指标
记录手术时间,术后肩关节功能评价采用ASES评分、UCLA评分、Rowes评分以及肩关节前屈上举、体侧外旋和体侧内旋活动度。肩关节活动度均以主动活动最大值表示,前屈上举、体侧外旋直接测量角度,体侧内旋测量以患者坐位反手摸背时大拇指尖端能触碰到的椎体棘突与C7高度差表示,如触及T7记为7、触及L1记为13。采用肩关节CT扫描及三维重建评估骨折位置和愈合情况。
1.5. 统计学方法
采用SPSS23.0统计软件进行分析。计量资料进行正态性检验,如符合正态分布,数据以均数±标准差表示,组间比较采用独立样本t 检验;检验水准取双侧α=0.05。
2. 结果
本组手术时间50~150 min,平均85.5 min。患者均获随访,随访时间3~18个月,平均9.1个月。无感染、血栓形成、肩关节再脱位等严重并发症发生。3例术后3个月随访时发现肩关节粘连,经康复治疗后,1例活动范围达正常,2例前屈、外展和外旋达最大活动度时有轻度不适。末次随访时,肩关节活动度:前屈上举(162.1±30.3)°、体侧外旋(37.5±11.2)°、体侧内旋7.8±0.8,均较术前改善,差异有统计学意义(t=3.331,P=0.003;t=3.153,P=0.005;t=2.716,P=0.013)。ASES评分为(89.7±11.8)分、UCLA评分为(32.8±2.4)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(t=7.368,P<0.001;t=11.370,P<0.001)。Rowes评分75~100分,平均92.9分;其中,优9例、良3例,优良率达100%。CT复查示11例骨折线消失,骨折对位可;1例骨折块面积介于关节盂1/4~1/2者骨折对位欠佳。见图2。
图 2.
A 55-year-old female patient with bony Bankart injury of right shoulder joint
患者,女,55岁,右肩关节骨性Bankart损伤
a、b. 术前CT三维重建示骨折及植钉位置;c. 术前CT横断面; d. 术后1 d CT三维重建;e. 术后1 d CT横断面;f. 术后1 d CT容积再现技术重建显示植钉位置;g. 术后3个月CT三维重建;h. 术后3个月CT横断面
a, b. Preoperative CT 3D reconstruction showed the fracture and the anchor position; c. Preoperative CT cross-section; d. CT 3D reconstruction at 1 day after operation; e. CT cross-section at 1 day after operation; f. The view of anchor position on volume rendering technique image at 1 day after operation; g. CT 3D reconstruction at 3 months after operation; h. CT cross-section at 3 months after operation
3. 讨论
本研究采用的肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定骨折,避免了多个钉道和锚钉增加手术创伤和患者经济负担的问题。考虑单枚带线锚钉缝线固定强度以及锚钉拔出等问题,我们更倾向于对骨折块面积不超过关节盂1/4的患者采用此术式。本组10例骨折块面积不超过关节盂1/4患者,术后骨折愈合良好,无明显移位,且随访过程中未出现肩关节不稳或再脱位;2例骨折块面积超过关节盂1/4患者中,1例骨折块发生移位,但随访过程中尚未出现肩关节不稳现象。因此,骨折块面积较大的骨性Bankart损伤患者虽然不是此术式绝对禁忌证,但是需要谨慎选择,必要时可增加锚钉数量。关于骨质疏松患者术后存在带线锚钉拔出风险的问题,本组3例年龄>50岁患者术后均未出现该现象,唯一出现骨折块对位欠佳的是1例骨折块面积超过关节盂1/4的38岁男性患者。因此,我们认为在术中固定牢靠、术后避免过早肩关节外旋锻炼的情况下,患者骨质疏松并不是导致锚钉拔出的主要原因。相比之下,骨折块面积是决定锚钉是否拔出的主要因素。虽然,Kim等[11]和Millett等[18]发现相较于单点缝合锚钉技术,双点缝合桥技术因为增加了骨折块和关节盂骨折部位之间的压缩和接触面积,可获得更高的强度和固定稳定性。但是Giles等[22]在16具骨折块面积达关节盂15%左右的骨性Bankart损伤尸体标本上,分别用双点缝合桥和单点缝合锚钉固定,生物力学测试显示两种固定方式强度无显著差异。此外,有研究在关节盂缺损面积达1/4的骨性Bankart损伤尸体标本上,分别进行单排锚钉和双排锚钉固定,生物力学测试显示两种方式固定均牢固,但是后者肱骨头软骨损伤显著增加[21]。因此,我们认为单枚带线锚钉固定除了具有减少手术时间、手术创伤和手术费用等优势外,还可以减少术后肱骨头磨损,一定程度上降低了盂肱关节炎发生风险。
临床应用单枚带线锚钉固定术式需要注意以下几点:① 骨折块下方盂唇-关节囊复合体连续性完整是单枚锚钉固定牢靠的前提条件,因为对于单个骨折块的盂前方撕脱骨折,下方连续性完整的盂唇-关节囊复合体表明骨折块一端稳定,相当于1枚锚钉固定作用,从而保证了骨折线上缘植入的单枚带线锚钉能像“锁扣”一样复位固定骨折块,达到一定固定强度。② 骨折块必须是单一的,不能是粉碎的。因为盂前方粉碎性骨折,骨折块两端均不稳定,而此术式仅能固定一端,无法维持骨折块稳定。③ 保证骨折块复位后肩胛盂关节面的平整度至关重要。术中打结复位固定骨折块时,必须准确选择第1个SMC结的柱线和环绕线,一定是以包绕骨折块前方的尾线为柱线,另一端尾线为环绕线,这样才能在SMC结滑动收紧过程中纠正骨折块内翻,保证肩胛盂关节面平整。此外,注意将肱骨头压住关节面,阻止骨折块向关节面抬起移位。
本研究也有一定局限性。首先,本研究是回顾性研究,与前瞻性随机对照研究相比有一定选择性偏倚,且骨折块面积测量比较粗略。其次,单枚带线锚钉固定强度缺乏更明确的生物力学数据支持。最后,本研究样本量较少,随访时间较短,需要更大样本量和更长随访时间来验证长期疗效。
综上述,对于骨折块面积不超过关节盂1/4、骨折块下方盂唇-关节囊复合体完好、非粉碎性新鲜骨性Bankart损伤,采用肩关节镜下单枚带线锚钉固定治疗具有手术创伤小、术后恢复快且疗效可靠等优势。
利益冲突 在课题研究和文章撰写过程中不存在利益冲突;经费支持没有影响文章观点和对研究数据客观结果的统计分析及其报道
伦理声明 研究方案经南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院伦理委员会批准(2021-485-01)
作者贡献声明 傅凯:研究设计,病例资料收集整理和分析,文章起草和撰写等;张雨:参与文章修改;蒋青、陈东阳:手术实施,理论指导和文章修改
Funding Statement
国家自然科学基金重点项目(81730067);国家自然科学基金重大项目(81991514);中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(14380493、14380494)
Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (81730067); Major Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China (81991514); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380493, 14380494)
Contributor Information
青 蒋 (Qing JIANG), Email: qingj@nju.edu.cn.
东阳 陈 (Dongyang CHEN), Email: 28617621@qq.com.
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