Skip to main content
PMC home page
Scientific Reports logoLink to Scientific Reports
. 2022 May 24;12:8701. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-12669-5

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of phase I cancer patients with CCNE1 amplification: MD Anderson experiences

Shuyang Yao 1, Funda Meric-Bernstam 2, David Hong 2, Filip Janku 2, Aung Naing 2, Sarina Anne Piha-Paul 2, Apostolia Maria Tsimberidou 2, Daniel Karp 2, Vivek Subbiah 2, Timothy Anthony Yap 2, Jordi Rodon Ahnert 2, Shubham Pant 2, Ecaterina E Ileana Dumbrava 2, Chetna Wathoo 3, Erick Campbell 2, Lihou Yu 2, Yuko Yamamura 2, Siqing Fu 2,✉
PMCID: PMC9130298  PMID: 35610322

Abstract

Cyclin E is frequently encoded by CCNE1 gene amplification in various malignancies. We reviewed the medical records of patients with solid tumors displaying CCNE1 amplification to determine the effect of this amplification for future therapeutic development. We reviewed the medical records of patients with advanced solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification who were seen at the phase I clinic between September 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019. Among 79 patients with solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification, 56 (71%) received phase 1 clinical trial therapy, 39 (49%) had 3 or more concurrent genomic aberrances, and 52 (66%) had a concurrent TP53 mutation. The median overall survival (OS) after patients’ initial phase I visit was 8.9 months and after their initial metastasis diagnosis was 41.4 months. We identified four factors associated with poor risk: age < 45 years, body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2, presence of the TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH > upper limit of normal. In patients treated with gene aberration-related therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy led to significantly longer OS after their initial phase I trial therapy than those who did not: 26 months versus 7.4 months, respectively (P = 0.04). This study provided preliminary evidence that CCNE1 amplification was associated with frequent TP53 mutation and aggressive clinical outcomes. Survival benefit was observed in patients who received antiangiogenic therapy and gene aberration-related treatment, supporting the future development of a personalized approach to combine gene aberration-related therapy with antiangiogenesis for the treatment of advanced malignancies harboring CCNE1 amplification.

Subject terms: Cancer, Molecular biology, Oncology

Introduction

Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation associated with abnormal cell cycle activity and genomic instability1. Cell cycle progression is orchestrated by the orderly expression of cyclins (regulatory subunits), which sequentially activate cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)2, governing the cell division machinery. Cyclin E (E1 and E2) is the most abundant between G1 and S-phase of the cell cycle. Once Cyclin E binds to Cdk2 to form the unique configuration that is required for the transition from the G1 to S phase of the cell cycle, it initiates DNA duplication3. Cyclin E demonstrates high oncogenic potential, which can induce tumor formation both in vivo and in vitro4–6. The CCNE1 gene, which encodes for cyclin E, is frequently amplified in various histologic subtypes and sites of primary disease, ranging from 0.4 to 40.4%7 per The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) PanCan 2018 dataset3,8–15. CCNE1 amplification was identified more frequently in patients with primary platinum resistant and refractory epithelial ovarian cancer, which was associated with poor survival, evolving as a potential predictive factor of cytotoxic chemotherapy resistance, as well as a promising target for novel therapy16,17.

In the present study, we reviewed the demographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients with CCNE1 amplification in advanced solid tumors who were referred to the Clinical Center for Targeted Therapy (CCTT) at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in an effort to better understand the characteristics of patients with CCNE1 amplified malignancies, as well as to explore therapeutics opportunities for these patients.

Patients and methods

Patient selection

Our study included patients with advanced solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification who were seen in the Clinical Center for Targeted Therapy (CCTT) at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center between September 1, 2012, and December 31, 2019. Patient demographics, medical histories, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status and laboratory results from their initial office visit, gene aberration results, and outcomes of treatments that were administered at the CCTT were obtained from patients’ electronic medical records. This study was conducted in accordance with the guidelines of the MD Anderson Institutional Review Board (IRB), and we were granted the ethical approval (RCR05-0270) for this study.

CCNE1 amplification detection

Tumor tissues and/or circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) were analyzed for CCNE1 amplification on multiple genomic testing platforms, such as Oncomine Comprehensive Assay CMS40018, Foundationone CDx19, and Guardant36020.

Phase I trial treatment and evaluation

The decision of whether to enroll an eligible study patient in a phase I clinical trial depended on protocol availability and the discretion of the treating physician. Tumor responses were evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (version 1.1)21. All patients were followed until death or censored on August 21, 2020. Progression-free survival (PFS) was defined as the time from study entry to the date of first objective documentation of progressive disease, date of death, or censor date. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the time from the date of the first visit to the CCTT (OS-phase I), or as the date of the initial metastasis diagnosis (OS-metastasis) to the date of death or censor date, regardless of whether they received a phase I trial therapy. The phase 1 clinical trial therapy was considered to be a matched therapy if the patient received one or more agents targeting an actionable genetic aberration or protein downstream from it, such as HER2 antibodies for HER2 overexpression or amplification22,23 or a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor for a BRAF mutation24.

Statistical analyses

Categorical data were summarized with use of frequencies. PFS and OS curves were plotted by using the Kaplan–Meier method and were compared by using log-rank tests. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine prognostic. All tests were two-sided and considered significant when P values were less than 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed with use of the SPSS software program (version 25; IBM Corporation).

Results

Patient characteristics

Of 79 patients with recurrent or metastatic advanced solid tumors harboring CCNE1 amplification seen at the CCTT, approximately 71% of patients (n = 56) received phase 1 clinical trial therapy. Table 1 showed the baseline demographic data. The primary diagnoses included bladder (n = 2), breast (n = 9), cholangiocarcinoma/gall bladder (n = 6), colorectal (n = 2), cervical (n = 2), endometrial/uterine (n = 5), gastric (n = 16), lung (n = 5), pancreatic (n = 4), ovarian cancer(n = 19), prostate (n = 2), sarcoma (n = 2), and others (n = 5, primary peritoneal, adrenal gland, oropharynx, small intestine and appendix each), as shown in Fig. 1. In patients with adenocarcinoma as the leading pathologic type, approximately 90% had poorly differentiated or high-grade disease. Other pathologic types included transitional cell carcinoma, adrenocortical carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, clear cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma. Secondary primary tumors were identified in more than 20% of these patients (n = 18).

Table 1.

Baseline demographic data.

Patient characteristics Total N = 79 (%)
Median age, years (range) 60 (20–76)
Sex
Female 46 (58.2)
Male 33 (41.8)
Race
White 57 (72.2)
Black 11 (13.9)
Hispanic 2 (2.5)
Asian 5 (6.3)
Unknown 4 (5.1)
Pathology
Adenocarcinoma 32 (40.5)
Neuroendocrine carcinoma 6 (7.6)
Serous carcinoma 19 (24.1)
Ductal carcinoma 8 (10.1)
Sarcoma 9 (11.4)
Others 5 (6.3)
Differentiated
Moderately-differentiated 7 (8.9)
Poorly-differentiated 68 (86)
Unknown 4 (5.1)
BMI
≥ 25 38 (48.1)
< 25 41 (51.9)
≥ 1 other primary cancer 18 (22.8)
History of VTE 17 (21.5)
ECOG PS ≤ 1 74 (93.7)
Elevated LDH 31 (39.2)
Low albumin 8 (10.1)
≥ 2 metastatic sites 62 (78.5%)
Prior surgery 50 (63.3)
Prior radiation 44 (55.7)
Prior immunology treatment 7 (8.9)
Prior systemic treatment (median number, range) 3 (1–9)
Open in a new tab

N number, VTE venous thromboembolism, BMI body mass index.

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Open in a new tab

A pie chart demonstrates frequency of CCNE1 amplification per tumor type in patients who were seen at a designated phase I cancer trial service (n = 79).

Concurrent molecular aberrations

In these 79 patients with CCNE1 amplified cancer, concurrent genetic aberrations were found in approximately 94% of these patients all patients (n = 74; 93%), and three or more concomitant genetic aberrations were found in 39 patients (49%): TP53 (n = 52; 66%), PIK3CA (n = 19; 24%), KRAS (n = 14; 18%), AKT1/2 (n = 9; 11%), BRAF (n = 9; 11%), PTEN (n = 9; 11%), MYC (n = 8; 10%), MET (n = 6; 8%), BRCA1 (n = 5; 6%), and EGFR (n = 5; 6%).

Phase I trial therapy

A total of 56 patients received phase I trial treatments. The median PFS was 2.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.9–3.1 months). Among these patients, 28 received therapy matched to their concurrent genetic aberrations: c-MET pathway (n = 2), BRAF/MEK pathway (n = 6), PIK3CA pathway (n = 2), HER2 pathway (n = 9), WEE1 inhibition (n = 4), anti-CD30 antibody (n = 1), CDK4-6 inhibition (n = 1), EGFR inhibition (n = 2), and FGFR inhibition (n = 1), leading to 2 partial responses (PR, 7%), and 18 stable diseases (SD, 64%). These patients had a median PFS of 3.1 months (95% CI 1.8–4.3 months), which was significantly better than the 1.9 months (95% CI 1.5–2.3 months; P = 0.034) in patients who did not receive matched therapy, as shown in Fig. 2a.

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Open in a new tab

Kaplan–Meier curves estimate progression-free survivals in patients with CCNE1 amplification who received matched phase 1 trial therapy versus those who did not (A); Kaplan–Meier curves estimate overall survival after initial phase I trial clinic visit in patients with CCNE1 amplification who received matched phase 1 trial therapy versus those who did not (B); Kaplan–Meier curves estimate overall survival after initial phase I trial clinic visit in patients with CCNE1 amplification who received matched phase 1 trial therapy, stratified by anti-angiogenesis treatment (C).

Survival

The median OS for these 79 patients was 8.9 months (95% CI 6.957–10.843 months) from the initial CCTT visit, and was 41.4 months (95% CI 37.231–45.569 months) from the initial metastasis diagnosis. After their initial phase I clinic visit, patients who received matched therapy showed significantly longer survival than those who did not received matched therapy (10.3 vs. 7.4 months, P = 0.016; Fig. 2b). Further analysis of patients treated with matched therapy showed that patients who received the matched therapy including an anti-angiogenic agent (26 months, 95% CI 0.0–55.2 months) lived significantly longer than those who did not (7.4 months, 95% CI 4.9–9.9 months; P = 0.04) (Fig. 2c).

Univariate analyses revealed that age < 45 years old, body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 and elevated LDH > upper limit of normal were prognostic factors for worse OS after metastasis (P = 0.009, P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) (Table 2). Multivariate analysis showed that age < 45 years old, BMI < 25 kg/m2, TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH were significant prognostic factors for predicting shorter survival after metastases (P = 0.001, P = 0.01, P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively) (Fig. 3). On the basis of the multivariate analysis results, these four parameters were then extracted by using binary subgroups (no = 0, yes = 1) to explore a risk prognostic model to predict OS after their initial CCTT visit. This model classified the patients who received phase I trial therapy into two risk cohorts: those in the low-risk group with the risk factor score ≤ 1 (n = 22) had a median OS of 55.1 months (95% CI 34.5–75.7 months) after their initial diagnosis of metastatic disease, significantly longer than the 30.2 months (95% CI 15.1–45.3 months) observed in patients in the high-risk group with the risk factor score > 1 (n = 34; P = 0.001) (Fig. 4a). Similarly, in the cohort of patients who were referred to a phase I clinical trial but did not receive phase I trial therapy at the CCTT, patients in the low-risk group (n = 20) had a median OS of 51.5 months (95% CI 33.6–69.4 months), which was significantly better than the 14.3 months (95% CI 10.8–17.8 months, P = 0.001) in those in the high-risk group (n = 3) (Fig. 4b).

Table 2.

Univariate analysis of risk factors for overall survival.

Risk factors Median 95% CI P-value
Age < 45 years old
Yes 30.2 3.9–56.5 0.009
No 41.8 35.6–48.0
Gender
Female 40.3 35.4–45.2 0.866
Male 41.4 29.2–53.6
Race
White 40.3 32.4–48.2 0.738
Black 41.7 25.8–57.6
Asian 41.8 0.0–84.1
Others 19.2 0.0–47.9
Previous platinum treatment
Yes 38.9 31.6–71.8 0.058
No 51.7 34.3–43.5
Body mass index
≥ 25 37.8 29.3–46.3 0.033
< 25 46.3 35.4–57.2
Venous thromboembolism
Yes 33.3 35.4–47.4 0.890
No 41.4 13.7–52.9
Surgery
Yes 44.3 38.2–49.4 0.053
No 23.7 10.8–36.6
Radiotherapy
Yes 41.7 37.0–45.5 0.865
No 41.4 33.0–50.4
Prior systemic therapy
1 27.4 7.5–47.5 0.141
≥ 2 41.9 35.7–48.1
Prior anti-angiogenic therapy
Yes 44.3 40.0–48.6 0.779
No 38.0 32.0–44.0
Prior immunology treatment
Yes 44.4 30.7–58.1 0.508
No 40.3 36.1–44.5
Family history of cancer
Yes 44.4 36.4–52.4 0.250
No 39.5 34.9–44.1
Second primary tumor
Yes 41.7 34.4–49.0 0.882
No 40.3 36.4–44.2
LDH > upper limit of normal
Yes 33.3 19.3–47.3 0.039
No 46.3 38.3–54.4
Albumin < lower limit of normal
Yes 40.3 35.9–44.7 0.541
No 58.7 32.5–84.9
ECOG performance status
≤ 1 41.4 37.3–45.5 0.760
> 1 39.5 0.0–87.2
Concurrent gene aberrations
< 3 44.3 38.7–49.9 0.786
≥ 3 38.0 26.2–49.8
TP53 mutation
Yes 38.9 33.5–44.3 0.125
No 44.8 39.2–50.4
Open in a new tab

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Open in a new tab

Forest plot of multivariate analysis of risk factors (age < 45 years old, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH) for overall survival after initial metastasis diagnosis.

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Open in a new tab

A prognostic model established factors by multivariate analysis of risk factors (age < 45 years old, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH) for overall survival after initial metastasis diagnosis, was validated in 56 patients with metastatic cancer harboring CCNE1 amplification who received phase I trial therapy (A) and in 23 patients who did not receive phase I trial therapy (B) Kaplan–Meier curves estimate overall survival after initial phase I trial clinic visit, stratified by risk score (low-risk group with ≤ 1 risk factor and high-risk group with > 1 risk factors).

Discussion

In this retrospective review of cancer patients in a designated phase I clinical trial, several observations have been made. First, CCNE1 amplification was detected in a broad spectrum of human malignancies, more frequently in high-grade malignancies, which was in consistence with its biological functions in cell proliferation and differentiation. CCNE1 amplifications have been observed in more than 7.5% of many tumor types: uterine, breast, ovarian, pancreatic, bladder, gastric, esophageal, lung cancers and sarcoma8. Cyclin E1 controls the transition of quiescent cells to the cell cycle, as well as epithelial-mesenchymal transitions. Overexpression of cyclin E1 induces replication stress, forcing premature entry into the S phase, and functioning as a key factor for c-myc driven tumorigenesis25. Activated cycle E1 further upregulates its own expression by phosphorylating Rb and releasing more E2F independent of mitogenic stimuli. This positive feedback network drives the mitotic transition from the G1 to the S phase, resulting in enhanced cellular proliferation and tumor progression26. This aggressive phenotype partly contributes to poor survival in patients with metastatic malignancies harboring CCNE1 amplification, in addition to CCNE1 amplification mediated resistance to chemotherapy8.

Secondly, we observed a clinical benefit in PFS and OS in patients who were treated with matched therapy targeting concurrent mutations in this cohort of patients. We do not yet have investigational agents for direct inhibition of CCNE1 since the oscillations of the cyclins through the cell cycle are necessary for cell proliferation27. However, we investigated whether we would be able to target other concurrent genetic mutations or develop novel strategies to treat CCNE1 amplified cancer cells via synthetic lethal interaction other therapeutics, such as Wee1 kinase or CDK2 kinase inhibition28–30. Data observed from this retrospective study did support the use of targeting concurrent genetic mutations in patients with advanced malignancies harboring undruggable genetic aberrations.

Another interesting finding we have observed in this study was that antiangiogenic therapy provided significantly better OS in patients with CCNE1 amplified malignancies. This result might be due to frequent concurrent TP53 mutations in these patients. Among many candidate pathways, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway serves an important survival function in cancer cells with a mutated TP5331,32. TP53 mutations in tumor cells increased the level of hypoxia-induced factor-1α (HIF-1α) and augmented HIF-1α-dependent transcriptional activation of the VEGF gene in response to hypoxia33. Cancer cells with mutated p53 have accelerated tumor growth associated with increased VEGF expression and neovascularization34,35, which serves an important survival pathway, resulting in a therapeutic advantage of VEGF-inhibition in patients with p53 mutant malignancies, which was supported by our finding that VEGF inhibition-based therapies led to significantly longer PFS in patients with a mutated TP53 than in patients with wild-type TP5336–39.

As for the use of the therapeutic strategy of synthetic lethality, it was noted that in a phase II clinical of a Wee1 kinase inhibitor adavosertib in patients with CCNE1 amplified advanced solid tumors (NCT03253679), 7 PRs were observed, for an overall response rate of approximately 26%. The median PFS was 4 months and 1-year OS was 55%. In 13 patients with measurable high-grade serous ovarian cancer, 5 (39%) achieved PR and 8 (62%) had SD ≥ 6 months/PR40. These results have encouraged us to investigate the development of novel effective therapies by combining targeted therapies against concurrent genetic mutations such as anti-angiogenesis with treatments based on synthetic lethality strategies such as Wee1 kinase inhibition. In addition, the introduction of immunotherapy to these potentially promising therapeutics targeting patients with CCNE1 amplified malignancies warrants further consideration.

Finally, we conducted multivariate analyses that revealed four prognostic factors for poor outcomes in this cohort of patients after metastatic disease was initially diagnosed: age < 45 years old, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, presence of the TP53 mutation, and elevated LDH. Patients in the low-risk group with the risk factor score ≤ 1 had a significantly longer median OS of 55.1 months (95% CI 34.5–75.7 months) after they were initially diagnosed to have metastatic disease than those in the high-risk group with the risk factor score > 1 who had a median OS of 30.2 months (95% CI 15.1–45.3 months). The parameters held true when we applied this model to patients who were initially seen at the phase I trials program but did not receive phase I trial therapy at the CCTT. These prognostic factors have been confirmed to be associated with poor outcome in other reports38,39,41.

In considering the clinical importance and relevance of our observations, several limitations should be beard in mind. First, as it is a retrospective study, the selection bias of patient referral to our phase I clinical trials program may limit the generalizability of our findings. Second, small sample sizes in the subgroup analyses may limit the validity of these statistical assessments on other prognostic factors such as the status of concurrent mutations. Finally, the actual molecular profiles were performed at various times and at different CLIA-certified molecular diagnostic laboratories and used next-generation sequencing for different sets of genes, which made it difficult to analyze status of concurrent genetic aberration. Therefore, the findings from this retrospective study should be considered preliminary evidence only for the purpose of hypothesis generation, and require further validation in larger prospective studies.

In summary, the current study, to the best of our knowledge, was the first to analyze clinical outcome in patients with various advanced CCNE1 amplification cancers who were referred to a designated phase I trial clinic. Our study showed that CCNE1 amplification frequently occurred in high-grade adenocarcinoma and that more than 90% of CCNE1 amplification coexisted with other genomic aberrances. Matched therapy targeting concurrent mutations might provide clinical benefit. Multivariate analyses showed four poor prognostic factors: age < 45 years old, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, presence of TP53 mutation, and abnormally elevated LDH, which was able to classify patients with metastatic malignancies harboring CCNE1 amplification into either the low-risk group with ≤ 1 risk factor or the high-risk group with > 1 risk factor. Our preliminary data showed the role of concurrent genetic mutations, synthetic lethality and antiangiogenesis on patient survival, which may support future development of promising strategic therapeutics for patients with metastatic malignancies harboring CCNE1 amplification, as outline in Fig. 5.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Open in a new tab

A sketch of therapeutic development for CCNE1 amplified malignancies. Cycle E overexpression due to CCNE1 amplification and concurrent mutant p53 due to TP53 mutation promote progression from the G1 phase into S phase, providing therapeutic opportunity through synthetic lethality, chemotherapy, targeted therapy and radiation to enhance mitotic catastrophe and apoptosis.

Acknowledgements

We thank Tamara Locke, Scientific Editor, Research Medical Library, for editing this article.

Author contributions

S.F. contributed to the study design, study management and interpretation of data. F.M.-B., D.H., F.J., A.N., S.A.P.-P., A.M.T., D.K., V.S., T.A.Y., J.R.A., S.P., E.E.I.D., and S.F. were responsible for management of patients and data collection. S.Y., C.W., L.Y. and Y.Y. conducted the statistical analysis. S.Y. and S.F. drafted the manuscript. All authors contributed to the development of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded in part through the NIH/NCI Cancer Center Support Grant P30CA016672—Core Grant (CCSG Shared Resources).

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Footnotes

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

References

  • 1.Otto T, Sicinski P. Cell cycle proteins as promising targets in cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2017;17:93–115. doi: 10.1038/nrc.2016.138. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 2.Malumbres M, Barbacid M. Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer: A changing paradigm. Nat. Rev. Cancer. 2009;9:153–166. doi: 10.1038/nrc2602. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 3.Pils D, Bachmayr-Heyda A, Auer K, et al. Cyclin E1 (CCNE1) as independent positive prognostic factor in advanced stage serous ovarian cancer patients—A study of the OVCAD consortium. Eur. J. Cancer. 2014;50:99–110. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.09.011. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 4.Karst AM, Jones PM, Vena N, et al. Cyclin E1 deregulation occurs early in secretory cell transformation to promote formation of fallopian tube-derived high-grade serous ovarian cancers. Cancer Res. 2014;74:1141–1152. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-2247. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 5.Sehdev AS, Kurman RJ, Kuhn E, Shih IM. Serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma upregulates markers associated with high-grade serous carcinomas including Rsf-1 (HBXAP), cyclin E and fatty acid synthase. Mod. Pathol. 2010;23:844–855. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2010.60. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 6.Turner NC, Liu Y, Zhu Z, et al. Cyclin E1 expression and palbociclib efficacy in previously treated hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2019;37:1169–1178. doi: 10.1200/JCO.18.00925. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 7.Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, et al. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal. Sci. Signal. 2013;6:pl1. doi: 10.1126/scisignal.2004088. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 8.Gorski JW, Ueland FR, Kolesar JM. CCNE1 amplification as a predictive biomarker of chemotherapy resistance in epithelial ovarian cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020;10:279. doi: 10.3390/diagnostics10050279. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 9.Alsina M, Landolfi S, Aura C, et al. Cyclin E amplification/overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer. Ann. Oncol. 2015;26:438–439. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu535. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 10.Santala S, Talvensaari-Mattila A, Soini Y, Santala M. Cyclin E expression correlates with cancer-specific survival in endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2015;35:3393–3397. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 11.Huang LN, Wang DS, Chen YQ, et al. Meta-analysis for cyclin E in lung cancer survival. Clin. Chim. Acta. 2012;413:663–668. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.020. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 12.Zhou Z, Bandla S, Ye J, et al. Cyclin E involved in early stage carcinogenesis of esophageal adenocarcinoma by SNP DNA microarray and immunohistochemical studies. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014;14:78. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-14-78. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 13.Nakayama K, Rahman MT, Rahman M, et al. CCNE1 amplification is associated with aggressive potential in endometrioid endometrial carcinomas. Int. J. Oncol. 2016;48:506–516. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3268. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 14.Ayhan A, Kuhn E, Wu RC, et al. CCNE1 copy-number gain and overexpression identify ovarian clear cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis. Mod. Pathol. 2017;30:297–303. doi: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.160. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 15.Zhao ZM, Yost SE, Hutchinson KE, et al. CCNE1 amplification is associated with poor prognosis in patients with triple negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2019;19:96. doi: 10.1186/s12885-019-5290-4. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 16.Nakayama N, Nakayama K, Shamima Y, et al. Gene amplification CCNE1 is related to poor survival and potential therapeutic target in ovarian cancer. Cancer. 2010;116:2621–2634. doi: 10.1002/cncr.25244. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 17.Davis A, Tinker AV, Friedlander M. "Platinum resistant" ovarian cancer: What is it, who to treat and how to measure benefit? Gynecol. Oncol. 2014;133:624–631. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.02.038. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 18.Singh RR, Patel KP, Routbort MJ, et al. Clinical massively parallel next-generation sequencing analysis of 409 cancer-related genes for mutations and copy number variations in solid tumours. Br. J. Cancer. 2014;111:2014–2023. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2014.518. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 19.Information. FMFCt. https://www.foundationmedicine.com/genomic-testing/foundation-one-cdx#overview. Accessed on Apr 20, 2021 (2014).
  • 20.Odegaard JI, Vincent JJ, Mortimer S, et al. Validation of a plasma-based comprehensive cancer genotyping assay utilizing orthogonal tissue- and plasma-based methodologies. Clin. Cancer Res. 2018;24:3539–3549. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-3831. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 21.Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: Revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1) Eur. J. Cancer. 2009;45:228–247. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2008.10.026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 22.Romond EH, Perez EA, Bryant J, et al. Trastuzumab plus adjuvant chemotherapy for operable HER2-positive breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005;353:1673–1684. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa052122. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 23.Bang YJ, Van Cutsem E, Feyereislova A, et al. Trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for treatment of HER2-positive advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction cancer (ToGA): A phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2010;376:687–697. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61121-X. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 24.Stinchcombe TE, Johnson GL. MEK inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2014;86:121–125. doi: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2014.09.005. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 25.Sonntag R, Giebeler N, Nevzorova YA, et al. Cyclin E1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 2 are critical for initiation, but not for progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2018;115:9282–9287. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1807155115. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 26.Grant GD, Cook JG. The temporal regulation of S phase proteins during G1. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2017;1042:335–369. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-6955-0_16. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 27.Tadesse S, Caldon EC, Tilley W, Wang S. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitors in cancer therapy: An update. J. Med. Chem. 2019;62:4233–4251. doi: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01469. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 28.Yang L, Fang D, Chen H, et al. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is an ideal target for ovary tumors with elevated cyclin E1 expression. Oncotarget. 2015;6:20801–20812. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.4600. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 29.Etemadmoghadam D, Au-Yeung G, Wall M, et al. Resistance to CDK2 inhibitors is associated with selection of polyploid cells in CCNE1-amplified ovarian cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2013;19:5960–5971. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-1337. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 30.Beck H, Nahse-Kumpf V, Larsen MS, et al. Cyclin-dependent kinase suppression by WEE1 kinase protects the genome through control of replication initiation and nucleotide consumption. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2012;32:4226–4236. doi: 10.1128/MCB.00412-12. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 31.Joshi H, Bhanot G, Borresen-Dale AL, Kristensen V. Potential tumorigenic programs associated with TP53 mutation status reveal role of VEGF pathway. Br. J. Cancer. 2012;107:1722–1728. doi: 10.1038/bjc.2012.461. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 32.Montero E, Abreu C, Tonino P. Relationship between VEGF and p53 expression and tumor cell proliferation in human gastrointestinal carcinomas. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 2008;134:193–201. doi: 10.1007/s00432-007-0270-5. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 33.Ravi R, Mookerjee B, Bhujwalla ZM, et al. Regulation of tumor angiogenesis by p53-induced degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha. Genes Dev. 2000;14:34–44. doi: 10.1101/gad.14.1.34. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 34.Ambs S, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, et al. p53 and vascular endothelial growth factor regulate tumor growth of NOS2-expressing human carcinoma cells. Nat. Med. 1998;4:1371–1376. doi: 10.1038/3957. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 35.Liu X, Guan Y, Zhang W, et al. Predictors of recurrence in breast cancer subtypes with negative lymph node in a Chinese population. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 2014;7:3202–3212. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 36.Fu S, Hou MM, Naing A, et al. Phase I study of pazopanib and vorinostat: A therapeutic approach for inhibiting mutant p53-mediated angiogenesis and facilitating mutant p53 degradation. Ann. Oncol. 2015;26:1012–1018. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdv066. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 37.Wang Y, Janku F, Piha-Paul S, et al. Phase I studies of vorinostat with ixazomib or pazopanib imply a role of antiangiogenesis-based therapy for TP53 mutant malignancies. Sci. Rep. 2020;10:3080. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58366-z. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 38.Wang Z, Piha-Paul S, Janku F, et al. Antiangiogenesis and gene aberration-related therapy may improve overall survival in patients with concurrent KRAS and TP53 hotspot mutant cancer. Oncotarget. 2017;8:33796–33806. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.16840. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 39.Wang Y, Wang Z, Piha-Paul S, et al. Outcome analysis of Phase I trial patients with metastatic KRAS and/or TP53 mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9:33258–33270. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.25947. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  • 40.Fu, S., Yao, S., Yuan, Y. et al. Phase II trial of the Wee1 inhibitor adavosertib in advanced refractory solid tumors with CCNE1 amplification. AACR Annual Meeting 2021; Abstract #974.
  • 41.Wheler J, Tsimberidou AM, Hong D, et al. Survival of 1,181 patients in a phase I clinic: The MD Anderson Clinical Center for targeted therapy experience. Clin. Cancer Res. 2012;18:2922–2929. doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2217. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from Scientific Reports are provided here courtesy of Nature Publishing Group

RESOURCES