LOWESS plot of predicted NEI-VFQ-25 CTT driving difficulties scores from linear regression on VFL (MD in dB) in the BSE by cohort LOWESS = Locally Weighted Scatterplot Smoothing; NEI-VFQ-25 = National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire 25-ltem; CTT = Classical Test Theory; VFL = Visual Field Loss; MD = Mean Deviation; dB = Decibels; BSE = Better-Seeing Eye The LOWESS smoothing parameter is 0.6. Gray bars represent 95% confidence limits of the predicted NEI-VFQ-25 IRT composite scores. Linear regression models were adjusted for race and ethnicity, age, number of comorbidities, sex (female), born in USA (yes), education highest grade obtained), working status (unemployed), income (≤ $20,000), has health insurance (yes), presenting binocular visual acuity (LogMAR score), depression (a good bit of the time or more in the last 4 weeks), and an interaction between VFL and race, ethnicity. LOWESS curves are shown stratified by age < 65 and ≥ 65 to illustrate effect modification of VSQOL on VFL by age.