Table 2.
Clinical factors associated with ESCC (n = 308,598)
| Factor | ESCC (n = 1,911) | No ESCC (n = 306,687) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR† (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Female | 361 (0.23) | 157,226 (99.77) | 1 | 1 | |
| Male | 1,550 (1.03) | 149,461 (98.97) | 4.52 (4.03–5.07) | 2.87 (2.54–3.25) | <0.0001 |
| Age ≤70 | 913 (0.47) | 191,559 (99.53) | 1 | 1 | |
| Age >70 | 998 (0.86) | 115,128 (99.14) | 1.82 (1.66–1.99) | 1.15 (1.13–1.17) | <0.0001 |
| Non-smoking | 680 (0.33) | 206,995 (99.67) | 1 | 1 | |
| Smoking | 1,231 (1.22) | 99,692 (98.78) | 3.76 (3.42–4.13) | 2.25 (2.04–2.49) | <0.0001 |
| No PPI | 1,614 (0.57) | 279,408 (99.43) | 1 | 1 | |
| PPI | 297 (1.08) | 27,279 (98.92) | 1.89 (1.67–2.14) | 0.48 (0.42–0.56) | <0.0001 |
| No NSAIDs | 1,160 (0.58) | 199,750 (99.42) | 1 | 1 | |
| NSAIDs | 751 (0.70) | 106,937 (99.30) | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 0.80 (0.72–0.88) | <0.0001 |
| No aspirin | 1,795 (0.63) | 280,979 (99.37) | 1 | 1 | |
| Aspirin | 116 (0.45) | 25,708 (99.55) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.32 (0.26–0.39) | <0.0001 |
| No COX2I | 1,807 (0.62) | 289,950 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| COX2I | 104 (0.62) | 16,737 (99.38) | 1.00 (0.82–1.22) | 0.70 (0.57–0.86) | 0.0005 |
| No steroid | 1,834 (0.65) | 279,624 (99.35) | 1 | 1 | |
| Steroid | 77 (0.28) | 27,063 (99.72) | 0.43 (0.35–0.55) | 0.19 (0.15–0.24) | <0.0001 |
| No statin | 1,745 (0.64) | 272,652 (99.36) | 1 | 1 | |
| Statin | 166 (0.49) | 34,035 (99.51) | 0.76 (0.65–0.89) | 0.43 (0.37–0.51) | <0.0001 |
| No strong statin | 1,770 (0.63) | 277,718 (99.37) | 1 | 1 | |
| Strong statin | 141 (0.48) | 28,969 (99.52) | 0.76 (0.64–0.91) | 0.41 (0.35–0.49) | <0.0001 |
| No fibrate | 1,888 (0.62) | 304,191 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| Fibrate | 23 (0.91) | 2,496 (99.09) | 1.49 (0.98–2.24) | 0.89 (0.59–1.36) | 0.595 |
| No other lipid-lowering agent | 1,894 (0.62) | 302,740 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| Other lipid-lowering agents | 17 (0.43) | 3,947 (99.57) | 0.69 (0.43–1.11) | 0.40 (0.25–0.64) | 0.0002 |
| No metformin | 1,874 (0.62) | 298,839 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| Metformin | 37 (0.47) | 7,848 (99.53) | 0.75 (0.54–1.04) | 0.42 (0.30–0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Non-Af | 1,873 (0.61) | 304,030 (99.31) | 1 | 1 | |
| Af | 38 (1.41) | 2,657 (98.59) | 2.32 (1.68–3.21) | 1.02 (0.73–1.42) | 0.919 |
| Non-AIDS | 1,911 (0.62) | 306,574 (99.96) | 1 | 1 | |
| AIDS | 0 (0) | 113 (100) | NA | NA | – |
| Non-AT | 1,896 (0.62) | 305,244 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| AT | 15 (1.03) | 1,443 (98.97) | 1.67 (1.01–2.79) | 0.72 (0.43–1.21) | 0.218 |
| Non-CD | 1,902 (0.62) | 305,825 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| CD | 9 (1.03) | 862 (98.97) | 1.68 (0.87–3.24) | 0.60 (0.31–1.17) | 0.135 |
| Non-CVD | 1,803 (0.61) | 293,966 (99.39) | 1 | 1 | |
| CVD | 108 (0.84) | 12,721 (99.16) | 1.38 (1.14–1.68) | 0.61 (0.50–0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Non-CHF | 1,803 (0.62) | 286,948 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| CHF | 108 (0.54) | 19,739 (99.46) | 0.87 (0.72–1.06) | 0.35 (0.29–0.43) | <0.0001 |
| Non-CKD <stage 5 | 1,876 (0.62) | 299,092 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| CKD <stage 5 | 35 (0.46) | 7,595 (99.54) | 0.74 (0.53–1.03) | 0.34 (0.24–0.48) | <0.0001 |
| Non-CKD stage 5 | 1,907 (0.62) | 305,817 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| CKD stage 5 | 4 (0.46) | 870 (99.54) | 0.74 (0.28–1.97) | 0.20 (0.073–0.53) | 0.0013 |
| Non-dementia | 1,883 (0.62) | 299,977 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| Dementia | 28 (0.42) | 6,710 (99.58) | 0.67 (0.46–0.97) | 0.48 (0.33–0.70) | 0.0002 |
| Non-DM (COMP–) | 1,589 (0.58) | 272,124 (99.42) | 1 | 1 | |
| DM (COMP–) | 322 (0.92) | 34,563 (99.08) | 1.60 (1.42–1.80) | 0.64 (0.57–0.73) | <0.0001 |
| Non-DM (COMP+) | 1,872 (0.62) | 297,891 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| DM (COMP+) | 39 (0.44) | 8,796 (99.56) | 0.71 (0.51–0.97) | 0.25 (0.18–0.34) | <0.0001 |
| Non-DVT | 1,895 (0.62) | 304,149 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| DVT | 16 (0.63) | 2,538 (99.37) | 1.01 (0.62–1.66) | 0.59 (0.36–0.97) | 0.036 |
| Non-GERD | 1,201 (0.42) | 282,868 (99.58) | 1 | 1 | |
| GERD | 710 (2.89) | 23,819 (97.11) | 7.02 (6.39–7.71) | 4.44 (4.01–4.91) | <0.0001 |
| Non-hemiplegia | 1,907 (0.62) | 305,979 (99.42) | 1 | 1 | |
| Hemiplegia | 4 (0.56) | 708 (99.44) | 0.91 (0.34–2.43) | 0.44 (0.16–1.20) | 0.1080 |
| Non-HTN | 1,396 (0.56) | 249,226 (99.44) | 1 | 1 | |
| HTN | 515 (0.89) | 57,461 (99.11) | 1.60 (1.45–1.77) | 0.67 (0.60–0.75) | <0.0001 |
| Non-HL | 1,708 (0.62) | 289,950 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| HL | 203 (0.66) | 30,666 (99.34) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) | 0.50 (0.43–0.58) | <0.0001 |
| Non-IHD | 1,884 (0.62) | 302,875 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| IHD | 27 (0.70) | 3,812 (99.30) | 1.14 (0.78–1.67) | 0.39 (0.27–0.57) | <0.0001 |
| Non-mild LD | 1,782 (0.60) | 296,360 (99.40) | 1 | 1 | |
| Mild LD | 129 (1.23) | 10,327 (98.77) | 2.08 (1.74–2.49) | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.179 |
| Non-severe LD | 1,895 (0.62) | 305,432 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| Severe LD | 16 (1.26) | 1,255 (98.74) | 2.06 (1.25–3.37) | 0.48 (0.29–0.80) | 0.0044 |
| Non-malignancy (metastasis–) | 1,358 (0.47) | 286,900 (99.53) | 1 | 1 | |
| Malignancy (metastasis–) | 553 (2.72) | 19,787 (97.28) | 5.90 (5.34–6.53) | 2.78 (2.43–3.18) | <0.0001 |
| Non-malignancy (metastasis+) | 1,674 (0.56) | 297,056 (99.44) | 1 | 1 | |
| Malignancy (metastasis+) | 237 (2.40) | 9,631 (97.60) | 4.37 (3.81–5.01) | 1.01 (0.79–1.28) | 0.952 |
| Non-PVD | 1,877 (0.62) | 301,388 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| PVD | 34 (0.64) | 5,299 (99.36) | 1.03 (0.73–1.45) | 0.36 (0.26–0.51) | <0.0001 |
| Non-PD | 1,782 (0.61) | 292,240 (99.39) | 1 | 1 | |
| PD | 129 (0.89) | 14,447 (99.11) | 1.46 (1.22–1.75) | 0.71 (0.59–0.85) | 0.0002 |
| Non-RD | 1,905 (0.62) | 305,207 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| RD | 6 (0.40) | 1,480 (99.60) | 0.65 (0.29–1.45) | 0.45 (0.20–1.01) | 0.053 |
| Non-TIA | 1,908 (0.62) | 306,402 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| TIA | 3 (1.04) | 285 (98.96) | 1.69 (0.54–5.28) | 0.68 (0.21–2.15) | 0.507 |
| Non-PUD | 1,240 (0.44) | 282,541 (99.56) | 1 | 1 | |
| PUD | 671 (2.70) | 24,146 (97.30) | 6.33 (5.76–6.96) | 3.83 (3.46–4.25) | <0.0001 |
| Non-UAG | 1,773 (0.60) | 292,426 (99.40) | 1 | 1 | |
| UAG | 138 (0.96) | 14,261 (99.04) | 1.60 (1.34–1.90) | 0.66 (0.55–0.79) | <0.0001 |
| Non-VD | 1,891 (0.62) | 302,919 (99.38) | 1 | 1 | |
| VD | 20 (0.53) | 3,768 (99.47) | 0.85 (0.55–1.32) | 0.54 (0.35–0.85) | 0.0073 |
ESCC, oesophageal squamous-cell carcinoma; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; NSAID, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; COX2I, cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor; PPI, proton pump inhibitor; Af, atrial fibrillation; AIDS, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; AT, arterial thrombosis; CD, carotid disease; CVD, cerebrovascular disease; CHF, chronic heart failure; CKD, chronic kidney disease; DM, diabetes mellitus; COMP, complications; DVT, deep-vein thrombosis; GERD, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; HTN, hypertension; HL, hyperlipidaemia; LD, liver disorder; PE, pulmonary embolism; PVD, peripheral vascular disease; PD, pulmonary disease; RD, rheumatic diseases; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; PUD, peptic ulcer disease; UAG, unstable angina diseases; VD, valvular diseases. † OR adjusted for age >70 years, sex, smoking, GERD, and Charlson comorbidity index.