Table 2.

SARS-CoV-2-induced immunopathology in humans: symptoms and clinical consequences.

SL No.	Organ System	Clinical Outcomes	Clinical Manifestations	References
1.	Vascular system	Cytokine storm Lymphocyte count Thrombocytopenia-associated mortality ARDS Vasculitis and vascular dysfunction	Elevated IL-6, TNFα, and IL-1β Elevated T helper 17 cells (TH17), plasma cells, CD8+ T cell activity, and decreased regulatory T cells Reduced platelet to lymphocyte ratio Elevated levels of ferritin Elevated VEGF, IL-10, and IL-8	[72,73]
2.	Lungs	Pneumonia with ARDS and dyspnea	Elevated IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, IL-10, and IL-8	[69,74]
3.	Kidneys	Proteinuria and hematuria	Elevated urea and creatinine levels	[75,76]
4.	Liver	Steatosis and abnormal liver function	Elevated AST, ALT, CRP, and albumin levels	[77,78]
5.	Heart	Acute myocardial injury and chronic CVS damage	Elevated CK and LDH levels	[73,79]
6.	Intestine	Microbial infection, diarrhea, and severe acute ulcerative colitis	Reduced T cell and NK cell count (Lymphopenia)	[75,80]
7.	Brain	Encephalopathy, headache, and ischemic stroke	Elevated CRP, D-dimer, and ferritin levels	[81,82]

Note: NK—natural killer, LDH—lactate dehydrogenase, CRP—C-reactive protein, AST—aspartate transaminase, TNF—tumor necrosis factor, IL—interleukin, ALT—alanine transaminase.