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Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences) logoLink to Journal of Zhejiang University (Medical Sciences)
. 2022 Feb;51(1):87–94. [Article in Chinese] doi: 10.3724/zdxbyxb-2021-0334

浙江地区人群上颌腭侧咀嚼黏膜厚度与腭穹窿解剖形态的量化分析

Quantitative analysis of maxillary palatal masticatory mucosa thickness and anatomical morphology of palatal vault in Zhejiang province

Chenlu SHEN 1, Bicong GAO 1, Kejia LYU 1, Weijia YE 2, Hua YAO 1
PMCID: PMC9109765  PMID: 35462468

Abstract

Objective:

To quantitatively analyze the maxillary palatal masticatory mucosa thickness and anatomical morphology of palatal vault in Zhejiang province.

Methods:

Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of 146 adult patients were collected from outpatients in Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine. The images were reconstructed by adjusting the reference line and analyzed on the sagittal plane of the measured teeth. The thickness of masticatory mucosa from maxillary canine to second molar area was measured at the level of 3, 6, 9, 12 mm from the gingival margin. At the same time, the height and width of the palatal vault were measured, the position of the greater palatal foramen relative to the second molar, and the distance from the greater palatal foramen to the mid-palatal suture and the alveolar crest were determined. Spearman correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to explore the influencing factors of the maxillary masticatory mucosa thickness. One-way analysis of variance and LSD multiple comparisons were used to analyze the difference in palatal mucosal thickness of each tooth position in different age groups. The sample t-test was used to analyze the differences in the mucosal thickness of each tooth position and the distance from the greater palatal foramen to the mid-palatal suture and the alveolar crest in different anatomical forms of the palatal vault.

Results:

The mean palatal masticatory mucosa thickness from maxillary canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molar and second molar areas were (2.94±0.48), (3.28±0.49), (3.43±0.53), (3.01±0.55), (3.49±0.70) mm, respectively. The mucosa thickness of canines, first premolars and second premolars areas showed increasing at first and then decreasing trend. The mucosal thickness of the canines area was greatest at 6 mm from the gingival margin, and the thickness of the first and second premolars areas was greatest at 9 mm from the gingival margin. Premolars are thickest at 9 mm from the gingival margin. The thickness of the mucosa of the first molars area increased with the increase of the distance from the gingival margin, and the thickness of the mucosa of the second molars area was the thinnest at 6 mm, and then increased with the increase of the distance from the gingival margin. The main influencing factors of the mucosal thickness of canines, first premolars and first molars areas were age and palatal vault aspect ratio, the main influencing factor of the mucosal thickness of second premolars area was age, and the main influencing factor of the mucosal thickness of second molars area was palatal vault aspect ratio. There was no significant colinearity among the variables ( VIF<10). The results of the further stratified analysis showed that the mucosal thickness of the maxillary canine to the first molar area was positively correlated with age, and mucosal thickening is more pronounced in people aged 45 years old and above. The thickness of the canine mucosa in the high palate vault group was greater than that in the low palate vault group ( P<0.05), and the thickness of the second molar mucosa was smaller than that in the low palate vault group ( P<0.05). The greater palatal foramen was mostly located in the distal region of the second molar crown. The distance from the greater palatal foramen to the alveolar crest in the high palatal vault group was greater than that in the low palatal vault group ( P<0.05), while there was no significant difference between the two groups in the distance from the foramen magnum to the mid-palatal suture ( P>0.05).

Conclusion:

The most suitable donor site for autologous soft tissue graft may be 3–9 mm from the gingival margin of the first and second premolars area.

Keywords: Palatal masticatory mucosa thickness, Palatal vault, Palatal neurovascular bundle, Cone beam computed tomography, Autologous soft tissue graft


锥形束计算机断层扫描(cone beam computed tomography,CBCT);方差膨胀因子(variance inflation factor,VIF);

自体软组织移植广泛应用于许多软组织增量手术中 [1] 。上颌腭侧和上颌结节的咀嚼黏膜是软组织移植手术的主要供区 [2] ,其中硬腭在近牙槽嵴部分黏骨膜明显增厚,且重要解剖结构较少,成为自体软组织移植最常用的供区部位。移植物的厚度和体积是决定软组织移植预后的重要因素,足够厚度的软组织移植物可以充分覆盖牙龈退缩的根面并且保障移植后较好的血供 [3] 。然而,上颌腭黏膜厚度和侧颌弓形态存在种族特异性和地域差别,个体之间差异较大 [ 4- 5] ,因此术前测量上颌腭侧黏膜厚度确定合适的供区部位,以及明确腭大孔的位置、了解腭大神经血管束的分布,对于移植手术的取材和避免术中及术后腭部供区出血十分重要。

CBCT可以对口腔内各解剖结构进行三维显示,评估和诊断牙周硬组织较为准确,结果可靠 [6] 。已有研究证实,CBCT可以准确测量上颌腭侧黏膜厚度 [7] 。本研究通过CBCT测量浙江地区人群上颌尖牙至第二磨牙区腭侧咀嚼黏膜厚度,分析影响黏膜厚度的相关因素,同时观察腭穹窿解剖形态及腭大孔分布,以期为临床提取腭侧黏膜组织的位置选择提供解剖学依据。

选取2021年3月至9月就诊于浙江大学医学院附属第一医院口腔科门诊因治疗需要拍摄CBCT者(年龄至少18周岁)的CBCT影像资料。排除标准:①处于妊娠期或哺乳期者;②半年内服用过免疫抑制剂、抗癫痫药物等影响牙周软组织的药物者;③有上腭外科手术史或病理性改变者;④CBCT影像资料模糊或有伪影者;⑤上颌有牙列缺损者;⑥有口腔放化疗史者;⑦有上颌义齿佩戴史者。最终纳入146名受检者的资料,其中男性63例,女性83例,中位年龄为32(26,47)岁。本研究通过浙江大学医学院附属第一医院伦理委员会审批(IIT20210176A),所有患者均签署知情同意书。

使用CBCT仪(Newtom Vgi,意大利QR公司)对患者颌面部进行扫描。在患者上下颌第一、第二磨牙位置水平放置一根木制压舌板以推开舌体,嘱患者咬紧。图像拍摄工作由同一名放射科医生完成。CBCT影像采用配套NNT 5.3.0软件进行三维重建及分析。打开影像资料,调整灰度值至50%,切换至多维平面重建界面,调整上基线与听鼻线、听框线夹角平分线平行,左右基线分别与腭中缝、寰椎连线平行。

选择双侧上颌尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙进行数据测量。进一步调整矢状面和冠状面相交于待测牙髓腔中点,同时冠状面经过待测牙位颊、腭侧中点,测量在冠状面进行。同时根据距离龈缘3、6、9、12 mm确定四个测量平面,共计40个位点。测量工作由同一名医生完成,每项指标测量两次取平均值。在每个位点作垂直于黏膜表面直达骨面的直线,直线与牙龈表面和骨面相交分别得a、b点,ab即该测量位点黏膜厚度,如 图1A所示。

图 1 .


图 1

各位点测量示意图A:腭侧黏膜的厚度测量. 在每个位点作垂直于黏膜表面直达骨面的直线,直线与牙龈表面和骨面相交分别得a、b点,ab即该测量位点黏膜厚度. B:腭穹窿的宽度和高度测量. 腭穹窿宽度为双侧第一磨牙牙槽嵴顶连线的长度,腭穹窿高度为双侧第一磨牙牙槽嵴顶连线到腭中缝的距离. C:腭大孔的相对位置分区. 以上颌第二磨牙近中面、中央、远中面为基准,作3条切线,将区域分为c、d、e三部分. 图中数据单位为mm.

调整冠状面经过双侧上颌第一磨牙髓腔中点,测量在冠状面进行。腭穹窿宽度(W)为双侧第一磨牙牙槽嵴顶连线的长度,腭穹窿高度(H)为双侧第一磨牙牙槽嵴顶连线到腭中缝的距离,见 图1B。计算腭穹窿高宽比(R)=H/W。调整水平面至邻接面,以上颌第二磨牙近中面、中央、远中面为基准,作三条切线,将区域分为c、d、e三部分,见 图1C。继续调整水平面至腭大孔位置,进行区域分类。调整冠状面至腭大孔中心,测量腭大孔中心到腭中缝和牙槽嵴的距离。

采用SPSS 22.0软件进行统计分析。正式测量前,抽取12例患者进行测量,将两次不同时间的测量结果进行比较,结果显示所有指标前后两次测量结果差异均无统计学意义( P>0.05),说明测量结果具有可重复性。采用K-S检验检查数据分布正态性,正态分布数据采用均数±标准差( x¯±s )表示,非正态分布数据采用中位数(上下四分位数)[ MQ 1 Q 3 )]表示。采用Spearman相关性分析和多元回归分析探索影响上颌腭侧各牙位黏膜厚度的相关因素。单因素方差分析不同年龄组各牙位腭黏膜厚度差异,如差异有统计学意义时,则进行多重比较LSD检验。独立样本 t检验比较不同腭穹窿解剖形态的各牙位黏膜厚度以及腭大孔到腭中缝、牙槽嵴距离。 P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

上颌各牙位的平均腭侧黏膜厚度存在差异,尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙和第二磨牙区分别为(2.94±0.48)、(3.28±0.49)、(3.43±0.53)、(3.01±0.55)和(3.49±0.70)mm。此外,尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙区黏膜厚度随着距龈缘距离的增加先增加后减少,尖牙区的黏膜厚度在距龈缘6 mm处最厚,第一前磨牙和第二前磨牙区在距龈缘9 mm处最厚。第一磨牙区黏膜厚度随着距龈缘距离的增加而增加,第二磨牙区黏膜厚度在6 mm处最薄,之后随着距龈缘距离的增加而增加,见 图2。结果提示,距龈缘3~9 mm处,第一、第二前磨牙区黏膜厚度较厚;而距龈缘12 mm处,第一、第二磨牙区黏膜厚度更厚。

图 2 .


图 2

距龈缘不同距离的各牙位黏膜厚度比较与距龈缘3 mm比较,<0.05;与距龈缘6 mm比较,<0.05;与距龈缘9 mm比较,<0.05.

Spearman相关性分析结果显示,尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度与年龄呈正相关;尖牙、第一前磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度与腭穹窿高宽比呈正相关;第一、第二磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度与腭穹窿高宽比呈负相关,见 表1。提示上颌部分牙位的腭侧黏膜厚度与受检者年龄和腭穹窿解剖形态有关。

表 1 受检者上颌腭侧黏膜厚度影响因素的Spearman相关性分析

Table 1 Spearman correlation analysis of influencing factors for the maxillary masticatory mucosa thickness

影响因素

尖牙区

第一前磨牙区

第二前磨牙区

第一磨牙区

第二磨牙区

r

P

r

P

r

P

r

P

r

P

牙位

0.001

>0.05

–0.005

>0.05

–0.038

>0.05

–0.057

>0.05

0.043

>0.05

受检者性别

0.001

>0.05

–0.069

>0.05

–0.046

>0.05

0.088

>0.05

0.113

>0.05

受检者年龄

0.357

<0.01

0.328

<0.01

0.456

<0.01

0.413

<0.01

0.103

>0.05

腭穹窿高宽比

0.220

<0.01

0.140

<0.05

0.080

>0.05

–0.135

<0.05

–0.245

<0.01

多元回归分析结果显示,受检者年龄和腭穹窿高宽比是尖牙、第一前磨牙、第一磨牙区黏膜厚度的主要影响因素,受检者年龄是第二前磨牙区黏膜厚度的主要影响因素,腭穹窿高宽比是第二磨牙区黏膜厚度的主要影响因素,各变量间无明显共线性( VIF<10),见 表2。进一步分层分析结果显示,上颌尖牙至第一磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度与受检者年龄呈正相关,且45岁及以上人群黏膜增厚更显著,见 图3。根据腭穹窿高宽比中位数(0.33)将患者分为高腭穹窿组(≥0.33)和低腭穹窿组(<0.33)。高腭穹窿组的尖牙黏膜厚度大于低腭穹窿组( P<0.05),第二磨牙区黏膜厚度小于低腭穹窿组( P<0.05),见 图4。结果提示,上颌部分牙位的腭侧黏膜厚度随受检者年龄增长而增加,尖牙及第二磨牙区的黏膜厚度高腭穹窿组与低腭穹窿组不同。

表 2 受检者上颌腭侧黏膜厚度影响因素的多元回归分析

Table 2 Multiple regression analysis of influencing factors for the maxillary masticatory mucosa thickness

牙位

影响因素

β

t

P

VIF

尖牙区

受检者年龄

0.013

6.580

<0.01

1.011

腭穹窿高宽比

1.908

4.542

<0.01

1.011

第一前磨牙区

受检者年龄

0.012

6.009

<0.01

1.011

腭穹窿高宽比

1.306

2.964

<0.01

1.011

第二前磨牙区

受检者年龄

0.019

9.034

<0.01

1.000

第一磨牙区

受检者年龄

0.019

8.419

<0.01

1.011

腭穹窿高宽比

–1.381

–2.834

<0.01

1.011

第二磨牙区

腭穹窿高宽比

–2.884

–4.323

<0.01

1.000

VIF:方差膨胀因子.

图 3 .


图 3

不同年龄组各牙位黏膜厚度比较与18~<30岁组比较,<0.05;与30~<45岁组比较,<0.05;与45~<60岁组比较,<0.05.

图 4 .


图 4

不同腭穹隆解剖形态者各牙位黏膜厚度比较与低腭穹窿组比较,<0.05.

右侧腭大孔分布区域分别为c区2.05%、d区23.97%、e区73.97%,左侧腭大孔分布区域分别为c区2.05%、d区26.71%、e区71.23%,基本集中在第二磨牙远中区域。高腭穹窿组的腭大孔到牙槽嵴顶距离大于低腭穹窿组( P<0.05),而两组间的腭大孔到腭中缝距离差异无统计学意义( P>0.05)。结果提示,腭大神经血管束多位于第二磨牙牙冠远中区域,与高腭穹窿解剖形态相比,低腭穹窿解剖形态的腭大孔距牙槽嵴顶更近。

CBCT是一种非侵入性的测量方法,广泛应用于牙体牙髓科、牙周科、种植牙科 [8] 、口腔正畸科和口腔颌面外科 [9] ,对软组织的分辨度较低,常用于牙槽骨的分析。由于腭侧皮质骨比颊侧皮质骨厚 [10] ,腭侧软硬组织的对比更强,可以获得有效分割的CBCT影像。Barriviera等 [11] 首次提出CBCT可以获得高质量的上腭咀嚼黏膜图像,可用于测量上腭不同部位的咀嚼黏膜厚度。Gupta等 [12] 也发现使用CBCT测量方法与使用牙周探针进行实际测量得到的数据相近。CBCT具有辐射剂量小、空间分辨率高、成本低廉等优点。因此,本研究采用CBCT对浙江地区人群的上腭咀嚼黏膜厚度、腭穹窿和腭大孔的相关参数进行了测量分析。

本研究通过木制压舌板隔开舌体获得清晰的上腭软硬组织CBCT影像,同时严格规定测量平面及位点以减少测量误差。本研究146名受检者的CBCT影像资料显示,不同牙位的平均腭侧黏膜厚度均不同,尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙、第二磨牙区分别为(2.94±0.48)、(3.28±0.49)、(3.43±0.53)、(3.01±0.55)、(3.49±0.70)mm,与其他地区人群腭黏膜厚度的研究结果相近 [ 1113- 16] 。进一步研究发现,尖牙区黏膜厚度在距龈缘6 mm和9 mm处较厚,随后在12 mm处降低,这可能是腭皱襞存在的缘故。而第一前磨牙和第二前磨牙区黏膜在距龈缘9 mm处达到峰值,且在12 mm处仍保持稳定。相比而言,第二磨牙区距龈缘6 mm处均出现明显的黏膜厚度下降,这可能是因为第二磨牙腭侧出现牙槽骨外生等解剖结构变异概率较高的缘故。随着距龈缘距离的增加,第一、第二磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度显著增加,分别达到(4.29±0.93)和(5.74±0.47)mm。同时,从横向进行比较,在软组织移植常见的供区范围内,即距龈缘3~9 mm处,第一、第二前磨牙区的黏膜厚度均较厚;直到距龈缘12 mm处,第一、第二磨牙区黏膜厚度才较厚。但此处靠近腭中缝,有损伤腭大神经血管束的风险。因此,本文资料提示第一、第二前磨牙区是上颌自体软组织移植最佳的供区部位。

Spearman相关性分析和多元回归分析显示,各个牙位的黏膜厚度与牙位、受检者性别无显著相关性,而与受检者年龄呈正相关,与文献报道的研究结果一致 [ 111317- 18] 。黏膜厚度增加主要分布在尖牙、第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙和第一磨牙区,且45岁及以上受检者黏膜增厚更明显。Yilmaz等 [14] 认为,上腭黏膜随患者年龄增长而增厚可能是因为牙龈随年龄增长而退缩,导致腭黏膜上的参考测量点向腭中缝偏移,从而使得测量结果偏大。此外,腭侧黏膜的增龄性增厚也有可能是由腭侧上皮或脂肪组织随着年龄增加而变厚所导致。

关于上颌腭侧黏膜厚度与腭穹窿解剖形态的关系,Ueno等 [15] 发现高腭穹窿者黏膜厚度为(3.39±1.81)mm,而低腭穹者更厚[(3.58±1.66)mm];Song等 [17] 发现高腭穹窿组黏膜厚度与低腭穹窿组相似,但这两项研究均未对各个牙位分别统计。本文资料显示,第一前磨牙、第二前磨牙、第一磨牙区腭侧黏膜厚度在不同腭穹窿受检者中无差异,但高腭穹窿者第二磨牙黏膜厚度小于低腭穹窿者,而尖牙区黏膜厚度大于低腭穹窿者。张建忠等 [13] 也发现上颌前牙区黏膜厚度高腭穹窿者大于低腭穹窿者。因此,高腭穹窿者前牙区黏膜厚度较厚,而磨牙区黏膜厚度较薄。

了解腭大孔的位置对避免腭部手术术中神经血管损伤有重要意义 [19] 。本文资料显示,腭大孔多位于第二磨牙牙冠远中区域,左右占比分别为71.23 %和73.97 %,26.71 %和23.97 %位于第二磨牙中心线远中区域,双侧均仅有2.05%位于第二磨牙中心线近中区域,与多数研究结果一致 [ 1420- 22] 。同时,腭大孔至牙槽嵴顶的距离低腭穹窿者小于高腭穹窿者,也与其他研究结果一致 [ 323] 。上述结果提示,为避免损伤腭部神经血管,软组织移植供区的选择应尽量避免超过第二磨牙中心线;低腭穹窿者的供区范围不宜过宽。

综上所述,本研究通过CBCT测量分析浙江地区人群上颌尖牙至第二磨牙区腭侧咀嚼黏膜厚度,提示上颌腭侧第一、第二前磨牙区是上颌自体软组织移植最佳的供区部位,为上颌尖牙至第二磨牙区腭侧提取软组织进行异位移植提供了依据。若因受区所需移植物较大,供区需延长至磨牙区,应在术前仔细评估患者CBCT影像资料,避免磨牙区牙槽骨外生引起的移植物过薄。当患者腭穹窿较低时,腭大孔至牙槽嵴顶的距离相对较短,移植瓣的宽度不宜过宽,取瓣时应注意腭大神经血管束的位置;腭穹窿较高者可适当增加移植瓣的宽度,但供区位置应尽可能避免磨牙区。本研究也存在一些不足:CBCT无法区分上皮、结缔组织和脂肪组织显影的差异,因此无法辨认可影响供区移植物厚度的上腭软组织腺体成分,也无法直接显示腭大神经血管束的位置。今后应着重探索兼顾低成本、低辐射量和软组织高效显影的影像识别技术,为自体软组织移植手术提供进一步的客观依据。

COMPETING INTERESTS

所有作者均声明不存在利益冲突

Funding Statement

浙江省医药卫生科技计划(2021PY007)

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