Skip to main content
Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection logoLink to Wiley - PMC COVID-19 Collection
editorial
. 2022 Mar 7;13(1):6–8. doi: 10.1002/rhc3.12245

Risk, hazards and crisis: Covid‐19 and beyond

Sanneke Kuipers 1, Jeroen Wolbers 1
PMCID: PMC9110999  PMID: 35599635

At the time when this issue of Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy gets published (March 2022), we can look back at over 2 years of COVID‐19 pandemic. The crisis had both many phases and faces, in ever so many countries around the globe. In RHCPP, we have seen discussions on its creeping nature (Boin et al., 2020), its disproportionate impact on vulnerable minorities (Gadson, 2020), the widely different governance responses to similar threats (Pollock & Steen, 2021; Simonsen, 2022; Thomas & Terry, 2022; Zahariadis et al., 2021) the viability of all‐hazards, and total defense approaches (Penta et al., 2021; Pollock & Steen, 2021), the obstacles of learning from pandemic response inquiries (Eriksson et al., 2022), the influence of risk perception and trust on support for government interventions and restrictions (Ahluwalia et al., 2021; Sledge & Thomas, 2021; Yeom et al., 2021) and its particular but not so unique nature in historical perspective (De Graaf et al., 2021). In line with our recent review on methods and approaches in crisis and disaster research, they represent a mix of single and comparative case studies based on secondary data, conceptual discussions and survey research on primary data. Also, they clearly indicate a shift of attention from preparedness to response (Wolbers et al., 2021).

If anything good, the Covid‐19 pandemic brings us ample opportunities to study crisis governance comparatively. Many axioms in our multidisciplinary literature on how and why and what aspects of crisis management matter can be tried and tested empirically under a wide variety of conditions. There is rich harvest there. In Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, we would therefore like to push the envelope and prioritize comparative studies over single case or country studies and invite contributors to search for external validity of their findings for an international audience struggling with similar crisis management challenges.

The current issue brings variety beyond Covid, mostly. One article digs into the Covid response, in the United Arab Emirates, coining the term NASECH disaster: a Natural disaster with Social, Economic and Health implications. It studies the impact of lockdown interventions on mental wellbeing of the population and finds that young, urban, female and vulnerable people ran higher risks on elevated levels of depression and anxiety (Thomas & Terry, 2022). The other articles presented here focus on flood risks, cascading hazards, and power failure. First, Lea and Pralle (2021) argue that in response to flood risks, citizens and residents can wield their influence on flood insurance rates maps to their advantage. It turns out that areas indicated as flood risk zones are more often amended in places where the houses are more valuable and newer and the residents have greater socioeconomic means, raising questions of equity. Next, Chen and Greenberg (2022) discuss how cascading effects of hazardous events for their (urban) environments have historically not been in focus in local disaster mitigation plans, but gain more attention recently. The authors plea for a more aggressive continuation of this trend to increase and innovate environmental health and protection programs. Sapat et al. (2022) examine the adoption and implementation of emergency preparedness power plans by nursing homes. Power failures in nursing homes during hurricane Irma in 2012 cost the lives of multiple nursing home residents and continue to be a risk in hazard prone areas for vulnerable elderly. The authors find that compliance to new regulations to avoid such power outages by nursing homes relates to ownership (public, private, or non‐profit), administrative capacities, organizational performance, and prior regulatory compliance history, as well as environmental factors such as external risks and location. The current issue shows that despite many scholars currently focus on the Covid pandemic, it is crucial to keep investing in the study of traditional and cascading hazards to advance our field.

本期《公共政策中的风险、灾害与危机》(RHCPP)出版之际(2022年3月),我们回顾过去两年的2019冠状病毒病(COVID‐19)大流行。该危机在全球许多国家中出现多个阶段和特征。RHCPP发表的一系列文章探讨了以下内容:大流行的蠕变性质(Boin et al, 2020)、其对脆弱少数群体产生的巨大影响(Gadson, 2020)、对相似威胁采取广泛不同的治理响应(Pollock and Steen, 2021; Zahariadis et al, 2021; Terry and Thomas, 2022; Simonsen, 2022)、全危害和全防御措施的可行性(Penta et al, 2021; Pollock and Steen, 2021)、从大流行响应调查中吸取经验一事所面临的障碍、风险感知和信任对支持政府干预和限制一事产生的影响(Sledge and Thomas, 2021; Ahluwalia et al, 2021; Yeom et al, 2021)、以及历史视角下大流行特殊但不那么独特的性质(De Graaf et al, 2021)。这些内容与我们近期对危机和灾害研究中的方法展开的述评相一致,代表了单一案例研究和比较案例研究的混合,这些案例研究基于次级文献、概念探讨和基于原始数据的调查研究 。它们还清晰表明了研究重点从预备转变到响应(Wolbers et al, 2021)。

如果有好消息的话,COVID‐19为我们从比较视角研究危机治理一事提供了大量机会。危机管理的多学科文献中有许多公理能在不同条件下进行实证检验。从中得出了丰富的研究成果。在《公共政策中的风险、灾害与危机》中,我们因此希望能突破极限,将更多关注聚焦于比较研究,而不是单一案例或单一国家研究,同时邀请投稿者寻找研究发现的外部可行性,为面临相似危机管理挑战的国际受众提供参考。

本期大多数内容的研究对象不只是COVID‐19。一篇文章研究了阿联酋的COVID‐19响应,并提出NASECH灾害这一术语:具有社会、经济和健康影响的自然灾害。文章研究了封城干预措施对人的精神健康产生的影响,发现年轻人、城市居住者、女性和脆弱人群在抑郁和焦虑程度提升一事上面临更高的风险 (Terry and Thomas, 2022)。其他文章聚焦于洪灾风险、级联灾害和停电。Lea 和Pralle(2022)论证认为,为响应洪灾风险,公民和居民能利用其对洪水保险率地图的影响为自身谋利。研究发现,在那些房屋更有价值、更新,以及居民的社会‐经济财富更高的地区,洪灾风险区更常被修订,这引起了关于公平的问题。Chen 和Greenberg(2022)探讨了城市环境的灾害事件产生的级联效果为何不曾是地方灾害缓解计划的重点,但近期却获得了更多的关注。作者呼吁加大对该趋势的关注,以期提高和创新环境卫生和保护计划。Sapat等人(2022)分析了疗养院对紧急预备电力计划的采纳和执行。2012年飓风厄玛来临期间造成的停电使多所疗养院居民丧生,并持续为易受灾地区脆弱老年人造成风险。作者发现,疗养院对用于避免此类停电的新规制的遵守与以下几点相关:所有权(公立、私立或非营利)、行政能力、组织表现、以往规制合规史、以及例如外部风险和位置等环境因素。本期内容表明,尽管许多学者目前聚焦于COVID‐19大流行,但至关重要的是,继续研究传统灾害和级联灾害,以期提升该领域研究。

En el momento en que se publique este número de Risks, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy (marzo de 2022), podemos mirar hacia atrás a más de dos años de pandemia de COVID‐19. La crisis tuvo muchas fases y caras, en muchísimos países alrededor del mundo. En RHCPP, hemos visto debates sobre su naturaleza progresiva (Boin et al, 2020), su impacto desproporcionado en las minorías vulnerables (Gadson, 2020), las respuestas de gobernanza muy diferentes a amenazas similares (Pollock y Steen, 2021; Zahariadis et al, 2021; Terry y Thomas, 2022; Simonsen, 2022) la viabilidad de los enfoques de defensa total y contra todos los peligros (Penta et al, 2021; Pollock y Steen, 2021), los obstáculos para aprender de las investigaciones de respuesta a la pandemia (Eriksson et al, 2021), la influencia de la percepción del riesgo y la confianza en el apoyo a las intervenciones y restricciones gubernamentales (Sledge and Thomas, 2021; Ahluwalia et al, 2021; Yeom et al, 2021) y su naturaleza particular pero no tan única en perspectiva histórica (De Graaf et al, 2021). En línea con nuestra revisión reciente sobre métodos y enfoques en la investigación de crisis y desastres, representan una combinación de estudios de casos únicos y comparativos basados ​​en datos secundarios, discusiones conceptuales e investigación de encuestas sobre datos primarios. Además, indican claramente un cambio de atención de la preparación a la respuesta (Wolbers et al, 2021).

Si hay algo bueno que la pandemia de Covid‐19 nos ha traído, es la gran cantidad de oportunidades para estudiar comparativamente la gobernanza de crisis. Muchos axiomas en nuestra literatura multidisciplinaria sobre cómo y por qué y qué aspectos de la gestión de crisis importan pueden probarse y comprobarse empíricamente bajo una amplia variedad de condiciones. Hay una rica cosecha allí. Por lo tanto, en Risks, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy, nos gustaría ir más allá y priorizar los estudios comparativos sobre estudios de casos individuales o de países e invitar a los contribuyentes a buscar la validez externa de sus hallazgos para una audiencia internacional que lucha con desafíos similares de gestión de crisis.

El número actual trae variedad más allá de Covid, en su mayoría. Un artículo profundiza en la respuesta de Covid, en los Emiratos Árabes Unidos, acuñando el término desastre NASECH: un desastre natural con implicaciones sociales, económicas y de salud. Estudia el impacto de las intervenciones de confinamiento en el bienestar mental de la población y encuentra que las personas jóvenes, urbanas, mujeres y vulnerables corrían mayores riesgos de niveles elevados de depresión y ansiedad (Terry y Thomas, 2022). Los otros artículos presentados aquí se centran en los riesgos de inundación, los peligros en cascada y las fallas de energía. En primer lugar, Lea y Pralle (2022) argumentan que, en respuesta a los riesgos de inundaciones, los ciudadanos y residentes pueden ejercer su influencia en los mapas de tarifas de seguros contra inundaciones en su beneficio. Resulta que las áreas señaladas como zonas de riesgo de inundación se modifican con mayor frecuencia en lugares donde las casas son más valiosas y nuevas y los residentes tienen mayores medios socioeconómicos, lo que plantea cuestiones de equidad. A continuación, Chen y Greenberg (2022) analizan cómo los efectos en cascada de los eventos peligrosos para sus entornos (urbanos) históricamente no han estado en el centro de atención de los planes locales de mitigación de desastres, pero recientemente han ganado más atención. Los autores abogan por una continuación más agresiva de esta tendencia para aumentar e innovar los programas de protección y salud ambiental. Sapat et al (2022) examinan la adopción e implementación de planes de energía de preparación para emergencias por parte de los hogares de ancianos. Las fallas de energía en los hogares de ancianos durante el huracán Irma en 2012 costaron la vida de varios residentes de hogares de ancianos y continúan siendo un riesgo en áreas propensas a peligros para los ancianos vulnerables. Los autores encuentran que el cumplimiento de las nuevas regulaciones para evitar tales cortes de energía por parte de los hogares de ancianos se relaciona con la propiedad (pública, privada o sin fines de lucro), las capacidades administrativas, el desempeño de la organización y el historial previo de cumplimiento normativo, así como factores ambientales como factores externos. riesgos y ubicación. El número actual muestra que, a pesar de que muchos académicos se centran actualmente en la pandemia de Covid, es fundamental seguir invirtiendo en el estudio de los peligros tradicionales y en cascada para avanzar en nuestro campo.

Biographies

Sanneke Kuipers is Editor‐in‐Chief of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy. She is Professor of Crisis Governance at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University. Her research focuses on accountability and blaming after crisis and on institutional and organizational crises. She leads the Leiden University Crisis Research Center. She's associate editor of the Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Crisis Analysis. Currently she is the director of education at her institute. Her work is published in leading journals, such as Public Administration, Public Organization Review, Governance, West European Politics, Journal of European Public Policy, the Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, and Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy.

Jeroen Wolbers is Editor‐in‐Chief of Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy. He is Assistant Professor of Crisis Governance at the Institute of Security and Global Affairs, Leiden University. His research focuses on coordination, sensemaking and decision‐making. He obtained his PhD (cum laude) for introducing a fragmentation perspective on coordination in crisis management. He was a post‐doctoral researcher in the Smart Disaster Governance project, funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO). Currently he is working on a personal NWO Veni grant to study the effectiveness of command tactics in crisis management, in collaboration with the Dutch Fire Academy & Police Academy. His work is published in leading journals, such as Organization Studies, Human Relations, the Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, and Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy.

REFERENCES

  1. Ahluwalia, Sangeeta. C. , Edelen Maria O., Qureshi Nabeel, and Etchegaray Jason M.. 2021. “Trust in Experts, Not Trust in Leadership, Leads to Greater Uptake of Recommended Actions During the COVID‐19 Pandemic.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 283–302. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Boin, Arjen. , Ekengren Magnus, and Rhinard Mark. 2020. “Hiding in Plain Sight: Conceptualizing the Creeping Crisis.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 11(2): 116–138. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Chen, Ja. , and Greenberg Michael. 2022. “Cascading Hazards and Hazard Mitigation Plans: Preventing Cascading Events in the United States.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy [current issue]. [Google Scholar]
  4. De Graaf, Beatrice , Jenssen Lot, Knoeff Rina, and Santing Catrien. 2021. “Dancing With Death: A Historical Perspective on Coping With COVID‐19.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 346–367. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Eriksson, Kerstin , Staupe‐Delgado Reidar, and Holst Jorg. 2022. “Drawing Lessons from the COVID‐19 Pandemic: Seven Obstacles to Learning from Public Inquiry in the Wake of a Crisis.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 49: 89. 10.1002/rhc3.12240 [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Gadson, Danielle N. 2020. “Advancing Equity in Public Administration: Prioritizing Equality of Outcomes in the COVID‐19 Crisis.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 11(4): 449–457. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. Lea, D, and Pralle Sarah. 2021. “To Appeal and Amend: Changes to Recently Updated Flood Insurance Rate Maps.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy [current issue] 47: 525. [Google Scholar]
  8. Penta, Saman , Kendra James, Marlowe Valerie, and Gill Kimberly. 2021. “A Disaster by Another Name? COVID‐19 and Support for an All‐Hazards Approach.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 240–265. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Pollock, Kevi , and Steen Riana. 2021. “Total Defense Resilience: Viable or Not During COVID‐19? A Comparative Study of Norway and the UK.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(1): 73–109. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Sapat, Alka , Mitsova Diana, Balilaj Arjola, and Ann‐Esnard Margaret. 2022. “Policy Mandates and Organizational Compliance: A Spatial Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Adoption and Implementation of Emergency Power Plans by Nursing Homes.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy [current issue]. [Google Scholar]
  11. Simonsen, Sandra 2022. “Swedish Exceptionalism and the Sars‐CoV2 pandemic Crisis: Representations of Crisis and Identity in the Public Sphere.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy [forthcoming in early view]. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Sledge, Daniel , and Thomas Hersc F.. 2021. “Public Perception of the Role of Government and Nonstate Actors in Responding to COVID‐19.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 266–282. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Thomas, Justin , and Terry James P.. 2022. “Containing COVID‐19 Risk in the UAE: Mass Quarantine, Mental Health and Implications for Crisis Management.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy [current issue]. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Wolbers, Jero J. , Kuipers Sanneke, and Boin Arjen. 2021. “A Systematic Review of 20 Years of Crisis and Disaster Research: Trends and Progress.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(4): 374–392. [Google Scholar]
  15. Yeom, Minkyu , Stewart F, and Stewart Alice. 2021. “The Impact of Social Distancing to Case Count in the United States: Testing the Efficacy of Protection Motivation Theory During the Early Stages of the COVID‐19 Pandemic.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 303–327. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Zahariadis, Nikol , Ceccoli Stephen, and Petridou Evangelia. 2021. “Assessing the Effects of Calculated Inaction to the COVID‐19 Crisis.” Risk, Hazards and Crisis in Public Policy 12(3): 328–345. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy are provided here courtesy of Wiley

RESOURCES